BY

THE EARL OF CROMER

In his first interview with the Governor of St. Helena, Napoleon said emphatically: “Egypt is the most important country in the world."

ROSE, Life of Napoleon, vol. i. p. 356.

Earum proprie rerum sit historia, quibus rebus gerendis interfuerit is qui narret.

GELLIUS, Noctes Atticae, v. 18.

τὰ δ ̓ ἔργα τῶν πραχθέντων ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ παρατυχόντος πυνθανόμενος ἠξίωσα γράφειν, οὐδ ̓ ὡς ἐμοὶ ἐδόκει, ἀλλ ̓ οἷς τε αὐτὸς παρῆν, καὶ παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων ὅσον δυνατὸν ἀκριβείᾳ περὶ ἑκάστου ἐπεξελθών. THUCYDIDES, i. 22.

IN TWO VOLUMES

VOL. II

New York

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

All rights reserved

A

COPYRIGHT, 1908,

BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

Set up and electrotyped. Published March, 1908. Reprinted April, May, 1908.

HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

83*237

Norwood Press

J. S. Cushing Co. Berwick & Smith Co.

Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.

CONTENTS

PART III (Continued)

THE SOUDAN

1882-1907

CHAPTER XXVIII

THE FALL OF KHARTOUM

OCTOBER 5, 1884–January 26, 1885

Murder of Colonel Stewart-Difficulties of the Expedition-News

from General Gordon-Occupation of Jakdul-The battle of

Abu Klea-Death of Sir Herbert Stewart-The column reaches

the Nile-Two steamers leave for Khartoum-They arrive too

late-Events at Khartoum - General Gordon's character -

Capitulation of Omdurman-General Gordon's death-Effect

on public opinion

-

PAGE

CHAPTER XXIX

THE EVACUATION OF THE SOUDAN

JANUARY 26, 1885-DECEMBER 30, 1886

Lord Wolseley urges the necessity of an autumn campaign-The

Government hesitate-And then agree-Sir Redvers Buller

retreats to Korti- Battle of Kirbekan - The movement on

Berber arrested-Operations at Suakin-Action at Hashin-

And at Tofrik-Suspension of the Suakin operations-The

autumn campaign abandoned-Question of holding Dongola-

Change of Government in England-Evacuation of Dongola-

Death of the Mahdi-Battle of Ginniss - Review of British

policy

-

18

CHAPTER XXX

THE DEBRIS OF THE SOUDAN

The outlying provinces :-1. Darfour: Surrender of the province-

The Senoussieh sect-The revolt of Abu Gemaizeh. 2. Bahr-el-

Ghazal: Lupton Bey surrenders—His death. 3. Equatoria:

Emin Pasha summoned to surrender-He maintains his posi-

tion-The Stanley expedition. 4. Sennar: The garrison sur-

renders. 5. Kassala: The garrison surrenders. 6. The Abyssinian

Frontier Garrisons: The Hewett treaty - The garrisons of

Amadib, Senhit, Galabat, Gera, and Gedaref. 7. Berbera:

Its political status-It is occupied by British troops. 8. Harrar:

Withdrawal of the Egyptian garrison-Installation of the Emir

Abdullah-King Menelek occupies the province. 9. Zeyla:

It is occupied by British troops. 10. Tajourrah: The French

occupy it. 11. Massowah: Its political status-Attitude of the

British Government-The Italians occupy Massowah

CHAPTER XXXI

THE DEFENCE OF EGYPT

1886-1892

PAGE

85

The Egyptian army-Negotiations with the Dervishes-Fighting on

the frontier-The siege of Suakin-Defeat of Osman Digna-

Wad-el-Nejumi—Nejumi advances—The battles of Argin and

of Toski-Death of Wad-el-Nejumi-Results of the battle-

Situation at Suakin-The reoccupation of Tokar-Defeat of

Osman Digna

60

CHAPTER XXXII

THE RECONQUEST OF KHARTOUM

OCTOBER 1895-SEPTEMBER 1898

Necessity of reconquering the Soudan-Danger of premature action

-The Italian defeat at Adua-It is decided to advance on

Dongola-Provision of funds-Sir Herbert Kitchener-Indian

expedition to Suakin-Railway construction-Battle of Firket

-Capture of Dongola-The Egyptian Government repay the

money advanced by the Commissioners of the Debt-The

British Government advance £800,000-Question of a further

offensive movement-Capture of Abu Hamed and Berber—

Reoccupation of Kassala-British troops sent to the Soudan-

The battle of the Atbara-The battle of Omdurman-Cost of

the campaign-The War Office—The policy of reconquest . 79

CHAPTER XXXIII

THE NEW SOUDAN

Question of the future political status of the Soudan-Anomalies

of the British position - Objections to annexation - And to

complete incorporation with Egypt-Intricacy of the problem

-The two flags-Speech at Omdurman-The right of con-

quest-The Agreement of January 19, 1899- Its unusual

nature-Its reception by Europe-Advantages of a Free Trade

policy

PAGE

111

PART IV

THE EGYPTIAN PUZZLE

CHAPTER XXXIV

THE DWELLERS IN EGYPT

The Englishman's mission-Conditions under which it was under-

taken-Population of Egypt-Its mixed character-Hostility

to England - Main tenets of Islam-Its failure as a social

system-Degradation of women-Immutability of the law-

Slavery-Intolerance-Incidents of religious belief and cere-

monial-Mental and moral attributes-Seclusion of women-

Polygamy-Divorce-Coarseness of literature and conversation

-Filial piety-Government-Conservatism-Spirit of the laws

-Language-Art-Music-Customs-Obstacles to England's

mission

123

CHAPTER XXXV

THE MOSLEMS

Classification of the population - The Turco - Egyptians - The

Egyptians-The hierarchy-The Grand Mufti-The head of

the El-Azhar University - The Grand Kadi- The Sheikh

el-Bekri-Mohammed el-Saadat-Abdul-Khalik el-Saadat

Mohammed Abdu-Mohammed Beyram-The Omdehs and

Sheikhs-Their submissiveness to the Pashas-Their sympathy

with Arábi-Their tyranny over the fellaheen-Their feelings

towards England-The Fellaheen-The Bedouins

APPENDIX.—Translation of a Letter from a Sheikh of Keneh to a

Sheikh of the Mosque of Seyyidna-Hussein at Cairo

168

200