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CHAPTER XXX
THE DEBRIS OF THE SOUDAN
The outlying provinces :—1. Darfour : Surrender of the province—
The Senoussieh sect-The revolt of Abu Gemaizeh. 2. Bahr-el-
Ghazal: Lupton Bey surrenders-His death. 3. Equatoria :
Emin Pasha summoned to surrender-He maintains his posi-
tion-The Stanley expedition. 4. Sennar: The garrison sur-
renders. 5. Kassala: The garrison surrenders. 6. The Abyssinian
Frontier Garrisons: The Hewett treaty-The garrisons of
Amadib, Senhit, Galabat, Gera, and Gedaref. 7. Berbera :
Its political status—It is occupied by British troops. 8. Harrar:
Withdrawal of the Egyptian garrison-Installation of the Emir
Abdullah-King Menelek occupies the province. 9. Zeyla:
It is occupied by British troops. 10. Tajourrah: The French
occupy it. 11. Massowah: Its political status-Attitude of the
British Government-The Italians occupy Massowah
CHAPTER XXXI
THE DEFENCE OF EGYPT
1886-1892
PAGE
35
The Egyptian army-Negotiations with the Dervishes-Fighting on
the frontier—The siege of Suakin—Defeat of Osman Digna—
Wad-el-Nejumi-Nejumi advances-The battles of Argin and
of Toski-Death of Wad-el-Nejumi-Results of the battle-
Situation at Suakin-The reoccupation of Tokar-Defeat of
Osman Digna
60
CHAPTER XXXII
THE RECONQUEST OF KHARTOUM
OCTOBER 1895-SEPTEMBER 1898
Necessity of reconquering the Soudan-Danger of premature action
-The Italian defeat at Adua-It is decided to advance on
Dongola—Provision of funds—Sir Herbert Kitchener-Indian
expedition to Suakin-Railway construction-Battle of Firket
-Capture of Dongola-The Egyptian Government repay the
money advanced by the Commissioners of the Debt-The
British Government advance £800,000-Question of a further
offensive movement-Capture of Abu Hamed and Berber-
Reoccupation of Kassala—British troops sent to the Soudan-
The battle of the Atbara-The battle of Omdurman-Cost of
the campaign-The War Office-The policy of reconquest
79
CHAPTER XXXIII
THE NEW SOUDAN
Question of the future political status of the Soudan-Anomalies
of the British position - Objections to annexation - And to
complete incorporation with Egypt-Intricacy of the problem
-The two flags-Speech at Omdurman―The right of con-
quest-The Agreement of January 19, 1899-Its unusual
nature-Its reception by Europe-Advantages of a Free Trade
policy
111
PART IV
THE EGYPTIAN PUZZLE
CHAPTER XXXIV
THE DWELLERS IN EGYPT
The Englishman's mission-Conditions under which it was under-
taken-Population of Egypt-Its mixed character-Hostility
to England - Main tenets of Islam-Its failure as a social
system-Degradation of women-Immutability of the law-
Slavery-Intolerance-Incidents of religious belief and cere-
monial-Mental and moral attributes-Seclusion of women-
Polygamy-Divorce-Coarseness of literature and conversation
-Filial piety-Government-Conservatism-Spirit of the laws
-Language-Art-Music-Customs-Obstacles to England's
-
Classification of the population - The Turco - Egyptians - The
Egyptians-The hierarchy-The Grand Mufti-The head of
the El-Azhar University — The Grand Kadi — The Sheikh
el-Bekri-Mohammed el-Saadat-Abdul-Khalik el-Saadat
Mohammed Abdu-Mohammed Beyram-The Omdehs and
Sheikhs-Their submissiveness to the Pashas-Their sympathy
with Arábi―Their tyranny over the fellaheen-Their feelings
towards England-The Fellaheen-The Bedouins
APPENDIX.-Translation of a Letter from a Sheikh of Keneh to a
Sheikh of the Mosque of Seyyidna-Hussein at Cairo
168
200
CHAPTER XXXVI
THE CHRISTIANS
The COPTS-The conservatism of their religion-Their character-
Their attitude towards the English-The reform movement-
The SYRIANS-Their position - Their unpopularity - Their
attitude towards the English-The ARMENIANS-Their sub-
serviency to the Turks-Nubar Pasha-His son Boghos-
Yacoub Pasha Artin-Tigrane Pasha-The Egyptians should
not be weighed in European scales
CHAPTER XXXVII
THE EUROPEANISED EGYPTIANS
901
The Europeanised Egyptians are generally Agnostics-Effects of
Europeanising the East-Gallicised Egyptians-Attractions of
French civilisation Unsuitability of the French system to
form the Egyptian character -The official classes generally
hostile to England.
CHAPTER XXXVIII
THE EUROPEANS
· 228
Number of Europeans-The Levantines-Their characteristics-
The Greeks-Their commercial enterprise-The English-The
Army of Occupation - Anglo - Egyptian officials - Feelings
entertained by other Europeans towards the English-Summary
of the classes friendly and hostile to England
245
CHAPTER XXXIX
THE MACHINERY OF GOVERNMENT
Nature of the machinery-Parts of the machine-1. THE SULTAN
-The Firman of 1892-The Sinai Peninsula-2. THE KHEDIVE
-Rescript of August 28, 1878-Constitutionalism of Tewfik
Pasha-3. THE MINISTERS-The Departments-Position of an
Egyptian Minister-4. THE ORGANIC LAW of May 1, 1883-
The Provincial Councils - The Legislative Council
Legislative Assembly
The
260
CHAPTER XL
THE BRITISH OFFICIALS
Qualifications required of an Anglo-Egyptian official-Positions of
the civil and military officials - The French in Tunis-The
Financial Adviser-Sir Edgar Vincent-The Judicial Adviser
- History of his appointment-Sir Raymond West — Justice
under Egyptian management-Sir John Scott-The Public
Works Department-Sir Colin Scott-Moncrieff-Sir William
Garstin-The Financial Secretary-Blum Pasha-Lord Milner
- Sir Eldon Gorst - Sub-Departments of Finance - The
Interior-Public Instruction-European and Egyptian officials
280
CHAPTER XLI
THE INTERNATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS
Internationalism-1. THE COMMISSION OF THE PUBLIC DEBT-
Functions of the Commission The Egyptian Accounts
The Reserve Fund-Uselessness of the Commission-2. THE
RAILWAY ADMINISTRATION-3. THE DAIRA SANTEH-4. THE
DOMAINS ADMINISTRATION
301
CHAPTER XLII
THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM
The Mixed Courts-Nubar Pasha's objects in creating them-
Attributes and composition of the Mixed Courts-Defects in
the institution-The Consular Courts-The Native Tribunals
and the Kadi's Courts-Summary of jurisdictions in Egypt
316
CHAPTER XLIII
THE WORKERS OF THE MACHINE
Importance of persons rather than of systems-The British Consul-
General-Tewfik Pasha-The Prime Ministers-Chérif Pasha
-Nubar Pasha-Riaz Pasha-Mustapha Pasha Fehmi
321
PART V
BRITISH POLICY IN EGYPT
CHAPTER XLIV
THE STRUGGLE FOR A POLICY
1882-1883
Intentions of the British Government — Proposal to reduce the
garrison-Sir Edward Malet's opinion-Difficulty of combining
reform and evacuation-I recommend reduction and concentra-
tion at Alexandria-The Government approve of this recom-
mendation-The reduction is countermanded
APPENDIX.-Despatch from Sir Evelyn Baring to Earl Granville,
dated October 9, 1883
CHAPTER XLV
THE NORTHBROOK MISSION
SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER 1884
It is decided to send a Special Commissioner to Cairo-The policy
of reporting-Lord Northbrook arrives in Egypt-His financial
proposals-His General Report-The Government reject his
proposals
CHAPTER XLVI
THE WOLFF CONVENTION
AUGUST 1885-OCTOBER 1887
Sir Henry Wolff appointed Special Commissioner-Convention of
October 24, 1885-Moukhtar Pasha-Convention of May 22,
1887-Comparison of the two Conventions-Frontier affairs—
The army-Civil reforms-Evacuation-France and Russia
oppose the Convention-The Sultan refuses to ratify it-
Moukhtar Pasha permanently located in Egypt-Results of
the Wolff mission.
CHAPTER XLVII
THE NEUTRALISATION OF THE SUEZ CANAL
Neutralisation of Egypt-Neutralisation of the Canal-The word
neutrality-Circular of January 3, 1883-The Suez Canal Com-
349
362
366
372