AGASIAS, OF HEGESIAS, I. a sculptor of Ephesus, to whose chisel we owe the celebrated work of art called the Borghese Gladiator. This is indicated by an inscription on the pedestal of the statue. This statue was found, together with the Apollo Belvidere, on the site of ancient Antium, the birthplace of Nero, and where that emperor had collected a large number of chefs-d'œuvre, which had been carried off from Greece by his freedman Acratus. It is maintained by more recent antiquarians, that the statue in question does not represent a gladiator; it appears to have belonged to a group, and the attention and action of the figure are directed towards some object more elevated than itself, such, for example, as a horseman whose attack it is sustaining. With regard to the form of the name, it may be remarked, that the Eolic and vulgar form was Agesias; the Doric, Agasias; and the Ionic, Hegestas. This Ionic form was adopted by the Attic writers.-II. Another Ephesian sculptor, who exercised his art in the island of Delos, while it was under the Roman sway. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)

ing to this view of the case, Atreus, who, as eldest the modern Artingari. (Bischoff und Möller, Wörson, had succeeded Pelops, left on his deathbed Aga-terb. der Geogr., s. v.) memnon and Menelaus, still under age, to the guar- AGARISTA, I. a daughter of Hippocrates, who married dianship of his brother Thyestes, who resigned the king- Xanthippus. She dreamed that she had brought forth dom to his nephews when they had reached maturity. a lion, and a few days after was delivered of Pericles. The variations introduced into this story, therefore, II. (Vid. Supplement.) would seem to be the work of later poets, especially of the Tragic writers, from whom the grammarians and scholiasts borrowed. (Heyne, ad Il., 2, v. 106.Suppl. et Emend.-vol. 4, p. 685.) With respect to the extent of Agamemnon's sway, we are informed by Homer (Il., 2, 108) that he ruled over many islands and over all Argos (πολλῇσι νήσοισι καὶ ̓Αργεῖ παντί) By Argos appears to be here meant, not the city of that name, for this was under the sway of Diomede, but a large portion of the Peloponnesus, including particularly the cities of Mycena and Tiryns. (Heyne, Excurs. I, ad Il., 2.) The islands to which the poet alludes can hardly be those of the Sinus Argolicus, which are few in number and small. Homer himself says, that Agamemnon possessed the most powerful fleet, and from this it would appear that he held many islands under his sway, though we are unacquainted with their names. (Heyne, l. c.-Thucyd., 1, 9.)-Thus much for Agamemnon, on the supposition that such an individual once actually existed. If we follow, however, the theory advocated by Hermann and others, and make not only the Trojan war itself to have been originally a mere allegory, but the names of the leading personages to be also allegorical, and indicative of their respective stations or characters, Agamemnon becomes the "permanent," or "general leader of the host" (yo and μíuvo), the termination wv strengthening the idea implied by the two component words from which the appellation is derived, and denoting collection or aggregation. The name Agamemnon is also connected with the early religion of Greece, for we find mention made of a Zevç 'Ayaufuvwv. (Meurs. Miscell. Lacon., 1, 4.-Eustath., ad Il., 2, p. 168.-Consult Hermann und Creuzer, Briefe über Hom. und Hes., p. 20, and Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 450.)

AGAMEMNONIUS, an epithet applied to Orestes, a son of Agamemnon. (Virg., En., 4, v. 471.)

AGANIPPE, a celebrated fountain of Boeotia, on Mount Helicon. The grove of the Muses stood on the summit of the mountain, and a little below was Aganippe. The source Hippocrene was some distance above. These two springs supplied the small rivers Olmius and Permessus, which, after uniting their waters, flowed into the Copaic lake near Haliartus. (Strabo, 407 and 411.) Pausanias (9, 31) calls the former Lemnus. Aganippe was sacred to the Muses, who from it were called Aganippides. Ovid (Fast., 5, 7) has the expression "fontes Aganippidos Hippocrenes," whence some are led to imagine that he makes Aganippe and Hippocrene the same. This, however, is incorrect: the epithet Aganippis, as used by the poet, being equivalent here merely to "Musis sacra." -II. A nymph of the fountain.

AGAPENOR, the son of Ancæus, and grandson of Lycurgus, who led the Arcadian forces in the expedition against Troy, and, after the fall of that city, was carried by a storm, on his return home, to the island of Cyprus, where he founded the city of Paphos. AGAPETUS. Vid. Supplement.

AGAR, a town of Africa Propria, in the district,of Byzacium, and probably not far from Zella.

AGAPIUS. Vid. Supplement.

AGARA, a city of India intra Gangem, on the southern bank of the Iomanes (Dschumna), and northwest of Palibothra. It is now Agra. (Bischoff und Moller, Wörterb. der Geogr., s. v.)

AGARI ('Ayúpov óhis, or 'Apуɛipov пóhis, Ptol.Argari Urbs, Tab. Peut.), a city of India intra Gangem, on the Sinus Argaricus. It is thought to correspond to

AGASSE, a city of Thessaly, supposed by Mannert (7, 470) to be the same with the Egea of Ptolemy, which he places to the south of Beroa. (Ptol., p. 84.) It was given up to plunder by Paulus Æmilius, for having revolted to Perseus after its surrender. (Liv., 45, 27.) There are ruins near the modern Cojani, which, in all probability, mark the site of the ancient place.

AGASUS, a harbour of Apulia, near the Promontorium Garganum. (Plin., 3, 11.) It is supposed to answer to the modern Porto Greco. (Cluver, Ital. Ant., vol. 2, p. 1212.)

AGATHARCHIDES, I. or Agatharchus, a native of Cnidus, in the time of Ptolemy VI. (Philometor) and his successor. Photius states (Biblioth., vol. 1, p. 171, ed. Bekker), that he had read or was acquainted with the following geographical productions of this writer. 1. A work on Asia (Tù KаTà Thy 'Acíav), in ten books: 2. A work on Europe (Tà kаτà tìν Еvρóñŋy), in forty books: and, 3. A work on the Erythræan Sea (Пepì τnç 'Epvtрüç dahúσons). The patriarch adds, that there existed the following other works of the same writer. 1. An abridged description of the Erythræan Sea ('ETITоμÙ Tŵν пεрì τñç 'Еpvớрâç 9aλácons), in one book: 2. An account of the Troglodytes (IIɛpì Tpwy2odvrov), in five books: 3. An abridgment of the poem of Antimachus, entitled Lyde ('ERITOμn Ts 'Avтquáxov Avdns): 4. An abridgment of a work on extraordinary winds ('Entroun Tv ñepì ovvaywyñs vavpaciov avéμwv): 5. An abridged history ('Ex20yai loropiv): and, 6. A treatise on the art of living happily with one's friends. Photius passes a high eulogium on this writer, and makes him to have imitated the manner of Thucydides. The patriarch has also preserved for us some extracts from the first and fifth books of the work of Agatharchides on the Erythræan Sea, in which some curious particulars are found respecting the Sabaeans and other nations dwelling along the coasts. Here also we have an account of the mode of hunting elephants, of the method employed by the Egyptians in extracting gold from marble, where nature had concealed it; while the whole is intermingled with details appertaining to natural history. The valuable information furnished by Agatharchides respecting the people of Ethiopia, has already been alluded to under that article. The fragments of Agatharchides were published, along with those of Cte. sias and Memnon, by H. Stephens, Paris, 1557, 8vo. They are given, however, in a more complete form by

Hudson, in his edition of the minor Greek geographers. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 3, p. 391.)-II. A native of Samos, whose Пɛpotká is cited by Plutarch in his Parallels. He is otherwise entirely unknown, and hence some have supposed him to be identical with Agatharchides of Cnidus, and the Iɛpoikú to be merely a section of the work on Asia by this writer. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., l. c.)

son's collection. (Schöll, Hist Litt. Gr., vol. 5, p. 324.)-II. A physician. (Vid. Supplement.)

66

AGATHIAS, a poet and historian, born at Myrina, in Eolis, on the coast of Asia Minor, probably about 536 A.D. He studied at Alexandrea, and went in the year 554 to Constantinople. He possessed some talent for poetry, and wrote a variety of amorous effusions, which he collected in nine books, under the title of 'Daphniaca." A collection of epigrams, in seven books, was also made by him, of which a great number are still extant, and to be found in the Anthology. His principal production, however, is an historical work, which he probably wrote after the death of the Emperor Justinian. It contains, in five books, an account of his own times, from the wars of Narses to the death of Chosroes, king of Persia. His work is of great importance for the history of Persia. According to his own account, he would appear to have been conversant with the Persian language, since he states that he compiled his narrative from Persian authorities (EK Tv πapà opίow ¿yyeypapuévwv, p. 125). He writes, perhaps, with more regard for the truth than poets are wont to do; but his style is pompous and full of affectation, and his narrative continually interspersed with commonplace reflections. The mediocrity of a bastard time is clinging fast to him, and the highest stretch of his ambition seems to have been to imitate the ancient writers. By faith he was undoubtedly a Christian, and probably prided himself upon his orthodoxy; for when he mentions that the Franks were Christians, he adds, kai Tn opboτúτη xрúμεvoi đón. His reminiscences of the Homeric poems supplied him with a large stock of epic words, which swim on the smooth surface of his narrative like heavy logs upon stagnant water. The work of Agathias may be regarded, in point of learning and diction, as a fair specimen of the age in which he lived; few men at Alexandrea or Constantino

AGATHARCHUS, I. an Athenian artist, mentioned by Vitruvius (lib. 7, præf.), and said by him to have invented scene-painting. He was contemporary with Eschylus, and prepared the scenery and decorations for his theatre. Sillig (Dict. Art., s. v.) maintains, that the words of Vitruvius, in the passage just referred to, namely, "scenam fecit," merely mean, that Agatharchus constructed a stage for schylus, since, according to Aristotle (Poët., 4), Sophocles first brought in the decorations of scenery (GKηvoypapía). But the language of Vitruvius, taken in connexion with what follows, evidently refers to perspective and scenepainting, and Bentley also understands them in this sense. (Diss. Phal., p. 286.) Nor do the words of Aristotle present any serious obstacle to this opinion, since Sophocles may have completed what Agatharchus began. II. A painter, a native of Samos, and contemporary with Zeuxis. We have no certain statement respecting the degree of talent which he possessed. Sillig (Dict. Art., s. v.) thinks it was small, and cites in support of his opinion the language of Andocides (Orat., c. Alcib., 17). Plutarch, however, informs us, that Alcibiades confined Agatharchus in his mansion until he had decorated it with paintings, and then sent him home with a handsome present. (Vit. Alcib., 16.) Andocides charges Alcibiades with detaining Agatharchus three whole months, and compelling him during that period to adorn his mansion with the pencil. And he states that the painter escaped to his house only in the fourth month of his du-ple may have surpassed him as a writer. (Foreign Reress. Sillig thinks that this was done in order to cast ridicule upon the artist, an inference far from probable, though it would seem to derive some support from the remark of the scholiast on Demosthenes (c. Mid., p. 360), as to the nature of the provocation which Agatharchus had given to Alcibiades. Bentley makes only one artist of the name of Agatharchus, but is silent as to the difficulty which would then arise in relation to this artist's being contemporaneous with both Eschylus and Zeuxis. Agatharchus prided himself upon his rapidity of execution, and received the famous retort from Zeuxis, that if the former executed his works in a short time, he, Zeuxis, painted "for a long time," i. e., for posterity.

AGATHEMERUS, I. a Greek geographer. The period when he flourished is not known; it is certain, however, that he came after Ptolemy; and very probably he lived during the third century of our era. The only work by which he is known is an abridgment of geography, entitled 'YоTúпwσis tûs yewypapias, Ev Eniтou, in two books. This little production appears to have reached us in a very imperfect state. It is a series of lessons dictated to a disciple named Philo, to serve him as an outline for a course of mathematical and physical geography. In the first chapter he gives a sketch of history and geography, and names the most useful writers in these departments. He gives us here some particulars worthy of notice that we might search in vain for in Strabo. In the chapters that follow, Agathemerus treats of the divisions of the earth, of winds, seas, islands, &c. After the sixteenth chapter comes an extract from Ptolemy. The second book is only a confused repetition of the first, and is the work, probably, of some ignorant disciple. The first edition of Agathemerus is that of Tennulius, in Greek and Latin, Amst., 1671, 8vo. It is to be found also in the collection of ancient geographical writers, by Gronovius, Lugd. Bat., 1679 and 1700, 4to, and in Hud

view, No. 2, p. 575.) The best edition is that published in 1828, as Part III. in the collection of Byzantine historians, at present publishing at Bonn.

AGATHINUS. Vid. Supplement.

AGATHO, an Athenian tragic writer, the contempo rary and friend of Euripides. At his house Plato lays the scene of his Symposium, given in honour of a tragic victory won by the poet. Agatho was no mean dramatist. He is called 'Ayúlwv å kλɛwóc by Aristophanes. (Thesmoph., 29.) The same writer pays a handsome tribute to his memory as a poet and a man, in the Rana (v. 84), where Bacchus cells him ayatòç rointǹg kai robɛivòs Tois piñois. In the Thesmophoriazusa, however, which was exhibited six years before the Rana, Agatho, then alive, is introduced as the friend of Euripides, and ridiculed for his effeminacy. His poetry seems to have corresponded with his personal appearance; profuse in trope, inflexion, and metaphor; glittering with sparkling ideas, and flowing softly on with harmonious words and nice construction, but deficient in manly thought and vigour. Agatho may, in some degree, be charged with having begun the decline of true tragedy. It was he who first commenced the practice of inserting choruses between the acts of the drama, which had no reference whatever to the circumstances of the piece; thus infringing the law by which the chorus was made one of the actors. (Aristot., Poët., 18, 22.) He is blamed also by Aristotle (Poët, 18, 17) for want of judgment, in selecting too extensive subjects. He occasionally wrote pieces with fictitious names (a transition towards the new comedy), one of which was called the Flower, and was probably, therefore, neither seriously affecting nor terrible, but in the style of the Idyl. (Schlegel, Dram. Latt., vol. 1, p. 189.) One of Agatho's tragic victories is recorded, Ol. 91, 2, B.C. 416. He too, like Euripides, left Athens for the court of Archelaus, AGATHOCLEA. Vid. Supplement.

AGATHOCLES, I. one of the boldest adventurers of through the resentment of Arsinoe, in consequence antiquity. His history is principally drawn from Dio- of his refusing to listen to certain dishonourable prodorus Siculus (books nineteen and twenty, and frag-posals made by her. (Pausan., 1, 9-Id., 1, 10.)ments of book twenty-one), and from Justin (books III. A brother of Agathoclea, and minister of Ptolemy twenty-two and twenty-three). They derived their Philopator. (Vid. Agathoclea.)-IV. A Greek histoaccounts from different sources, and differ, therefore, rian, a native of Samos, who wrote a work on the govespecially in the history of his youth. Agathocles ernment of Pessinus. () (Vossius, de Hist. Græc., 3, p. was the son of Carcinus, who, having been expelled | 158-Ernesti, Clav. Cic. Ind. Hist., s. v.)-V. An from Rhegium, resided at Therma in Sicily. On ac- archon at Athens, Ol. 105, at the period when the Phocount of a mysterious oracle, he was exposed in his cians undertook to plunder Delphi.-VI. An historian. infancy, but was secretly brought up by his mother. (Vid. Supplement.) At the age of seven years the boy was again received AGATHODÆMON, or the Good Genius, I. a name apby his repentant father, and sent to Syracuse to learn plied by the Greeks to the Egyptian Cneph, as indicthe trade of a potter, where he continued to reside, ative of the qualities and attributes assigned to him being admitted by Timoleon into the number of the in the mythology of that nation. (Compare Eusebius, citizens. He was drawn from obscurity by Damas, a Præp. Ev., 1, 10, p. 41-Jablonski, Panth. Egypt., noble Syracusan, to whom his beauty recommended 1, p. 86.) It is the same with the Noug, and Pœman. him, and was soon placed at the head of an army sent der, of the Alexandrean school; and the hieroglyphic against Agrigenturn. By a marriage with the widow which represents this deity is the circle, or disk, hav of Damas he became one of the most wealthy men of ing in the centre a serpent with a hawk's head, or else Syracuse. Under the dominion of Sosistratus, he was a globe encircled by a serpent, the symbol of the spirobliged to fly to Tarentum, but returned after the death it, or eternal principle, male and female, that animates of the latter, usurped the sovereignty, in which he es- and controls the world, as well as of the light, which tablished himself by the murder of several thousand of illumines all things. (Creuzer's Symbolik, par Guigthe principal inhabitants, and conquered the greater niaut, vol. 1, p. 824.)-II. A name applied by the part of Sicily (317 B.C.). He maintained his power Greeks to the serpent, as an image of Cueph, the good twenty-eight years, till 289 B.C. To strengthen his genius. (Plut., de Is. et Os., p. 418.) The serpent authority in his native country, and to give employment here meant is of a harmless kind, and was also called to the people, he endeavoured, like Dionysius, to drive Uræus (Ovpałoç), or the royal serpent (Zorga, Num. the Carthaginians from Sicily. Having been defeated Egypt., p. 400.-Id., de Obelisc., 431, n. 41), and by them, and besieged in Syracuse, he boldly resolved hence it is also the symbol of royalty, and appears on to pass over into Africa with a portion of his army. the heads of kings as well as of gods. (Compare reHere he fought for four years, till 307, generally with marks under the article Cleopatra.) The term Agathosuccess. Disturbances in Sicily compelled him to dæmon is said to be nothing more than a translation of leave his army twice, and at his second return into the Egyptian term Cneph. (Jablonski, Vocc., p. 112. Africa he found it in rebellion against his son Archa--Ouvaroff, Essai sur les Myst. d'Eleusis, p. 106, gathus. He appeased the commotion by promising seqq.-Creuzer's Symbolik, vol. 1, p. 505, of the Gerthe troops the booty they should win; but, being de- man work.-Champoilam, Precis, &c., p. 91.)-III. feated, he did not hesitate to give up his own sons to the A name given by the Greek residents in Egypt to the vengeance of his exasperated soldiery, and expose these Canopic arm of the Nile. (Piol., 4, 5.) The native latter, without a leader, to the enemy. His sons were appellation was Schetnouphi, i. e., "the good arm of murdered; the army surrendered to the Carthaginians. the river;" from Schet, "the arm of a river," and He himself restored quiet to Sicily, and concluded a nouphi, "good," and was used in opposition to the peace 306 B.C., which secured to both parties their Phatnetic, or evil arm of the Nile. (Champollion, former possessions. He then engaged in several hos- l'Egypte sous les Pharaons, vol. 2, p. 23.) The words tile expeditions to Italy, where he vanquished the Cneph (Cnuphi) and Canobus (Canopus) were, in Bruttii and sacked Crotona. His latter days were fact, the same; and we have in the following, also, saddened by domestic strife. His intention was, that merely different forms of the same appellation; Chnohis youngest son, Agathocles, should inherit the throne. phi, Anubis, Mnevis, &c.-III. (Vid. Supplement.) This stimulated his grandson Archagathus to rebellion. AGATHOTYCUS. Vid. Supplement. He murdered the intended heir, and persuaded Manon, a favourite of the king's, to poison him. This was done by means of a feather, with which the king cleaned his teeth after a meal. His mouth, and soon his whole body, became a mass of corruption. Before he was entirely dead he was thrown upon a funeral pile. According to some authors, he died at the age of seventytwo years; according to others, at that of ninety-five. Before his death, his wife Texena and two sons were sent to Egypt. His son-in-law, Pyrrhus, king of Epiinherited his influence in Sicily and Southern Italy. Agathocles possessed the talents of a general and a sovereign. He was proud of his ignoble descent. His cruelty, luxury, and insatiable ambition, however, accelerated his ruin. (Justin, 22, 1, seqq.—Id., 23, 1, seqq.-Polyb., 12, 15.-Id., 15, 35.-Id., 9, 23, &c.)-II. A son of Lysimachus, taken prisoner by the Geta. He was ransomed, and married Lysandra, daughter of Ptolemy Lagus. His father, in his old age, married Arsinoë, the eldest sister of Lysandra, who, fearful lest her offspring by Lysimachus might, on the death of the latter, come under the power of Agathocles and be destroyed, planned, and succeeded in bringing about, the death of this prince. After the destruction of Agathocles she fled to Seleucus. Another account makes Agathocles to have lost his life

rus,

AGATHON, I. (Vid. Agatho.)-II., III. (Vid. Supplement.)

AGATHYRNA, or Agathyrnum, a city of Sicily, on the northern coast, between Tyndaris and Calacta. It appears to have been originally a settlement of the Siculi, and, owing to this circumstance probably, as well as to its remote position, would seem to have escaped the notice of the Greek geographers. Its name appears, for the first time, in the history of the second Punic war, where Livy (26, 40) states, that the Roman consul Lavinus carried away from the place a motley rabble, four thousand in number, consisting of abandoned characters, and brought them to the coast of Italy near Rhegium, the people of which place wanted a band trained to robberies, for the purpose of ravaging Bruttium. Livy writes the name Agathyrna, of the first declension: the more common form is Agathyrnum ('Ayúðupvov). The modern St. Agatha stands near the site of the ancient city. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 411.)

AGATHYRSI, a nation respecting whom the accounts of ancient writers are greatly at variance. (Compare Vossius, Annot. in Hudson, Geog. Min, vol. 1, p. 79.) Herodotus (4, 491 places them in the vicinity of the Maris, the modern Marosch, in what is now Transylvania, and most writers agree in placing them

AGELAUS, I. a king of Corinth, son of Ixion.-II. A son of Hercules and Omphale, from whom Croesus was descended. (Apollod., 2, 7, 8.) Diodorus Siculus (4, 31) gives the name of this son as Lamus. Herodotus, on the other hand, deduces the royal line of Lydia from a son of Hercules and a female slave belonging to Jardanus, the father of Omphale. (Herod., 1, 7.) This last is generally considered to be the more correct opinion. (Consult Bähr, ad Herod., 1. C.

Creuzer, Hist. Græc. antiquiss., &c., p. 186.)-III A servant of Priam, who preserved Paris when exposed on Mount Ida. (Vid. Paris.—Apollod., 3, 12, 5, and Heyne, ad loc., not. cr.)

AGENDICUM, Agedincum, or Agedicum ('Ayndiкov, Ptol.), a city of Gaul, the metropolis of Senonia, or Lugdunensis Quarta. Its later name was Senones, now Sens. (Cas., B. G., 6, extr.-Eutrop., 10 7.— Amm. Marcell., 15, 27.)

As

in this country and in upper Hungary. (Compare AGELASTUS ('Ayhaσroc), an appellation given to M. Rennell, Geogr. of Herod., p. 83, seqq.-Mannert, 4, Crassus, father of the celebrated orator, and grandfap. 102-Necbuhr, Verm. Schrift. 1, p. 377, &c.) ther of Crassus the rich, from his extraordinary gravity. Scymnus of Chios, however, makes them to have dwelt Lucilius said of him, that he laughed only once in the on the Palus Mæotis. The name perhaps, after all, is course of his life, while Pliny informs us that he was a mere appellative, and may have been applied by dif-reported never to have laughed at all. Hence the ferent authors to different tribes. What serves to name 'AyeλaoTоÇ, "one that does not laugh," or " that strengthen this opinion is the fact, that the latter half never laughs." (Cic., de Fin., 5, 30.-Douza, ad Luof the term Agathyrsi frequently occurs in other na-cil., fragm., p. 20.-Plin., 7, 18.) tional designations, such as Idanthyrsi, Thyrsagetæ, Thyssagete, Thyrsi, &c. The reference probably is to the god Tyr, another name for the sun. What Herodotus (4, 104) states respecting this race, that they were accustomed to array themselves in very handsome attire, to wear a great number of golden ornaments, to have their women in common, and to live, in consequence of this last-mentioned arrangement, like brethren and members of one family, is received with great incredulity by many. (Compare Valckenaer, Herod., ed. Wessel., p. 328, n. 31.) All this, however, clearly shows their Asiatic origin, and connects them with the nations in the interior of the eastern continent. The community of wives seems to have been a remnant, in some degree, of an early Buddhistic system. The civilized habits of the Agathyrsi are, at all events, worthy of notice, and favour the theory of those who see in them a fragment of early civilization, emanating from some highly cultivated race, and AGENOR, I. a son of Neptune and Libya, king of subsequently shattered by the inroads of the Scythians Phoenicia, and twin-brother of Belus (Apollod., 2, 1, and other barbarous tribes. (Ritter, Vorhal., 286, seqq.) 4); he married Telephassa, by whom he became the AGAUE ('Ayavý), or, with the Reuchlinian pronun- father of Cadmus, Phoenix, Cylix, Tharsus, Phineus, ciation, AGAVE, I. daughter of Cadmus, and wife of and, according to some, of Europa also. (Schol. ad Echion, by whom she had Pentheus. Her son suc- Eurip., Phan., 5.-Hygin., Fab., 178.-Paus., 5, 25, ceeded his grandfather in the government of Thebes. 7.-Schol., ad Apoll. Rhod., 2, 178; 3, 1185.) AfWhile he was reigning, Bacchus came from the east, ter his daughter Europa had been carried off by Jupiand sought to introduce his orgies into his native city. ter, Agenor sent out his sons in search of her, and enThe women all gave enthusiastically into the new re- joined on them not to return without their sister. ligion, and Mount Citharon rang to the frantic yells of Europa was not to be found, none of them returned, the Bacchantes. Pentheus sought to check their fury; and all settled in foreign countries. (Apollod., 3, 1, 1. but, deceived by the god, he went secretly and ascend--Hygin., Fab., 178.) Virgil (Æn., 1, 338) calls Car ed a tree on Citharon, to be an ocular witness of their thage the city of Agenor, by which he alludes to the revels. While here, he was descried by his mother descent of Dido from Agenor. Buttmann (Mytholog, and aunts, to whom Bacchus made him appear to be a 1, p. 232, seq.) points out that the genuine Phoenician wild beast, and he was torn to pieces by them. This name of Agenor was Cnas, which is the same as Caadventure of Pentheus has furnished the groundwork naan, and upon these facts he builds the hypothesis, of one of the finest dramas of Euripides, his Baccha. that Agenor or Cnas is the same as the Canaan in the (Apollod., 3, 4, 4.-Id., 3, 5, 1.-Ovid, Met., 3, 514, Books of Moses.-II. A son of Iasus, and father of seqq.-Hygin., f, 184.-Keightley's Mythology, p. Argus Panoptes, king of Argos. (Apollod., 2, 1, 2.) 298.)-II. A tragedy of Statius, now lost. (Juv., 7, Hellanicus (Fragm., p. 47, ed. Sturz.) states that Age87.)--III. A daughter of Danaus. She slew her hus- nor was a son of Phoroneus, and brother of Iasus and band Lycus, in obedience to her father's orders. (Apol- Pelasgus, and that, after their father's death, the two ellod., 2, 1, 5.)-IV. A Nereid. (Apollod., 1, 2, 7.) der brothers divided his dominions between themselves AGDESTIS, I. a genius or deity mentioned in the in such a manner, that Pelasgus received the country legends of Phrygia, and connected with the mythus of about the river Eracinus, and built Larissa, and Iasus Cybele and Atys. An account of his origin, as well the country about Elis. After the death of these two, as other particulars respecting him, may be obtained Agenor, the youngest, invaded their dominions, and from Pausanias (7, 17). He was an androgynous de- thus became King of Argos-III. The son and sucity, and appears to be the same with the Adagoüs of cessor of Triopas in the kingdom of Argos. He bethe ancient writers. (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. longed to the house of Phoroneus, and was father of 18.-Compare the note of Guigniaut.)-II. One of Crotopus. (Paus., 2, 16, 1.-Hygin., Fab., 145.)— the summits of Mount Dindymus in Phrygia, on which IV. A son of Pleuron and Xanthippe, and grandson of Atys was said to have been buried. (Pausan., 1, 4.) Etolus. Epicaste, the daughter of Calydon, became AGELADAS, I. an excellent statuary, and illustrious by him the mother of Porthaon and Demonice. (Apolalso as having been the instructer of Phidias, Poly-lod., 1, 7, 7.) According to Pausanias (3, 13, 5), cletus, and Myron. His parents were inhabitants of Thestius, the father of Leda, is likewise a son of this Argos, according to Pausanias (34, 8), and he himself Agenor.-V. A son of Phegeus, king of Psophis, in was born there, probably about B.C. 540. The par- Arcadia. He was brother of Pronous and Arsinoe, ticular time, however, when he lived, has given rise who was married to Alcmeon, but was abandoned by to much discussion. Sillig, after a long and able ar- him. When Alemæon wanted to give the celebrated gument, comes to the conclusion that Ageladas, the necklace and peplus of Harmonia to his second wife, instructer of Phidias, attained the height of his renown Callirrhoë, the daughter of Achelous, he was slain by about Olymp. 70, or 500 B.C. (Dict. Art., s. v.)-II. Agenor and Pronous at the instigation of Phegeus. Another artist, probably a nephew of the former, as- But when the two brothers came to Delphi, where they signed by Pliny to Olymp. 87, or 432 B.C., which can intended to dedicate the necklace and peplus, they were hardly be correct. He was thinking, perhaps, of the killed by Amphoterus and Acarnan, the sons of Alcelder Ageladas. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.) mæon and Callirrhoë. (Apollod, 3, 7, 5.) Pausanias

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(8, 24, 4), who relates the same story, calls the chil- | Locrian, who conquered, when a boy, in boxing in the dren of Phegeus Temenus, Axion, and Alphesiboa. Olympic gaines. His victory is celebrated by Pindar --VI. A son of the Trojan Antenor, and of Theano, a in the 10th and 11th Olympic Odes. The scholiast plapriestess of Minerva. (I., 6, 298) He appears as ces his victory in the 74th Olympiad. He should not one of the bravest of the Trojans, and as leader in the be confounded with Agesidamus the father of Chromistorming of the Grecian encampment. He hastens us, who is mentioned in the Nemean Odes (1, 42; 9, with other Trojans to the assistance of Hector when 99). prostrated by Ajax, and, being encouraged by Apollo, he engages in combat with Achilles, whom he wounds. As, however, danger threatened him in this conflict, Apollo assumed Agenor's form, in order that, while Achilles turned against the god, the Trojans might be able to escape to the city. (Il., 21, sub fin.-Hygin., Fab., 112.) According to Pausanias (10, 27, 1), Agenor was slain by Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, and was represented by Polygnotus in the great painting in the Lesche of Delphi.

AGENORIDES, a patronymic of Agenor, designating a descendant of an Agenor, such as Cadmus, Phineus, and Perseus.

next nine years being a struggle for existence amid dangers within and without.

AGESILAUS, I. son of Doryssus, sixth king of the Agid line of Sparta, excluding Aristodemus, according to Apollodorus, reigned 44 years, and died 886 B.C. Pausanias makes his reign a short one, but contemporary with the legislation of Lycurgus. (Pausan., 3, 2, 3.-Clinton, Fast. Hell., 1, p. 335.)-II. Son by his second wife, Eupolia, of Archidamus II., succeeded his half-brother, Agis II., as nineteenth king of the Eurypontid line; excluding, on the ground of spurious birth, and by the interest of Lysander, his nephew, Leotychides. (Vid. Leotychides.) His reign extends from 398 to 361 B.C., both inclusive; during most of which time he was, in Plutarch's words, "as good as AGESANDER, I. or AGESILAUS, from dyɛw and ȧvýp thought commander and king of all Greece," and was or Zaóc, a surname of Pluto or Hades, describing him for the whole of it greatly identified with his country's as the god who carries away all men. (Callim., Hymn. deeds and fortunes. The position of that country, in Pallad., 130.-Spanh., ad loc.-Hesych., s. v.— though internally weak, was externally, in Greece, Eschyl. ap. Athen., 3, p. 99.) Nicander (ap. Athen., down to 394, one of supremacy acknowledged: the 15, p. 684) uses the form 'Hyeoiλaoç.-II. A sculp- only field of its ambition was Persia; from 394 to 387, tor, a native of the island of Rhodes. His name oc- the Corinthian or first Theban war, one of supremacy curs in no author except Pliny (H. N., 36, 5, 4), and assaulted: in 387 that supremacy was restored over we know of but one work which he executed; it is a Greece, in the peace of Antalcidas, by the saerifice of work, however, which bears the most decisive testi- Asiatic prospects; and thus, more confined and more mony to his surpassing genius. In conjunction with secure, it became also more wanton. After 378, when Apollodorus and Athenodorus, he sculptured the group Thebes regained her freedom, we find it again assailed, of Laocoon. (Vid. Laocoon) This celebrated group and again for one moment restored, though on a lower was discovered in the year 1506, near the baths of Ti-level, in 371; then overthrown forever at Leuctra, the tus on the Esquiline Hill: it is now preserved in the Museum of the Vatican. A great deal has been written about the age when Agesander flourished, and various opinions have been formed on the subject. Winckelmann and Müller, forming their judgment from the style of art displayed in the work itself, assign it to the age of Lysippus. Müller thinks the intensity of suffering depicted, and the somewhat theatrical air which pervades the group, show that it belongs to a later age than that of Phidias. Lessing and Thiersch, on the other hand, after subjecting the passage of Pliny to an accurate examination, have come to the conclusion, that Agesander and the other two artists lived in the age of Titus, and sculptured the group expressly for that emperor; and this opinion is pretty generally acquiesced in. Thiersch has written a great deal to show that the plastic art did not decline so early as is generally supposed, but continued to flourish in full vigour from the time of Phidias uninterruptedly down to the reign of Titus. Pliny was deceived in saying that the group was sculptured out of one block, as the lapse of time has discovered a join in it. It appears from an inscription on the pedestal of a statue found at Net-mand in Sparta's aggression on Mantineia; but headtuno (the ancient Antium), that Athenodorus was the son of Agesander. This makes it not unlikely that Polydorus also was his son, and that the father executed the figure of Laocoon himself, his two sons the remaining two figures. (Lessing, Laokoon.-Winckelmann, Gesch. de Kunst, 10, 1, 10.-Thiersch, Epochen der Bildkunst, p. 318, &c.—Müller, Archæol. der Kunst, p. 152.)

AGESIANAX, a Greek poet, of whom a beautiful fragment, descriptive of the moon, is preserved in Plutarch (De facie in orb. Lunæ, p. 920). It is uncertain whether the poem to which this fragment belonged was of an epic or didactic character.

AGESIAS, one of the Iambidæ, and an hereditary priest of Jupiter at Olympia. He gained the victory there in the mule-race, and is celebrated on that account by Pindar in the 6th Olympic Ode. Böckh places his Victory in the 78th Olympiad.

AGESIDAMUS, son of Archestratus, an Epizephyrian

Of the youth of Agesilaus we have no detail, beyond the mention of his intimacy with Lysander. On the throne, which he ascended about the age of forty, we first hear of him in the suppression of Cinadon's conspiracy. In his third year (396), he crossed into Asia, and after a short campaign, and a winter of preparation, he in the next overpowered the two satraps, Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus; and in the spring of 394 was encamped in the plain of Thebe, preparing to advance into the heart of the empire, when a message arrived to summon him to the war at home. He calmly and promptly obeyed, expressing, however, to the Asiatic Greeks, and doubtless himself indulging, hopes of a speedy return. Marching rapidly by Xerxes' route, he met and defeated at Coroneia in Boeotia the allied forces. In 393 he was engaged in a ravaging invasion of Argolis; in 392 in one of the Corinthian territory; in 391 he reduced the Acarnanians to submission; but in the remaining years of the war he is not mentioned. In the interval of peace, we find him declining the com

ing. from motives, it is said, of private friendship, that on Phlius, and openly justifying Phoebidas's seizure of the Cadmeia. Of the next war, the first two years he commanded in Boeotia, more, however, to the enemy's gain in point of experience than loss in any other; from the five remaining he was withdrawn by severe illness. In the congress of 371 an altercation is recorded between him and Epaminondas; and by his advice Thebes was peremptorily excluded from the peace, and orders given for the fatal campaign of Leuctra. In 370 we find him engaged in an embassy to Mantineia, and reassuring the Spartans by an invasion of Arcadia; and in 369 to his skill, courage, and presence of mind, is to be ascribed the maintenance of the unwalled Sparta, amid the attacks of four armies, and revolts and conspiracies of Helots, Pericci, and even Spartans. Finally, in 362, he led his countrymen into Arcadia; by fortunate information was enabled to return in time to prevent the 'surprise of Sparta, and was, it seems,