(Compare Wesseling, ad Herod., 4, 45.)-We have | indifference the sovereignty pass from the Medes to here a curious link in the chain connecting the early the Persians; and it was probably owing to the inreligion of India with that of the countries to the west. trigues of the whole order, that a conspiracy was formThe leading idea appears to be one of a cosmogoni-ed to deprive Cambyses of the throne, by representing cal nature, and to refer to the action of the humid one of their number as Smerdis, the son of Cyrus, who principle as the generating cause of all things. Hence had been previously put to death by his brother. Hethe Aphrodite of the Greeks, rising from the bosom of rodotus, who has given the history of this conspiracy the waters (avadvoμévn. —'Appodíτη πOνTOYεVÝs. Or at length, evidently regarded it as a plot, on the part pheus, H., 54, ed. Herm.), or, in other words, the of the Magi, to restore the sovereignty to the Medes, great Mother of all (Mýrnp). She is the Move (Terra since he represents Cambyses, on his deathbed, as Mater) of the Egyptians, the same with their Isis. conjuring the Persians to prevent the Medes from again (Creuzer, Symbol., vol. 1, p. 354): the Múr (Mot) obtaining the supremacy. (Herod., 3, 65.) And the of Sanchoniathon (limus, aut aquosæ mixtionis putre- Persians themselves must have looked upon it in the do.-Bochart, Geogr. Sacr., 2, 2, p. 705); the Xáoç same light, since, after the discovery of the conspiracy, of Hesiod (Theog., 123); the Mirns, to whom a tem- and the murder of the pretended Smerdis by Darius ple was erected in the vicinity of the Hypanis and Bo- Hystaspis and his companions, a general massacre of rysthenes (Herod., 4, 53.-Wess., ad loc.); the y the Magi ensued, the memory of which event was anunrnp, the primitive slime (Creuzer, Symbol,, vol. 4, nually preserved by a festival called "the Slaughter of p. 329); the Mirηp, ʼn πрeobvτárη nãoα (Hesych., ed. | the Magi" (Mayogóvia), during which none of the Magi Alberti, p. 597); the MTs of Hesiod and of the Or- were allowed to appear in public. (Herod., 3, 79.— phic poets (Orpheus, Argon., ed. Herm. Aposp., 6, Ctes., Pers., c. 15.) This event, however, does not 19, n., p. 461); and the Maia of the Doric dialect appear to have impaired their influence and authority; (Iambl., Vit. Pythag., ed. Kiessling, p. 114, 56).- for they are represented by Herodotus, in his account The root of this word is to be found in the Sanscrit. of the Persian religion, as the only recognised minis(Compare Hesychius, Maì, péya. 'Ivdoi.) Mana- ters of the national worship (1, 132). The learning of Mai (Magna Mater) is worshipped at the present day the Magi was connected with astrology and enchantby the Buddhists in Nepaul. (Kirkpatrick, Account of ment, in which they were so celebrated that their name Nepaul, &c., p. 114.)—The worship of the great moth- was applied to all orders of magicians and enchanters. er (xovin unτnp facieia-Orpheus, Hymn., 49, 4, Thus, the Septuagint translates the Chaldee Ashap by ed. Herm., p. 313); the mother of gods and nurse of the word Magus (Mayos.-Dan., 1, 20.- Id., 2, 2, 27. all things (ewv μýτηρ, τроdòs Távтwv.-Orpheus, -Compare Acts, 13, 6, 8). The word was also applied Hymn, 26 et 27, ed. Herm., p. 286, seqq.); the Metis to designate any men celebrated for wisdom; whence whom Jove espoused as his first consort, after the con- the wise men of the East, who came to see the infant flict with the Titans (Hesiod, Theog., 886), appears Saviour, are called simply Magi. (Matth. 2, 1.) It to have spread from east to west, and one of the early would appear from a passage in Jeremiah (39, 3), that seats of this worship to have been in the vicinity of the the Babylonian priests were also called Magi; if at Palus Mæotis, whose slimy waters were regarded as a least the interpretation of Rab-Mag, "chief of the type of that primitive slime from whose teeming bosom Magi," be correct. (Gesenius, Hebr. Lex., s. v. Mag.) the world was supposed to have been formed. (Rit- The etymology of the word is doubtful. In Perter's Vorhalle, p. 57.-Id. ibid., p. 161, seqq.) sian the name of priest is mugh; and it is not improbable, as Gesenius has conjectured, that the term may be connected with the root meaning "great," which we have in the Greek μey as; the Latin mag-is and mag-nus; the Persian mih; and the Sanscrit mah-at. It is a curious fact, that the Hindu grammarians derive mah-at from a verb mah, signifying "to worship." (Wilson's Sanscrit Dict., s. v. Mah-at.-Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 14, p. 280, seq.)-The Magi were divided into three classes: the first consisted of the inferior priests, who conducted the ordinary ceremonies of religion; the second presided over the sacred fire; the third was the Archimagus or high-priest, who possessed supreme authority over the whole order. They had three kinds of temples; first, common oratories, MAGETOBRIA, a city of Gaul, the situation of which in which the people performed their devotions, and has given rise to much discussion. Some place it where the sacred fire was kept only in lamps; next, near Binga, below Moguntia; and they found this public temples, with altars, on which the fire was kept opinion on the opening lines in the poem of Ausonius continually burning, where the higher order of Magi upon the Mosella. D'Anville, however, and subse- directed the public devotions, and the people assemquent writers, discover traces of the ancient name in bled; and, lastly, the grand seat of the Archimagus, the spot called at the present day la Moigte de Broie, which was visited by the people at certain seasons with at the confluence of the Arar and Ogno, near a village peculiar solemnity, and to which it was deemed an innamed Pontailler, which belonged formerly to Burgun- dispensable duty for every one to repair, at least once in dy. This opinion is confirmed by an inscription found his life. This principal temple was erected, it is said, in this quarter on the fragment of an urn, dug up, along by Zoroaster, in the city of Bactra (the modern Balk), with other articles, in 1802. The inscription is MA- and remained till the seventh century, when the followGETOB. (Cæs., B. G., 1, 31.—Lemaire, Ind. Ge-ers of Zoroaster, being driven by the Mohammedans ogr., ad Cæs., s. v.) into Carmania, another building of the same kind was MAGI, the name of the priests among the Medes and raised, to which those who still adhered to the old Persians, and whose order is said to have been found-Magian religion resorted. They were divided into ed by Zoroaster. The Magi formed one of the six tribes into which the Medes were originally divided (Herod., 1, 101); but, on the downfall of the Median empire, they continued to retain at the court of their conquerors a great degree of power and authority. It would appear, however, that they did not witness with

MESIA SYLVA, a forest in Etruria, southwest from Veii. It originally belonged to this city, but was taken by Ancus Marcius. (Liv, 1, 33.) Pliny reports that it abounded with dormice. (Plin., 8, 58.)

MAVIUS, a miserable poet of the Augustan age, who, along with Bavius, frequently attacked the productions of Virgil, Horace, and other distinguished writers of the day. They are both held up to ridicule in turn by Virgil and Horace, and owe the preservation of their names to this circumstance alone. (Virg., Eclog., 3, 90.-Voss, ad loc.-Servius, ad Virg., Georg., 1, 210. - Horat., Epod., 10, 2.- Weichert, de obtrect. Horat., p. 12.-Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 125)

several sects; but this division probably rather respected the mode of conducting the offices of religion than religious tenets. No images or statues were permitted in the Magian worship. Hence, when Xerxes found idols in the Grecian temples, he, by the advice of the Magi, set them on fire, saying that the

gods, to whom all things are open, are not to be con- | favour of the good principle. (Enfield's History of fined within the walls of a temple. The account which | Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 63, seqq.) Diogenes Laertius gives of the Magi is this (1, 6, MAGNA GRECIA or MAJOR GRÆCIA (Liv., 31, 7.seqq.) "They are employed in worshipping the gods Justin, 20, 2), an appellation used to designate the by prayers and sacrifices, as if their worship alone southern part of Italy, in consequence of the numerous would be accepted; they teach their doctrine concern- and flourishing colonies which were founded by the ing the nature and origin of the gods, whom they think Greeks in that part of the country. There is some to be fire, earth, and water; they reject the use of difficulty in determining how far this name extended, pictures and images, and reprobate the opinion that the but it does not appear to have been applied to the gods are male and female; they discourse to the peo- country beyond Cuma and Neapolis; and some geogple concerning justice; they think it impious to con- raphers have even thought, though without sufficient sume dead bodies with fire; they allow of marriage reasons, that it was confined to the colonies on the between mother and son; they practise divination and Gulf of Tarentum. Pliny apparently considers Magna prophecy, pretending that the gods appear to them; Græcia to begin at the Locri Epizephyrii (3, 15); but they forbid the use of ornaments in dress; they clothe Strabo (175) even includes the Grecian towns of Sicily themselves in a white robe; they make use of the under this name. The time when the name of Magna ground as their bed, of herbs, cheese, and bread for Græcia (Meyaλn 'Eλhúc) was first applied to the food, and of a reed for their staff." And Strabo re- south of Italy is uncertain. It does not occur, as far lates, that there were in Cappadocia a great number as we are aware, in the early Greek writers, such as of Magi, who were called Pyrethi, or worshippers of Herodotus, Thucydides, &c., but it is used by Pofire, and many temples of the Persian gods, in the lybius (2, 39), and succeeding Greek and Roman wrimidst of which were altars, attended by priests, who ters. Taking the name in the widest signification daily renewed the sacred fire, accompanying the cere- which is given to it by Strabo, Magna Græcia may be mony with music. The religious system of the Magi justly considered as an appropriate name; since it was materially improved by Zoroaster. Plutarch, contained many cities far superior in size and populaspeaking of his doctrine (Is. et Os., p. 369.-Op., ed. tion to any in Greece itself. The most important of Reiske, vol. 7, p. 468), says: "Some maintain, that these were, Tarentum, founded by the Lacedæmonineither is the world governed by blind chance without ans; Sybaris, Crotona, and Metapontum, by the Achaintelligence, nor is there one mind alone at the head of ans; Locri Epizephyrii, by the Locrians; and Rhethe universe; but since good and evil are blended, and gium, by the Chalcidians; and in Sicily, Syracuse, nature produces nothing unmixed, we are to conceive, founded by the Corinthians; Gela, by the Cretans and not that there is one storekeeper, who, after the manner Rhodians; and Agrigentum, by the inhabitants of of a host, dispenses adulterated liquors to his guests, but Gela. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 14, p. 283.-Comthat there are in nature two opposite powers, counter-pare Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 339.) acting each other's operations, the one accomplishing MAGNA MATER, a name given to Cybele. (Vid. good designs, the other evil. To the better power Cybele, Pessinus, and Ludi Megalesii.) Zoroaster gave the name of Oromasdes, to the worse MAGNENTIUS, a German by birth, who, from being that of Arimanius; and affirmed that, of sensible ob- a private soldier, rose to the head of the Roman emjects, the former most resembled light, the latter dark-pire in the West. He was at first a prisoner of war, He also taught that Mithras was a divinity, but, to free himself from chains, he joined the Roman who acted as a moderator between them, whence he troops, and became distinguished for valour. He was was called by the Persians the Mediator." After re- commander of the Jovian and Herculean bands, stalating several fabulous tales concerning the contests tioned to guard the banks of the Rhine at the time between the good and evil demon, Plutarch, still re- when Constans I. had incurred the contempt of the arciting the doctrines of Zoroaster, proceeds: "The my by his indolence and voluptuousness, and having fated time is approaching in which Arimanius himself revolted against that prince, and caused him to be shall be utterly destroyed; in which the surface of the killed near the Pyrenees, A.D. 350, he proclaimed earth shall become a perfect plain, and all men shall himself Emperor of the West. At Rome he acted with speak one language, and live happily together in one great tyranny, and by his extortions was enabled to society." He adds, on the authority of Theopompus, keep in pay a large army to support his usurped au"It is the opinion of the Magi, that each of these gods thority. So formidable, indeed, did he appear, that shall subdue and be subdued by turns, for six thousand Constantius, emperor of the East, and brother of the years, but that, at last, the evil principle shall perish, deceased Constans, offered him peace, with the possesand men shall live in happiness, neither needing food sion of Gaul, Spain, and Britain, but his offer was renor yielding a shadow; the God who directs these jected. A war ensued, and Magnentius was totally things taking his repose for a time, which, though it defeated. He fled to Aquileia, and afterward obtained may seem long to man, is but short." Diogenes Laer- a victory over the van of the pursuing army at Ticitius (l. c.), after Hecatæus, gives it as the doctrine of num. Another defeat, however, soon followed, and Zoroaster, that the gods (meaning, doubtless, those of Magnentius took refuge in Lugdunum (Lyons). Here whom he last speaks, Oromasdes and Arimanius) were his own soldiers, who had accompanied him in his derived beings.It will appear probable, from a com-flight, surrounded the house in which he was, and parison of these with other authorities, that Zoroaster, sought to get possession of his person and deliver him adopting the principle commonly held by the ancients, up to the conqueror; but he prevented this by dethat from nothing, nothing can be produced, conceived spatching himself with his own sword, after having slain light, or those spiritual substances which partake of the several of his relations and friends who were around active nature of fire and darkness, or the impenetrable, him. (Le Beau, Hist. du Bas-Empire, vol. 1, p. 354, opaque, and passive mass of matter, to be emanations seq.) from one eternal source; that to derived substances he gave the names, already applied by the Magi to the causes of good and evil, Oromasdes and Arimanius; and that the first fountain of being, or the supreme divinity, he called Mithras. These active and passive principles he conceived to be perpetually at variance; the former tending to produce good, the latter evil; but that, through the mediation or intervention of the Supreme Being, the contest would at last terminate in

ness.

MAGNESIA, I. a city of Lydia, described by Strabc (14, 647) as situate in a plain, at the foot of a mountain called Thorax, and not far from the Meander. Hence, for distinction' sake from Magnesia near Mount Sipylus, it was usually styled " Magnesia at the Meander" (Mayynoía ini Maiúvdpw). In its immediate neighbourhood flowed the small stream Lethæus, which issued from Mount Pactyas lying to the north, and joined the Mæander not far from this place. Mag

nesia, according to Pliny (5, 29), was fifteen miles, |pelled to take shelter in the neighbouring town of according to Artemidorus (ap. Strab., 663), 120 sta-Abacænum. (Diod. Sic., 14, 90.) Being subsedia, from Ephesus. Strabo makes it a city of Æolian quently placed at the head of another expedition into origin, which is not contradicted by another statement Sicily, he met with equal ill success. (Diod. Sic., 14, of the same writer, when he makes the Magnetes to 95.) He fell at last in battle against Dionysius, B.C. have been descended from the Delphians who occu- 383. (Diod. Sic., 15, 15.)-II. Son of the precepied the Montes Didymi of Thessaly.-Magnesia was ding, succeeded him in the command of the Carthasacked by the Cimmerians during their inroads into ginian fleet B.C. 383. He defeated Dionysius in a Asia Minor. It was afterward held by the Milesians, great battle, in which the latter lost more than 14,000 and was one of the cities assigned, for his support, to men, and compelled him to sue for peace and pay Themistocles, by the King of Persia. The modern 1000 talents to the Carthaginians. A considerable Ghiuzel-hissar (Beautiful Castle) had been generally time after this, he came, at the head of 150 vessels, thought to occupy the site of the ancient Magnesia. with 60,000 men, to take possession of Syracuse, M. Barbie du Bocage, however, in the notes to his which was, according to agreement, delivered up to translation of Chandler, gave convincing reasons for him by Icetes, excepting the citadel, which was held thinking that Ghiuzel-hissar occupied the position of by the forces of Timoleon. No final advantage, howTralles; but it was not until Mr. Hamilton explored ever, accrued to Carthage; for Mago, suspecting the ruins of Magnesia at Inekbazar, and discovered treachery on the part of his new ally, and having long the remains of the celebrated temple of Diana Leuco-wished for a pretence to depart, weighed anchor on a phryene, that the question could be considered as sat- sudden and sailed back to Africa, "shamefully and isfactorily determined in favour of the latter place. unaccountably," says Plutarch," suffering Sicily to slip (Leake's Journal, p. 242, seqq.)-II. A city in the out of his hands." (Plut., Vit. Timol.)-III. Grandnorthern part of Lydia, southeast of Cuma, and in the father of the great Hannibal. He succeeded Mago in immediate vicinity of the Hermus. It lay close to the the command of the Carthaginian fleet, and made foot of Mount Sipylus, and hence, for distinction' sake himself conspicuous for the rigid discipline which he from the other Magnesia, was called "Magnesia near introduced. The Carthaginian senate, fearing lest Sipylus" (Mayvŋoía пpòs Zimúhy). Its founder is Pyrrhus might quit Italy in order to seize upon Sicily, not known, nor its earlier history. It was first brought sent Mago, at the head of 120 vessels, to offer aid to into notice by the battle fought in its neighbourhood the Romans, in order that the King of Epirus might between Antiochus and the Romans (187 B.C.). It find sufficient employment for his arms in Italy. The was not a place of much importance under the Roman offer, however, was declined. Mago was succeeded dominion, as the main road from Pergamus to Sardis by his two sons Hasdrubal and Hamilcar. (Justin, passed on one side of it. At the close of the Mithradatic 18, 2, seqq.-Id., 19, 1.)-IV. Son of Hamilcar and war the Romans gave it its freedom. It was frequent- brother of Hannibal. He commanded an ambuscade ly injured by earthquakes, and was one of the twelve at the battle of Trebia (Liv., 21, 54), and was also cities destroyed by the earthquake in the reign of Ti-present at the battle of Canna, B.C. 216. Having berius, which that emperor, however, quickly rebuilt. been sent to Carthage to carry the news of the latter (Tacit., Ann., 2, 47.-Plin., 2, 84.) It became af- victory, he is said to have poured out in the vestibule terward the seat of a bishopric. The modern name is of the senate-house the golden rings obtained from Magnisa. (Tavernier, 1, 7.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. the fingers of the Roman knights who had fallen in 6, pt. 3, p. 373.)-III. A district of Thessaly. The the battle. These, when measured, filled, according Greeks gave the name of Magnesia to that narrow to the common account, three modii and a half; portion of Thessaly which is confined between the though Livy, with true national feeling, states that Peneus and Pagasaan Bay to the north and south, and there was another and more correct tradition, which between the chain of Ossa and the sea on the west and made the rings to have filled not much more than a east (Strabo, 441,-Scyl., Peripl., p. 24.-Pliny, single modius. (Liv., 23, 12.) The modius contain4, 9.) The people of this district were called Mag-ed a little over one gallon, three quarts dry measure. netes, and appear to have been in possession of it from he remotest period. (Hom., I., 2, 756.- Pind., Pyth., 4, 140.-Id., Nem., 5, 50.) They are also universally allowed to have formed part of the Amphicyonic body. (Eschin., de fals. leg., p. 122.-Pausan., 10, 8.-Harpocrat., s. v. 'AppikTUOVES.) The Magnesians submitted to Xerxes, giving earth and water in token of subjection. (Herod., 7, 132.) Thucydides leads us to suppose they were in his time dependant on the Thessalians (2, 10). They passed with the rest of that nation under the dominion of the kings of Macedon who succeeded Alexander, and were declared free by the Romans after the battle of Cynoscephala. (Polyb., Excerpt., 18, 29, 5.-Livy, 33, 32.) Their government was then republican, affairs being directed by a general council, and a chief magistrate called Magnetarch. (Liv., 34, 31.-Strab., 9, 442.-Xen., Anab., 6, 1.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 419, seqq.)-IV. A city of Magnesia, on the coast, opposite the island of Sciathus. It was conquered by Philip, son of Amyntas. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 427.)

Mago was subsequently sent into Spain, where he was defeated by the Scipios at Iliturgis (Liv., 23, 49), but he afterward joined his forces with those of Asdru bal the son of Gisgo, and defeated and slew Publius Scipio. At a later period, he was himself again defeated along with Hanno, Asdrubal's successor, by Silanus, the lieutenant of Scipio. (Livy, 28, 2.) On fleeing to Gades, he was ordered by the Carthaginian senate to cross over with a fleet to Sicily, and carry succours to Hannibal. He conceived thereupon the bold design of seizing upon Carthago Nova as he sailed along. Failing, however, in this, he was obliged to stop at the Balearic Islands in order to procure new levies. Here he made himself master of the smaller island of the two (the modern Minorca), and fortified and gave his name to the harbour. (Vid. Magonis Portus.) The following summer Mago landed on the coast of Liguria, with 12,000 foot and 200 horse, took Genua by surprise, and made himself master also of the harbour and town of Savo, and was soon at the head of a numerous army, by the junction of a powerful body of Gauls and Ligurians with his forces. Held, MAGO, I. a Carthaginian admiral, who gained a naval however, in check by the consul Cethegus, who prevent. victory over Leptines, the commander of Dionysius the ed him from uniting with Hannibal, he turned his arms in elder, off Catana, in which the latter lost 100 vessels, a different direction, and penetrated into Insubria, but and more than 20,000 men. (Diod. Sic., 14, 90.) he was severely wounded in battle with the Romans. Some years after this we find him at the head of a He reached, however, Liguria by an able retreat, and land force, endeavouring to make head against Dio- there met an order from the senate at home, requiring nysius in person; but, being defeated, he was com-him to return immediately to Carthage, then menaced

by Scipio. He embarked his troops and set sail, but | Sinus (38, 5), which he has borrowed from Polybius died of his wound at the island of Sardinia, B.C. 203. (10, 42.-Steph. Byz., 8. v. Aivía.—Cramer's ́Anc. (Liv., 30, 18.) Cornelius Nepos differs from other Greece, vol. 1, p. 435). writers as to the manner of his death, and says that he MALIENSES or MALII, the most southern tribe of either perished by shipwreck or was murdered by his Thessaly. They are called by the Attic writers Mŋservants. (Nep., Vit. Hannib., c. 8.)-V. A Cartha-2ceis, Melians, but in their own Doric dialect Maiɛis. ginian who wrote a work on agriculture in the Punic tongue, which was translated into Latin by order of the Roman senate. It was in twenty-eight books according to Varro. The latter informs us also, that it was translated into Greek by Cassius Dionysius of Utica, who made twenty books of it; and that it was still farther condensed by Diophanes of Bithynia, who brought it down to six books. (Varro, De R. R., 1, 1.) MAGON, a river of India falling into the Ganges. According to Mannert, the modern name is the Kamgonga. (Geogr., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 92.)

MAHARBAL, a Carthaginian officer in the army of Hannibal, appointed to carry on the siege of Saguntum when Hannibal marched against the Cretani and Carpetani. (Liv., 21, 12.) After the battle of the Lake Trasymenus in Italy, he was sent in pursuit of the flying Romans. (Liv., 22, 6.) At the battle of Cannæ he commanded the cavalry, and strenuously advised Hannibal, after the latter had gained his decisive victory, to march at once upon Rome. (Liv., 22, 51. Id., 23, 18.)

MAIA, daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and the mother of Mercury by Jupiter. She was one of the Pleiades; and the brightest of the number, according to some authorities: others, however, more correctly make Halcyone the most luminous. (Vid. Pleiades, and consult Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 146.)

Scylax, indeed, seems to make a distinction between the Mn2ɛiç and Maλɩɛis, which is to be found in no other author. Palmerius (ad Scyl., p. 32) considers the whole passage to be corrupt. The Malians occupied principally the shores of the gulf to which they communicated their name, extending as far as the narrowest part of the Straits of Thermopylæ, and to the valley of the Sperchius, a little above its entrance into the sea. (Herod., 7, 198.) They are admitted by Eschines, Pausanias, and Harpocration, in their lists of the Amphictyonic states; which was naturally to be expected, as this celebrated assembly had always been held in their country. The Melians offered earth and water to Xerxes in token of submission. (Herod., 7, 132.) According to Herodotus, their country was chiefly flat in some parts the plains were extensive, in others narrow, being confined on one side by the Maliac Gulf, and towards the land by the lofty and inaccessible mountains of Trachinia. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 435.)

MALLI, a people in the southwestern part of India intra Gangem, along the banks of the Hydraotes. (Strabo, 699.) It was in attacking a fortress of the Malli that Alexander was severely wounded. (Plut., Vit. Alex.) The territory of this people would seem in some degree to correspond to the modern province or soobah of Moultan. (Vincent's Voyage of Near

MALLOS, a town of Cilicia Campestris, eastward from the river Pyramus; now a small village called Malo. (Mela, 1, 13.—Curt., 3, 7.-Lucan, 3, 225.)

MAJORIANUS, Julius Valerius, grandson of the Ma-chus, p. 130.) jorianus who was master of the horse in Illyria during the reign of Theodosius. He distinguished himself early as a brave commander under Aëtius, and at the death of the latter he rose to such distinction that he was elected Emperor of the West in the room of Avitus, whom he compelled to resign the imperial dignity in 457. He was assassinated by Ricimer, one of his generals, after a reign of four years and a half, at Dertona in Liguria. (Pierer, Lex. Univ., vol. 13, p. 98.) MALEA, I. a promontory in the southeastern part of the island of Lesbos, now Cape St. Marie.-II. A celebrated promontory of the Peloponnesus, forming the extreme point to the southeast, and separating the Laconic from the Argolic Gulf. Strabo reckons 670 stadia from thence to Tænarus, including the sinuosities of the coast. Cape Malea was considered by the ancients the most dangerous point in the circumnavigation of the peninsula, even as early as the days of Homer. (Od., 1, 80; 3, 286.) Hence arose the proverbial expression," After doubling Cape Malea forget your country." (Strab., 378.-Eustath., ad Od., p. 1468.-Compare Herod., 4. 179.—Thucyd., 4, 53.Scyl., p. 17.) It is now usually called Cape St. Angelo, but sometimes Cape Malio. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 3, p. 196.)-III. A city of Phthiotis. (Vid. Malia.)

MALTHINUS, a name occurring in Horace (Serm., 1, 2, 27). It was thought very effeminate among the Romans to appear in public with the tunic carelessly or loosely girded. For this Mecenas was blamed; and the question arises, whether Horace means, under the character of Malthinus, to portray his patron, or whether the reference is merely one of a general nature. Opinions, of course, are divided on this subject. At, first view, it appears hardly probable that the poet would embrace such an opportunity, or adopt such a mode, of censuring his friend and benefactor, one to whom he owed so large a share of his own elevation. And yet, when we take into consideration all the circumstances of the case, the respective characters of the bard and his patron, as well as the sincere and manly nature of the intimacy which existed between them, it would seem as if this very way of attacking the foibles of Mecenas was the result of a genuine friendship, the applying a desperate remedy to a disgraceful failing. But, it will be asked, does not the presence of stulti in the text militate against this idea? We answer, by no means, if the term be taken in a softened sense. Bothe regards it here as equivalent merely to "quicunque imprudenter aut inepte agunt," and this explanation derives support from the MALIA, the chief city of the Malienses, in the dis- following line of Afranius (ap. Isidor., 10, litt. S.): trict of Phthiotis in Thessaly, from which they proba-"Ego stultum met existumo, fatuum esse non opibly derived their name. (Steph. Byz., s. v. Mahiɛús.) | nor.” In addition to what is here stated, we may obIt was near the head-waters of the Sinus Maliacus, now the Gulf of Zeitoun.

MALEVENTUM, the ancient name of Beneventum. (Liv., 9, 27.)

MALIACUS SINUS, a gulf of Thessaly, running up in a northwest direction from the northern shore of Euboea, and on one side of which is the Pass of Thermopylæ. It is noticed by several writers of antiquity, such as Herodotus (4, 33), Thucydides (3, 96), and Strabo (432). It now takes its name from the neighbouring city of Zeitoun. It should be observed that Livy, who often terms it the Maliacus Sinus (27, 30; 31, 46), elsewhere uses the appellation of Ænianum

serve, that the very name of Malthinus, as indicating an effeminate person, may contain a covert allusion to Mæcenas, whose general habits in this respect were known to all. The word is derived either from the Greek μá20wv, or from the old Latin term maltha, equivalent to mollis, and used, according to Nonius, by Lucilius.

MAMERTINA, a name of Messana in Sicily. (Vid. Mamertini.-Martial, 13, ep. 117.—Strab. 7.)

MAMERTINI, a band of Campanian mercenaries, originally employed in Sicily by Agathocles. After having

two epigrams of Catullus against him, in which he is severely handled. Horace also alludes to him with sly ridicule in one of his satires (1, 5, 87.) He calls Formie "Mamurrarum urbs," the city of the Lamian line being here named after a race of whom nothing was known. (Vid. Formiæ.)

been established for some time at Syracuse, a tumult | man that incrusted his entire house with marble. This arose between them and the citizens, in consequence structure was situate on the Coelian Hill. We have of their being deprived of the right of voting at the election of magistrates, which they had previously enjoyed. The sedition was at last quelled by the interference of some of the elderly and most influential citizens, and the Mamertines agreed to leave Syracuse and return to Italy. Having reached the Sicilian straits, they were hospitably received by the inhabitants of Messana; but, repaying this kindness by the basest ingratitude, they rose upon the Messanians by night, slew the males, took the females to wife, and called the city Mamertina. (Diod. Sic., fragm., lib. 21.) This conduct on the part of the Mamertines led eventually to the first Punic War. (Vid. Punicum Bellum.) The origin of the name Mamertini is said to have been as follows. It was customary with the Oscan nations of Italy, in time of famine or any other misfortune, to seek to propitiate the favour of the gods by consecrating to them not only all the productions of the earth during a certain year, but also all the male children born during that same space of time. Mamers or Mars being their tutelary deity, they called these children after him when they had attained maturity, and, under the general and customary name of Mamertini, sent them away to seek new abodes. (Vid. Mamertium.)

MANCINUS, C. Hostilius, a Roman consul, who, though at the head of 30,000 men, was defeated and stripped of his camp by only 4000 Numantines. (Liv., Epit., 55.) The remnant of the Roman army was allowed to retire, upon their making a treaty of peace with the Numantians, but the senate refused to ratify the treaty, and ordered Mancinus to be delivered up to the enemy; but they refused to receive him. Mancinus thereupon returned to Rome, and was reinstated in his rights of a citizen, contrary to the opinion of the tribune P. Rutilius, who asserted that he could not enjoy the right of returning to his country, called by the Romans jus postliminii. (Cic., de Orat.-Compare Cic., de Off., 3, 50.-Flor., 2, 18.-Id., 3, 14.— Vell. Paterc., 2, 1.-Duker, ad Flor., l. c.)

MANDANE, a daughter of King Astyages, and mother of Cyrus the elder. (Vid. Astyages.) MANDELA, a village in the country of the Sabines, near Horace's farm. The poet alludes to its cold MAMERTIUM, a town of the Bruttii, northeast of Rhe-mountain atmosphere. It is now perhaps Bardela. gium. It appears to have been originally founded by (Horat., Ep., 1, 18, 105.) a band of Campanian mercenaries, who derived their MANDUBII, a people of Celtic Gaul, clients of the name from Mamers, the Oscan Mars, and are known | Edui, whose chief city was Alesia, now Alise. Their to have afterward served under Agathocles and other territory answered to what is now the department de princes of Sicily. (Vid. Mamertini.) Barrio and oth-la Côte d'or. (Lemaire, Ind. Geogr., ad Cæs., s. v.) er native antiquaries have identified this ancient town MANDURIA, a city of Apulia, nearly half way bewith the site of Martorana; but this place, which is tween Brundisium and Tarentum. It still retains its situated between Nicastro and Cosenza, seems too ancient name. This otherwise obscure town has acdistant from Locri and Rhegium to accord with Stra-quired some interest in history from having witnessed bo's description. (Strab., 261.) The majority of modern topographers, with Cluverius at their head, place it at Oppido, an episcopal see, situate above Reggio and Gerace, and where old coins appertaining to the Mamertini are said to have been discovered. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 438.)

MAMILIA LEX, de limitibus, ordained that there should be an uncultivated space of five feet broad left between farms, and if any dispute happened about this matter, that a single arbiter should be appointed by the prætor to determine it. The law of the twelve tables required three arbiters.-This law was proposed by C. Mamilius Tuninus, A.U.C. 642, who had been consul in 514 A.U.C. (Consult Ernesti, Index Leg. ad Cic., s. v. Mamilia.— Goerenz, ad Cic., de Leg., 1, 21.)

the death of Archidamus, king of Sparta, the son of Agesilaus. He had been summoned by the Tarentines to aid them against the Messapians and Lucanians, but even his bravery was insufficient to subdue their foes. He fell in the conflict, and his body, as Plutarch relates, remained in possession of the enemy, notwithstanding the large offers made by the Tarentines to recover it. This is said to have been the only instance in which a Spartan king was debarred the rites of burial. (Plut., Vit. Agid.-Athen., 12, 9.-Strabo, 280.) Manduria was taken by the Romans in the second Punic war. (Liv., 27, 15.) A curious well is described by Pliny as existing near this town. According to his account, its water always maintained the same level, whatever quantity was added to or taken from it. (Plin., 2, 103.) This phenomenon may still be observed at the present day. (Swinburne's Travels, vol. 1, p. 222.)

MAMURIUS VETURIUS, an artificer in the reign of Numa. When the Ancile or sacred shield fell from heaven, the monarch showed it to all the Roman ar- MANETHO (Μάνεθως, Μανετῶ, Μαναίθων, Μανεθῶν), tists, and ordered them to exert all their skill, and a celebrated Egyptian writer, a native of Diospolis, make eleven other shields exactly resembling it. All who is said to have lived in the time of Ptolemy Phildeclined the attempt, however, except Mamurius, who adelphus, at Mende or Heliopolis, and to have been a was so successful in the imitation, and made the other man of great learning and wisdom. (Elian, de An., eleven so like unto it, that not even Numa himself 10, 16.) He belonged to the priest-caste, and was could distinguish the copies from the original. (Vid. himself a priest, and interpreter or recorder of religious Ancile and Salii.) Mamurius asked for no other re-usages, and of the sacred, and probably, also, historical ward but that his name might be mentioned in the hymn of the Salii, as they bore along these sacred shields in procession. (Plut., Vit. Num.-Ovid, Fast., 3, 392.)

MAMURRA, a native of Formiæ, of obscure origin. He served under Julius Cæsar in Gaul, as Præfectus fabrorum, and rose so high in favour with him, that Cæsar permitted him to enrich himself at the expense of the Gauls in any way he was able. Mamurra, in consequence, became possessed of enormous wealth, and returned to Rome with his ill-gotten riches. Here he displayed so little modesty and reserve in the employment of his fortune, as to have been the first Ro

writings, with the title of 'lepoypaμuarεús. It appears probable, however, that there were more than one individual of this name; and it is therefore doubtful whether all the works which were attributed by ancient writers to Manetho, were in reality written by the Manetho who lived in the reign of Ptolemy Phila delphus. Manetho wrote a history of Egypt (Á¡yʊntiaká) in three books, in which he gave an account of this country from the earliest times to the death of Darius Codomanus, the last king of Persia. There is every reason for supposing that this was written by the Manetho who lived under Philadelphus. Consid erable fragments are preserved in the treatise of Jose