LUPERCALIA, a yearly festival, observed at Rome the 15th of February, in honour of the god Pan, and said to have been instituted by Evander. (Vid. Luperci.)

and Saône, while the chief part of modern Lyons is on the east side, at the very confluence of the two streams. At the extremity of the point of land formed by the two streams, and, of course, precisely corresponding with the southern extremity of the modern city, stood the LUPERCI, the priests of Pan. (Vid. Lupercal.) On famous altar erected by sixty Gallic nations in honour the festival of this god, which was termed Lupercalia, of Augustus. (Liv., Epit., 137.-Strabo, l. c.) At a goat was sacrificed, and the skin of the victim was Lugdunum was established the gold and silver coinage cut up into thongs. Thereupon the Luperci, in a state of the province, and from this city, as a centre, the of nudity, except having a girdle of goat's skin around main roads diverged to all parts of Gaul. (Strab., . their loins, and holding these thongs in their hands, .) In the third century it declined in importance, ran up and down the city, striking with the thongs all on account of the vicinity and rapid growth of Are- whom they met, particularly married women, who late and Narbo. Lugdunum is said by Strabo to have were thence supposed to be rendered prolific. (Serv., been situate at the foot of a hill. In Celtic, dun sig. ad Virg., En, 8, 343.—Ovid, Fast., 2, 427.—Id. ib., nifies "a hill," and from this comes the Latin termi- 5, 101.) There were three companies of Luperci; nation dunum. The earlier name is said by Dio Cas- two of ancient date, called Fabiani and Quintiliani, sius (1. c.) to have been Lugudunum (Aovyoúdovvov), from Fabius and Quintilius, who had been at one time Plutarch (de Fluviis, p. 1151.-Op., ed. Reiske, vol. at their head; and a third order called Julii, instituted 10, p. 732) derives the name from Aoûyos, the Cel- in honour of Julius Cæsar, at the head of which was tic, according to him, for "a raven," and dovvos, "a Antony; and therefore, as the leader of this, he went, hill," and explains this etymology by the tradition of on the festival of the Lupercalia, although consul, ala flock of ravens having appeared to the first settlers most naked into the Forum Julium, attended by his Momorus and Atepomarus, when building on a hill in lictors, and having made a harangue before the peoobedience to an oracle. (Compare Reimar, ad Dion. ple, he, according to concert, as it is believed, preCass., l. c.-Reiske, ad Plut., l. c.--For other ety-sented a royal diadem to Casar, who was sitting there mologies of the name of this city, consult Merula, arrayed in his triumphal robes. A murmur ran throughCosmogr., p. 2, 1. 3, c. 24.-Vossius, Hist. Græc., p. out the multitude, but it was instantly changed into 346.)-II. A city of the Batavi, in Germania Inferior, loud applause when Cæsar rejected the proffered ornow Leyden. The modern name is said to be de-nament, and persisted in his refusal, although Antony rived from that of Leithis, which it took in the middle ages. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 241.)

threw himself at his feet, imploring him, in the name of the Roman people, to accept it. (Cic., Phil., 2, 31, 43.-Dio Cass., 45, 31.-Id., 46, 5.—Sucton., Vit. Jul., 79.-Plut., Vit. Cæs.)

LUPERCUS, or Sulpicius Lupercus Servastus Junior, a poet, who appears to have lived during the latter periods of the western empire. He has left an elegy "on Cupidity," and a sapphic ode on Old Age." (Wernsdorff, Poet. Lat. Min, vol. 3, p. 235.) He is supposed by some to have been also the author of a small poem on the Advantages of a Private Life found in the Anthology of Burmann (vol. 1, p. 508). LUPIA OF LIPPIA, I. a small river in Germany, fall

66

Westphalia. (Mela, 3, 3. — Vell. Paterc., 2, 105.)—
II. A town of Italy, southwest of Brundisium, now
Lecce, the modern capital of the territory of Otranto.
(Plin., 3, 11.--Mela, 2, 4.)

LUNA, I. (the Moon). Vid. Selene.-II. A city of Etruria, in the northwestern angle of the country, situate on the coast, and remarkable for its beautiful and capacious harbour. The modern name of this harbour is Golfo di Spazzia. Before the new division under Augustus, Luna had formed part of Liguria; and its harbour, situate on the north side of the Macra, certainly was in that province. Cluverius contends that this ancient city occupied the site of the modern Lerici; especially as Strabo (222) and Mela (2, 4) seem to place it on that bank of the Macra; but the ruins which now bear the name of Luni, a little below Sar-ing into the Rhine, now the Lippe. It is in modern zana, and the denomination of Lunigiana applied to the adjacent district. together with the authority of Ptolemy (p. 61) and Pliny (3, 5), leave no doubt as to the true position of Luna. The harbour of Luna was chiefly resorted to by the Romans as a rendezvous for the fleets which they sent to Spain. (Liv., 34, 8. -Id., 39, 21.) Strabo says it contained, in fact, several ports, and was worthy of a nation which so long ruled the sea. The town itself was deserted in the time of Lucan (1, 586). Luna was very famous for its white marbles, which now take their name from the neighbouring town of Carrara. (Strab., l. c.-Plin., 36, 5) Pliny speaks of the wine and cheese made in the neighbourhood of Luna (14, 16); the latter were sometimes so large as to weigh one thousand pounds. (Id., 11, 42.-Martial, Epigr., 13, 27.) Inscriptions give Luna the title of a Roman municipium. (Cramer's Italy, vol. 1, p. 171, seqq.)

LUPA (a she-wolf), an animal held in great veneration at Rome, because Romulus and Remus were fabled to have been suckled by one. (Vid. Romulus.)

LUPERCAL, a cave at the foot of the Palatine Hill, consecrated by Evander to the god Pan, who was surnamed Lupercus by the Latins, as protecting the flocks from wolves (lupos arcens). Such at least is the common derivation of the name. (Arnob., 4, 3.Serv., ad En., 8, 343.—Justin, 43, 1.) Others, however, deduced the term, according to Quintilian, from luo and capra, by a transposition of letters in the case of the latter word, because they sacrificed in the cave above mentioned a goat (caprum lucbant), and purified the city with the skin of the animal cut into thongs. (Quint., 1, 5, sub fin.-Vid. Lupercalia.)

LUPUS, I. a native of Messana in Sicily, who wrote a poem on the return of Menelaus and Helen to Sparta. He is mentioned by Ovid (ex Pont., 4, 16.—Compare Mongitor., Bibl. Sicul., 1, p. 24).—II. P. Rutilius Lupus, a powerful but unprincipled Roman nobleman, lashed by Lucilius in his satires. (Pers., Sat., 1, 115.-Compare Liv., Epit, 73.-Jul., Obsequens, 115.)

LUSITANIA, a part of ancient Hispania, on the Atlantic coast. The name must be taken in two senses. All the old writers, whom Strabo also follows, understood by the term merely the territories of the Lusitani and these were comprehended between the Durius and the Tagus, and extended in breadth from the ocean tc the most eastern limits of the modern kingdom of Portugal. (Strabo, 152.) The Lusitani in time intermingled with the Spanish tribes in their vicinity, as, for example, with the Vettones, Calliaci, &c., on which account the name of Lusitania was extended to the territories of these tribes, and, finally, under this name became also included some tracts of country south of the Tagus. This is the first sense in which the term Lusitania must be taken, comprising, namely, the territories of the Lusitani, the Calliaci, the Vettones, and some lands south of the Tagus. The Romans, after the conquest of the country, made a new arrangement of the several tribes. The territories of the Calliaci, lying north of the Durius, they included in Hispania Tarraconensis, but, as equivalent, they added to Lu

sitania all the country south of the Tagus, and west | held from Mount Lycæus, states that the modern name of the lower part of the Anas, as far as the sea. Ac is Tetragi. The remains of the altar of Jupiter are cording to this arrangement, Lusitania was bounded yet visible on the summit. (Classical Tour, vol. 2, on the south by a part of the Atlantic, from the mouth p. 392.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 336.) of the Anas to the Sacrum Promontorium or Cape LYCAMBES, the father of Neobule. He promised St. Vincent; on the west by the Atlantic; on the his daughter in marriage to the poet Archilochus, but north by the Durius; and on the east by a line drawn afterward refused to fulfil his engagement when she from the latter river, a little west of the modern city had been courted by a man whose opulence had more of Toro, in a southeastern direction to the Anas, influence than the fortune of the poet. This irritated touching it about eight miles west of Merida, the an- Archilochus; he wrote a bitter invective against Lycient Emerita Augusta. The modern kingdom of cambes and his daughter, who hung themselves in dePortugal, therefore, is in length larger than ancient spair. (Horat., Epod., 6, 13.— Ovid, ib., 52.) Such Lusitania, since it comprehends two provinces beyond is the common account. The story, however, appears the Durius, Entre Douro y Minho and Tras los Mon- to have been invented after the days of Archilochus ; tes, and since it has the Minius or Minho for its north- and one of the scholiasts on Horace remarks, that ern boundary, but from west to east it is much smaller Neobule did not destroy herself on account of any inthan Lusitania. The latter embraced also Salaman-jurious verses on the part of Archilochus, but out of ca, the greater part of Estremadura, and the west- despair at the death of her father. (Schöl, Hist. Lit. ern extremity of Toledo. The most southern part of Gr., vol. 1, p. 201.) Lusitania was called Cuneus, or the wedge (vid. Cuneus), and is now termed Algarve, from the Arabic Algarb, or the west. Its extreme promontory was called Sacrum. (Vid. Sacrum Promontorium.Mannert, Geogr., vol. 1, p. 327.)

LUTETIA, a town of Belgic Gaul, on an island in the Sequana or Seine, and the capital of the Parisii. Hence it is often called Lutetia Parisiorum. (Cæs., B. G., 7, 7.) It was at first a place of little consequence, but under the emperors it became a city of importance, and the Notitia Imperii (c. 65) speaks of it as the gathering-place for the seamen on the river. In this passage, too, the name Parisii, as applied to the city itself, first appears. At Lutetia, Julian the Apostate was saluted emperor by his soldiers. He had here his usual winter-quarters. The city began to increase in importance under the first French kings, and was extended to the two banks of the river, the island being connected with them by bridges. It is now Paris, the capital of France. The ancient name of the place is variously written. Thus we have Lotitia Parisiorum (Ann. Prudent. Trec., ann. 842), and Loticia Parisiorum (Ann. 1, ann. 845), &c. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 168.)

LYÆUS, a surname of Bacchus, as loosing from care (Λυαίος, from λύω, "to loosen" or "free."-Vid. Liber).

LYCABETTUS, a mountain near Athens. Plato says (in Crit.) that it was opposite the Pnyx; and Antigonus Carystius relates a fabulous story, which would lead us to imagine that it was close to the Acropolis. (Hist. Mirab., 12.) Statius alludes to its olive plantations. (Theb., 631. Leake's Topogr., p. 70. — Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 335.)

LYCEA, I. festivals in Arcadia in honour of Pan, or the Lycæan Jove. They were the same in origin as the Lupercalia of the Romans.-II. A festival at Argos in honour of Apollo Lycæus, who delivered the Argives from wolves.

LYCAON, an early king of Arcadia, son of Pelasgus. He built Lycosura, on Mount Lycæus, and established the Lycæan festival in honour of Jove. Pausanias makes him contemporary with Cecrops (8, 2). His whole history, however, appears to be mythic, as will presently appear. According to the legend given by Apollodorus (3, 8, 1), Lycaon became, by different wives, the father of fifty sons; and, according to another account, mentioned by the same writer, the parent of one daughter, Callisto. Both Lycaon and his sons were notorious for their cruel and impious conduct, and Jupiter, in order to satisfy himself of the truth of the reports that reached him, disguised himself as a poor man and sought their hospitality. To entertain the stranger they slaughtered a boy, and, mingling his flesh with that of the victims, set it before their guest. The god, in indignation and horror at the barbarous act, overturned the table (whence the place derived its future name of Trapezus), and struck with lightning the godless father and sons, with the exception of Nyctimus, whom Earth, raising her hands and grasping the right hand of Jupiter, saved from the wrath of the avenging deity. According to another account, Jupiter destroyed the dwelling of Ly. caon with lightning, and turned its master into a wolf The deluge of Deucalion, which shortly afterward oc curred, is ascribed to the impiety of the sons of Lycaon. (Apollod, l. c. Ovid, Met., 1, 216, seqq. Hygin., Poet. Astron., 2, 4.—Id., Fab., 176.—Tzetz., ad Lycophr., 481.)-It has been conjectured, that Jupiter Lycæus was in Arcadia what Apollo Lycius was elsewhere; and that the true root in both cases was AYKH (lux), "light." The similarity of sound most probably gave occasion to the legends of wolves, of which animal there were many in Arcadia. In this case Lycaon would be only another name for Jupiter, to whom he raised an altar, and he could not therefore have been' described as impious in the primitive legend. The opposition between his name and that of Nyctimus strongly confirms this hypothesis. It may indeed be said, that Jupiter derived his appellation from the mountain; but against this it is to be observed, that there was an eminence in the territory of Cyrene or Barce, in Libya, dedicated to Jupiter Ly

cæus.

(Herod., 4, 205.- Keightley's Mythology, p. 424, seq.-Schwenck, Andeutung, p. 40.)

LYCEUs, a mountain in the southwestern angle of Arcadia, deriving great celebrity from the worship of Jupiter, who, as the Arcadians contended, was born on its summit. Here an altar had been erected to the god, and sacrifices were performed in the open air. The temenus was inaccessible to living creatures, since, if any entered within its precincts, they died with in the space of a year. It was also said, that within LYCAONIA, a district of Asia Minor, forming the this hallowed spot no shadows were projected from the southeastern quarter of Phrygia. The origin of its bodies of animals. Pausanias affirms, that nearly the name and of its inhabitants, the Lycaones, is lost in whole of Peloponnesus might be seen from this eleva- obscurity. The Greeks asserted that Lycaon of Arted point. (Pausan., 8, 28.—Compare Strab., 388.) cadia, in obedience to the commands of an oracle, Mount Lycæus was also sacred to Pan, whose temple founded a city here, and gave his name to the nation was surrounded by a thick grove. Contiguous to this and country; this, however, is mere fable. Accordwere the stadium and hippodrome in which the Lyca- ing to others, it derived its name from λúkoç, a wolf, an games were performed. (Pausan., l. c.— Theocr., the country abounding with these animals. Idyl., 1, 123.-Virgil, Georg., 1, 16.) Mr. Dodwell, acquaintance with this region is in the relation of the who gives an animated description of the view he be-expedition of the younger Cyrus. "The ridges lying

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to the northward of Konia (Iconium) and Erkle (Archal-kept his court. It was decorated with fountains, planla)," observes Leake, "form the district described by tations, and buildings, by Pisistratus, Pericles, and Strabo as the cold and naked downs of Lycaonia, Lycurgus, and became the usual place of exercise for which furnished pasture to numerous sheep and wild the Athenian youths who devoted themselves to miliasses, and where was no water except in very deep tary pursuits. (Pausan., 1, 19.-Xen., Hipparch.— wells. As the limits of Lycaonia are defined by Stra- Harpocrat. et Suid., s. v.) Nor was it less frequentbo (568) and by Artemidorus, whom he quotes, to ed by philosophers, and those addicted to retirement have been between Philomelium and Tyriæum on the and study. We know that it was more especially the west, and Coropassus and Garsabora on the east favourite walk of Aristotle and his followers, who (which last place was 960 stadia from Tyriæum, 120 thence obtained the name of Peripatetics. (Cic., from Coropassus, and 680 from Mazaca), we have the Acad. Quæst., 1, 4,) Here was the fountain of the exact extent of the Lycaonian hills intended by the hero Panops (Plat., Lys., p. 203), and a plane-tree of geographer. Branching from the great range of Tau- great size and beauty, mentioned by Theophrastus. rus, near Philomelium, and separating the plain of (Hist. Pl., 1, 11.- Compare Plat., Phædr., p. 229.) Laodicea from that of Iconium, they skirted the great The position commonly assigned to the Lyceum is on valley which lies to the southeastward of the latter the right bank of the Ilissus, and nearly opposite to city, as far as Archalla (Erkle), comprehending a part the church of Petros Stauromenos, which is supposed of the mountains of Hassan Daghi. It would seem to correspond with the temple of Diana Agrotera, on that the depopulation of this country, which rapidly the other side of the river. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, followed the decline of the Roman power and the ir- vol. 2, p. 340.) ruption of the Eastern barbarians, had left some re- LYCHNIDUS, a city of Illyricum, situate in the intemains of the vast flocks of Amyntas, mentioned by rior, on a lake from which the Drino rises. Its foundStrabo, in undisturbed possession of the Lycaonian ation is ascribed by a writer in the Greek Anthology to hills to a very late period for Hadji Khalfa, who de- Cadmus. (Christod., epigr. 3.) We hear of its bescribes the want of wood and water on these hills, ing constantly in the occupation of the Romans during adds that there was a breed of wild sheep on the the war with Perseus, king of Macedon (Liv., 43, 9), mountain of Fudul Baba, above Ismil, and a tomb of and from its position on the frontier it must have althe saint from whom the mountain receives its name; ways been a place of importance. This was more and that sacrifices were offered at the tomb by all especially the case after the construction of the great those who hunted the wild sheep, and who were Egnatian Way, which passed through it. (Polyb., ap. taught to believe that they should be visited with the Strab., 327.) It appears to have been still a large displeasure of heaven if they dared to kill more than and populous town under the Greek emperors. Protwo of these animals at a time. Hadji Khalfa lived in copius relates, that it was nearly destroyed by an the middle of the 17th century." (Leake's Journal, earthquake, which overthrew Corinth and several othp. 67, seqq.) With respect to its physical geography, er cities in the reign of Justinian. (Hist. Arch., 18. Lycaonia was, like Isauria, included in a vast basin, |—Compare Malch., Sophist. Excerpt., p. 64.) It is formed by Taurus and its branches. (Rennell, Geog. the opinion of Palmerius, who has treated most fully raphy of Western Asia, vol. 2, p. 99.) Towards the of the history of Lychnidus in his description of aneast, the Lycaonians bordered on Cappadocia, from cient Greece, that this town was replaced by Achrida, which they were separated by the Halys; while to- once the capital of the Bulgarians; and, according to wards the south they extended themselves from the some writers of the Byzantine empire, also the nafrontiers of Cilicia to the country of the Pisidians. tive place of Justinian, and erected by him into an Between them and the latter people there seems to archbishopric, under the name of Justiniana Prima. have been considerable affinity of character, and prob- This opinion of the learned critic has been adopted by ably of blood; both nations, perhaps, being originally the generality of writers on comparative geography. sprung from the ancient Solymi. Subsequently, how- (Græc. Ant. Descript., p. 498.-Wesseling, ad Itin., ever, they would appear to have become distinguished p. 652.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 7, p. 415.) Cramer, from one another by the various increments which however, shows very conclusively that the modern each received from the nations in their immediate vi- Ochrida (as it is now called) does not coincide with cinity. Thus, while the Pisidians were intermixed the ancient Lychnidus, but that the ruins of the latter with the Carians, Lycians, and Phrygians, the Ly-place are still apparent near the monastery of St. caonians received colonists probably from Cappado- Naum (Pouqueville, vol. 3, p. 49), on the eastern cia, Cilicia, Pamphylia, Phrygia, and Galatia; at the shore of the lake, and about fourteen miles south of same time, both, in common with all the nations of Ochrida. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 71, seqq.) Asia Minor, had no small proportion of Greek settlers in their principal towns. It is a curious fact, which we derive from the New Testament (Acts, 14, 11), that the Lycaonians had a peculiar dialect, which therefore must have differed from the Pisidian language; but even that, as we know from Strabo (631), was a distinct tongue from that of the ancient Solymi. It is, however, very probable, that the Lycaonian idiom was only a mixture of these and the Phrygian language. (Jablonski, de Ling. Lycaon., Opusc., vol. 3, p. 8.— Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 63.)

LYCHNITIS PALUS, a lake of Illyria, on which Lychnidus was situate. It was formed principally by the waters of what is now the black Drino, and was a considerable expanse of water, about 20 miles in length and 8 in breadth. Diodorus informs us, that Philip, son of Amyntas, extended his conquests in Illyria, as far as this lake (16, 8). Strabo says it abounded in fish, which were salted for the use of the inhabitants. (Strabo, 327.) He also mentions several other lakes in the vicinity which were equally productive. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 74.)

LYCASTUS, an ancient town of Crete, in the vicinity LYCIA, a country of Asia Minor, in the south, bounded of Gnossus, by the inhabitants of which place it was on the northeast by Pamphylia, on the west and northdestroyed. Strabo, who mentions this fact, states west by the Carians, and on the north by Phrygia and that in his time it had entirely disappeared. (Strab., Pisidia. The country was first named Milyas, and its 479.) Polybius informs us (23, 15), that the Lycas- earliest inhabitants seem to have been the Solymi. Sartian district was afterward wrested from the Cnosi-pedon, however, being driven from Crete by his brother ans by the Gortynians, who gave it to the neighbouring town of Rhaucus. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 370.)

Lyceum (Aúketov), a sacred enclosure at Athens, dedicated to Apollo, where the polemarch originally

Minos, came hither with a colony, and drove the Solymi into the interior, with whom, however, they had still to wage a continual warfare. (Hom., Il., 6, 180.—Id. ibid., 10, 430.—Id. ibid., 12, 30.) The new-comers took the name of Termile, as Herodotus writes it (1

LYCIMNIA, a female alluded to by Horace, and thought by Bentley to be the same with Terentia, the wife of Mæcenas. (Horat., Od., 2, 12, 13.—Bentley, ad loc.)

lo was called "Lycius" because worshipped with peculiar honours at Patara in Lycia. (Vid. Patara.)

LYCOMEDES, a king of Scyros, an island in the Egean Sea, son of Apollo and Parthenope. He was secretly intrusted with the care of young Achilles, whom his mother Thetis had disguised in female attire to prevent his going to the Trojan war, where she knew he must perish. (Vid. Achilles.) Lycomedes rendered himself infamous for his treachery to Theseus, who had implored his protection when driven from the throne of Athens by the usurper Mnestheus. Lycomedes, as it is reported, either envious of the fame of his illustrious guest, or bribed by the emissaries of Mnestheus, led Theseus to an elevated place on pretence of showing him the extent of his dominions, and perfidiously threw him down a precipice, where he was killed. According to another account, however, his fall was accidental. (Plut, Vit. Thes.—Pausan., 1, 17; 7, 4.-Apollod., 3, 13.)

173), or Tremile, as others give it. (Steph. Byz., s. 1 country is erroneously represented in all the maps, and . Tpeuíñar.) Afterward, Lycus, driven from Athens there are no mountains of any importance in the inteby his brother Egeus, retired to the Termile, where rior. The coast, however, is surrounded by lofty he was well received by Sarpedon, and gave, it is said, mountains, which rise in many places to a great height. the appellation of Lycia to the country, and Lycii to the (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 14, p. 210.)-It was at Papeople, from his own name. In the Homeric poems tara in Lycia that Apollo had a famous temple and the country is always called Lycia, and the Solymi are oracle, and there he was fabled to pass the winter mentioned as a warlike people, against whom Beller- months, and the summer at Delos, whence the epithet ophon is sent to fight by the King of Lycia. (I., 6, hiberna applied to Lycia by Virgil (En., 4, 143.— 184.) The Solymi, however, disappeared from history Heyne, ad loc.). after Homer's time, and the name Milyas remained for ever afterward applied to the region commencing in the north of Lycia, and extending into Phrygia and Pisidia. Into this region the Solymi had been driven, and here they remained under the appellation of Milyæ, Lycius, a surname of Apollo, given to that deity as though the name Solymi still continued in Mount Sol- the god of light, and derived from the old form AYKH, yma, on the northeastern coast. This mountain, call-"light," to which we may also trace the Latin lux. ed at present Takhatlu, rises to the height of 7800 feet. (Compare remarks under the article Lycaon.) AcFrom this time, in fact, they were reckoned as occu-cording to the common but erroneous opinion, Apol pying a part of Pisidia, and having nothing more to do with Lycia. On D'Anville's map, however, they retain the name of Solymi. According to the ancients, Lycia was the last maritime country within Taurus. It did not extend eastward to the inner part of the Gulf of Pamphylia, but was separated from that country and its gulf by the southern arm of Taurus, whose bold and steep descent to the shore caused it to receive the name of Climax. This southern arm of Taurus is so lofty as to be generally covered with snow, and by its course, presenting itself across the line of the navigation along shore, forms a conspicuous landmark, particularly from the eastward. From its general fertility, the natural strength of the country, and the goodness of its harbours, Lycia was one of the richest and most populous countries of Asia in proportion to its extent. The products were wine, wheat, cedar-wood, beautiful plane-trees, a sort of delicate sponge, and fine officinal chalk. It is recorded, to the honour of the inhabitants, that they never committed acts of piracy like those of Cilicia and other quarters. The Lycians appear to have possessed considerable power in early times; and were almost the only people west of the Halys who were not subdued by Croesus. (Herod., 1, 28.) They made also an obstinate resist ance to Harpagus, the general of Cyrus, but were eventually conquered. (Herod., 1, 176.) They supplied Xerxes with fifty ships in his expedition against Greece. (Herod., 7, 92.) After the downfall of the Persian empire, they continued subject to the Seleucidæ till the overthrow of Antiochus by the Romans, when their country, as well as Caria, was granted by the conquerors to the Rhodians; but their freedom was afterward again secured to them by the Romans (Polyb., 30, 5), who allowed them to retain their own laws and their political constitution, which is highly praised by Stra-The murder of his mother Melissa by his father had bo (665), and, in his opinion, prevented them from fall- such an effect upon him, that he resolved never to ing into the piratical practices of their neighbours, the speak to a man who had been so, wantonly cruel to Pamphylians and Cilicians. According to this ac- his own family. This resolution was strengthened by count, the government was a kind of federation, con- the advice of Procles, his maternal uncle, and Periansisting of 23 cities, which sent deputies to an assembly, der at last banished to Corcyra a son whose disobein which a governor was chosen for the whole of Ly-dience and obstinacy had rendered him odious. Cypcia, as well as judges and other inferior magistrates. All matters relating to the government of the country were discussed in this assembly. The six principal cities, Xanthus, Patara, Pinara, Olympus, Myra, and Tlos, had three votes each, other cities two votes each, and the least important places only one each. In consequence of dissensions among the different cities, this constitution was abolished by the Emperor Claudius (Sueton., Vit. Claud., 25.-Compare Vit. Vesp.), and the country united to the province of Pamphylia. (Dio Cass., 60, 17.-Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 14, p. 210.Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 242, seq.) The interior of Lycia was entirely unknown to Europeans until the visit of Mr. Fellows in 1838, who travelled over a large portion of it. According to this individual, the

LYCON, an Athenian, who flourished about 405 B.C., and who, together with Anytus and Melitus, was concerned in the prosecution instituted against Socrates. (Vid. Socrates.)-II. A Peripatetic philosopher, a native of Troas, and the pupil and successor of Strato of Lampsacus. He flourished about 270 B.C., and was for forty years the head of the Peripatetic school at Athens. He succeeded Strato at the date just mentioned; and enjoyed also the friendship of Attabus and Eumenes. (Diog. Laert., 5, 66.—Athenæus, 12, p. 546.) Lycon appears to have been the author of a treatise on the sovereign good. His eloquence induced his friends to change his name from Lycon to Glykon (yλukuç, sweet). Cicero calls him "oratione locupletem, rebus ipis jejuniorem" (De Fin., 5, 5). LYCOPHRON, I. a son of Periander, king of Corinth.

selus, the eldest son of Periander, being incapable of reigning, Lycophron was the only surviving child who had any claim to the crown of Corinth. But, when the infirmities of Periander obliged him to look for a successor, Lycophron refused to come to Corinth while his father was there, and he was induced to leave Corcyra only on promise that Periander would come and dwell there while he remained the master of Corinth. This exchange, however, was prevented. The Corcyreans, who were apprehensive of the tyranny of Periander, murdered Lycophron before he left that island. (Herod., 3, 51.)-II. A native of Chalcis, in Eubœa, the son of Socles, and adopted by the historian Lycus of Rhegium, was a poet and grammarian at the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus from B.C. 280 to B.C. 250,

vour of the vicinity of Manfaluth, coinciding in this with Pococke. (Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 387.)

LYCORIS, a female to whom Gallus, the friend of Virgil, was attached. (Consult remarks on page 545, col. 1, near the end.)

LYCORMAS, the more ancient name of the Evenus. (Strab., 451.)

where he formed one of the seven poets known by the name of the Tragic Pleiades. (Vid. Alexandrina Schola, towards the end of that article.) He is said LYCOREA, I. one of the earliest names of Parnassus, by Ovid to have been killed by an arrow. (lbis, 531.) The modern name of the mountain is Liakoura. (DodLycophron wrote a large number of tragedies, the titles well, Tour, vol. 1, p. 189.)—II. A small town on one of many of which are preserved by Suidas. Only one of the highest summits of Parnassus. (Strabo, 423.— production of his, however, has come down to us, a Pausan, 10, 6.) It appears to have been a place of poem classed by the ancients under the head of tragic, the highest antiquity since it is stated by the Arunbut more correctly by the moderns under that of Lyr- delian marbles to have been once the residence of Deu1c verse. This poem of Lycophron's is called the calion. Strabo also affirms that it was more ancient Alexandra or Cassandra. It is a monologue, in 1474 than Delphi. (Strab., 418.-Compare Pausan., I. c. verses, in which the Trojan princess Cassandra predicts-Steph. Byz., s. v.— -Etym. Mag., s. v.-Schol. ad to Priam the overthrow of Ilium, and the misfortunes Apollon., Arg., 1, 1490.—Schol. ad Pind., Ol., 9, 68.) that await the actors in the Trojan war. The work Among other etymologies, Pausanias states, that the is written in Iambic verse, and has no pretensions to neighbouring people fled to it during the deluge of any poetical merit; but, at the same time, it forms an Deucalion, being led thither by the howling of wolves inexhaustible mine of grammatical, historical, and my-(λúkwv). Dodwell was informed that there was a vilthological erudition. Cassandra, in the course of her lage called Liakoura about three hours from Castri predictions, goes back to the earliest times, and de- (Delphi), which was deserted in winter on account of scends afterward to the reign of Alexander of Macedon. the snow, the inhabitants then descending to the There are many digressions, but all contain valuable neighbouring villages. Some of the peasants of Liafacts, drawn from the history and mythology of other koura informed him that their village possessed connations. The poet has purposely enveloped his poem siderable remains of antiquity. (Dodwell, l. c.-Crawith the deepest obscurity, so much so that it has mer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 161.) been styled τὸ σκοτεινὸν ποίημα, “the dark poem.” There is no artifice to which he does not resort to prevent his being clearly understood. He never calls any one by his true name, but designates him by some circumstances or event in his history. He abounds with unusual constructions, separates words which should LYCOSURA, a town of Arcadia, on the slope of Mount be united, uses strange terms (as, for example, kéλwp, Lycæus, regarded by Pausanias (8, 38) as the most Iviç, ăμvaμoç, and oírupa, in place of viós); forms the ancient city in the world: it still contained some few most singular compounds (such as becμóεKTрos, ai- inhabitants when he made the tour of Arcadia. Dod vobúkyεUTOS), and indulges also in some of the boldest well is inclined to identify its position with that o. metaphors. The Alexandrean grammarians amassed Agios Giorgios, near the village of Stala, where there a vast collection of materials for the elucidation of are walls and other remains which manifest signs of what must have appeared to them an admirable pro- the remotest antiquity. (Tour, vol. 2, p. 395.) Gell, duction. Tzetzes has made a compilation from their in his Itinerary of the Morea (p. 101), after having commentaries, and has thus preserved for us a part at spoken of Delli Hassan in the road from Sinano to least of those illustrations, without which the poem, Karitena, adds as follows: "We descend again toafter the lapse of more than 2000 years, would be un- wards the Alpheus. This is the road which Pausanias intelligible. He has refuted also the opinion that Ly-seems to have taken to Lycorma, which must have cophron was not the author of the poem. The loss of Lycophron's dramatic pieces is hardly to be regretted, if we can form any opinion of his poetic merits from the production to which we have just referred. A work, however, which he wrote on Comedy (repi Kwpodías), and which must have been of considerable extent, since Athenæus quotes from the 9th book of it, would have proved, no doubt, a valuable accession to our list of ancient productions, since on this subject the learning of Lycophron must have had full scope allowed it. The best editions of Lycophron are, that printed at Basle, 1546, fol., enriched with the Greek commentary of Tzetzes; that of Canter, 8vo, apud Commelin., 1596; that of Potter, fol., Oxon., 1702, and that of Bachmann, Lips., 1828, 2 vols. 8vo. The last will be found to be most complete and useful, since it contains, among other subsidia, the Greek paraphrase. Bachmann also published, in 1828, in the second volume of his Anecdota Græca, a Lexicon Lycophroneum, previously unedited, containing a very ancient collection of scholia. (Schöll, Gesch. Gr. Lit., vol. 2, p. 47, seqq.)

LYCOPOLIS (AUKOV Tóλiç), or the "city of wolves," a city of Upper Egypt, on the western side of the Nile, northwest of Antæopolis. It derived its name from the circumstance of extraordinary worship being paid here to wolves, which, according to Diodorus Siculus, drove back the Ethiopians when they invaded Egypt, and pursued them to Elephantina. (Diod. Sic., 1, 88.) Pliny merely writes the name Lycon as that of the city (5, 9), and Hierocles Aíkov. D'Anville, and, after him, the French savans who accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt, place the site of ancient Lycopolis near the modern Syut. Mannert, however, decides in fa

been either on the remarkable peak called Sourias to Castro, or almost on the summit of Diaphorte (Lycæus), near the hippodrome, where are the ruins of a fortification." The same writer remarks (Narrative of a Journey in the Morea, p. 124), "the peaked summit, called Sourias to Castro, is probably the ancient Lycorma." (Siebelis, ad Pausan., 8, 38.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 336.)

LYCTUS, one of the most considerable cities of Crete, situate apparently to the northeast of Præsus, and at no great distance from the sea, since Strabo assigns to it the haven of Chersonesus. It was already an important city in the days of Homer and Hesiod; and Idomeneus, who was a native of the place, obtains from it, in Virgil (En., 3, 401), the epithet of Lyctius. (Compare Homer, Il., 2, 647; 17, 610) According to Hesiod (Theog., 477), Jupiter was brought up in Mount Egæus, near Lyctus. We are informed by Aristotle (Polit., 2, 8) that Lyctus subsequently received a Lacedæmonian colony (compare Polyb., 4, 54), and we learn from Diodorus Siculus that it was indebted to the same people for assistance against the mercenary troops which Phalacus, the Phocian general, had led into Crete after the termination of the Sacred war (16, 62). The Lyctians, at a still later period, were engaged in frequent hostilities with the republic of Gnossus, and succeeded in creating a formidable party in the island against that city. But the Gnossians, having taken advantage of their absence on a distant expedition, surprised Lyctus and utterly destroyed it. The Lyctians, on their return, were so disheartened by this unexpected calamity, that they abandoned at once their ancient abodes, and withdrew to the city of Lampe, where they were kindly and hos