Sing. N. To cau-a, a body, G. -al, D. -alı, A. -α, Dual. N. A. V. -αTE, G. D. -αTOIV. Plur. N. -ατα, G. -άτων, D. -ασι, Α. -άτα, V. -αTα. The variation of the vowels and consonants before, on account of the increase of the genitive case, may be better learned from the lexicon and practice. RULES SUITED TO THIS DECLENSION, AND TO THE VARIATION OF NOUNS IMPARISYLLABIC. 1. OF THE ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR. The accusative singular of nouns, whether masculine or feminine, ends in a. Except (1) Nouns ending in after evs, a good man) if their genitive end in into in the accusative: as is, a sheep, an old woman, γραός, γραῦν. S 21 V (2) Gravitons,* in s and us, which have or v, (except pure, change &, divi [paus, impure in the genitive, make the accusative both in and -v; as, es, contention, gid, gida, and giv: xógus, a helmet, zóρυθα, and κόρον. So κλεις, a key, κλείδα and κλειν; and words compounded with ss, the foot, as, Oïdi-módu, Œdipus, II. OF THE VOCATIVE SINGULAR. The vocative is like the nominative: except, that, (1) Nouns ending in s after or reject the s in the vocative, as Пlágs, Paris, 885, a bull, Пág, 68. Unless they be acutitonet in is and us; as ὦ ἐλπίς, hope, χλαμύς, a cloak: also ᾧ πᾶς, ὁδές. (2) Nouns which are varied by form their vocative by throwing off; as i vigwv, an old man, vigor, vigor. But nouns in -,, have the vocative in & and ev; as πλακόεις, broad, -εω, ὦ πλακόει and πλακόεν. (3) Gravitons in as -αv, ny -εV, WY OC, we of, and for the most part those in agg, form the vocative * Gravitons, called also Barytons, are nouns which have no accent on the last syllable. † Acutitons, or xytons, are nouns which have an acute accent on the last syllable. from the genitive by throwing off -, as, purwg, an orator, ρήτορα, ο ρήτορ: also Ποσειδῶν, Neptune, -ώνος, Ποσει dov, and cwrig, a Saviour, -ñgos, reg. But all nouns in s -, by rejecting o; as, Zaxgélns, Socrates, -sos, a Zángales. III. OF THE DATIVE PLURAL. The dative case plural is formed from the dative singular, by rejecting d, 9, 1, τ, and assuming ☛ before ‹; as, τιτάνι -ασι, σώματι -ασι. But-o of the dative singular, becomes so; as, Xéovri, from λέων, a lion, λεσσι: ρι * becomes goi in nouns which end in nę, and are subject to syncope; as, aτng, a father, @argi, margào. And, among the poets, in all nouns it becomes to or εσσι; as, ἡγεμών, a leader, ἡγεμόνι, ἡγεμόνεσι, Οι, ετσι. Nouns ending in 2, 4, or, after a diphthong, form the dative plural from the nominative singular by adding ; as, κόραξ, a raven, κόραξι, βασιλεύς, a king, -λευσι: only ZTEйs, a comb, xliσ¡, ws, a foot, or, 5, an ear, ¿cí. 69 N is added to the dative plural ending in if a vowel or diphthong follows, as, xegaiv avis, with unwashed hands; and every where, among the poets.† IV. OF SYNCOPE. Some nouns in gegos lose by syncope, in the genitive and dative cases singular and dative plural; as alę, a father, μrng, a mother, yaság, the stomach; but dʊyáTag, a daughter, Anung, Ceres, retain it in all the imparisyllabic cases. In like manner dvig, a man; only, for omitted, it takes d; as, ¿végos, ¿vdgós. To this rule refer gr a lamb, gvós, núwv, a dog, xuvós, &c. the middle vowel being omitted. THE DECLENSIONS OF CONTRACTED NOUNS. The declensions of the contracted nouns arise from the last declension of the simples making the genitive * So ἀρνὶ -ασὶ, υἴι υἱασι• but γαςής ηρσι. tv is added to είκοσι through all the cases, as είκοσιν ανδρες, twenty men, for exoσ avdges; indeed to all words ending in & or if the next word commence with a vowel, may be added. in pure. They are called contracted nouns, because, in their variations, two syllables are contracted into one. But a contraction is made either in all the cases whose final syllable is pure,* as in the first declension of the contracts; or in some particular cases only; the dat. sing. and the nom. acc. and voc. plural, as in the last declension. E and e, when follows, may be contracted into ; but when does not follow, into : the Attics sometimes into a. THE FIRST DECLENSION OF THE CONTRACTS. The first declension of the contracts has three terminations, in -s of the masculine and feminine, and in -5, and of the neuter; as, Sing. N. of Zangár -ns, Socrates, G. --85, D. -ï-et, A. -Ec Dual. N. A. V. -ɛe -î, G. D. -COLD -OTY. Plur. N. -s -es, G. éwv -wv, D. -εσi, A. -εas -es, V. -EES -&is. Sing. N. Tò Tex -, a wall, G. &~ -85, D. -ïï -e, A. -Q, V... Dual. N. A. V. -ɛɛ -ŋ, G. D. -ÉDLY-OLY Plur. N. - -, G. -έwv -~v, D. -¿ ̄¡, A. -&α -n, V. -ea -n. Some proper nouns of this declension are declined in the accusative, like substantives of equal syllables: as, 'Agisoάvns, Aristophanes, 'Agisofávny. So also the compounds of, a year, in certain cases; as έTaitas, SEven years, in the accusative plural.‡ THE LAST DECLENSION OF THE CONTRACTS.§ This declension has five terminations: in 15 of the masculine and feminine genders; in ɛs and us of the masculine only; in and of the neuter: as Sing. N. 4s a serpent, G. &, D. -¡¡ -î, A. -¿”, V.-. Dual. N. A. V. -¡ε, G. D. -iosv. Plur. N. -s -îs, G. -iwr, D. -151, A. -¡ms -îs, V. 185 -ïs. * Except the dative plural. † Appellative substantives in »n5-os are seldom read. The compounds of xxtos are doubly contracted as Hganλ-inso ης gen. έτος, τους, εος ους, &c. § Contractions take place here only in the dat. singular, and in the nom. accus. and voc. plural. According to the Attic dialect, the genitives of nouns ins are more frequently expressed by -ws ev, and say, and cases contracted by &: as, opews, opeu, öpewv, öper, ὄφεις. Sing. N. rò cívna, mustard, G. -105, D. -ïï -ï, A. -1, V. -1. Dual. N. A. V. -¿ε, G. D. -lov. -606 Plur. N. -a -7, G. -tav, D. -101, A. -1α -ĭ, V. -a -î. Sing. N. Bariλ-éus, a king, G. -éos, D. --εĩ, A. -εα, V. -εv. Dual. N. A. V. -έɛ -, G. D. -ov. Plur. Ν. -έες -εῖς, G. ἐῶν, D. -εῦσι, Α. -έας -εῖς, V. -ες -εῖς. Sing. N. ago -vs, an old man, G. -, D. -ï -î, A. -vv, V. -V. Dual. N. A. V. -ɛɛ -ŋ, G. D. -ε017. Plur. N. -s -ELS, G. -8449 D. - -2011 A. -sas -15, V. -εes -as. Sing. N. rò as -v, a city, G. -e&. D. -ïï -ti, A. -v, V. -v. Dual. N. A. V. G. D. -εOLV. Plur. N. -a -n, G. D. Of these, particularly if they be of the masculine. gender, the genitive is more frequently in eos. GENDERS OF NOUNS. The genders of nouns are known either by their signification, or declension. Rules arising from the *signification, are common among the Greeks and Latins. In the first declension, the gender is certain. In the second: Nouns in, for the most part are masculine, except about seventy, which are feminine, and a fewcommon. In oy, with the exception of the proper names of females they are always neuter-In the third, nouns in -v, -, -uv—in -ne, -vg, -we-in -as, (except -ados, feminine, and as alos, neuter)-ins, (except, -s-los feminine),—in -as, -85 -eus and -ws-are generally masculine. Nouns in y, dáv, or ndwv-in or 5-os-in-as-↔g, -15, (except some masculines in -15 -105,)—σus -vs and -ęs, are, for the most part, feminine. * But the names of precious stones are feminine. Nouns in and હુ αρ are neuter: except yxag, the brain, ag, a starling, i dáμag, a dame. HETEROCLITES, OR IRREGULAR NOUNS, Are either (1) variable, (2) defective, or (3) redundant. 1. NOUNS WHICH VARY THEIR GENDER. These are masculine, in the singular; and neuter, in the plural: 'Egruos, an oar, (vyós, a yoke, ragragos, Tartarus, xedea, pulse, in the plural -a. The following nouns are masculine and neuter in the plural: Ascuós, a chain, δίφρος, a station, κύκλος, a circle, λύχνος, a lamp, μηρός, the thigh, oxos, a lever, varos, the back, ugrós, a torch, ταθμός, a standing, ταρσός, a hurdle, τράχηλος, the neck, xavos, a bridle, in the plural, or .. In the singular odos, a way, with its compounds, and ́ ós, a city, are feminine; in the nominative and accusative dual, masculine. 11. CASE. Some neuters in ag, seem to form their genitive from nouns in ;; as zag, the liver, ung, advantage, Qęśżę, a well, &c. to these add, féλe, milk, faλaxtos, övag, a dream, végazos, dwg, water, daros, s, the ear, drós, &c. Zeus, Jupiter, is thus declined: sing. nom. ¡ Zɛús, G. Zavós or ▲ 105, &c. V. Zεu. III. GENDER AND CASE. Sing. Nom. Fuñ, a woman, G. yuvaixòs, D. -aıxı, A. αῖκα, V. γύναι. Dual. N. A. V. To -aîne, G. D. -aixov. Plur. N. axes, G. -aixar, D. -važı, A. -airas, V. -αixes. Sing. N. Xug, the hand, G. *xugós, D. -í, A. -a, V. å Xe. Ďual. N. A. V. rá xeïge, G. D. raïv xeigoiv. * The Poets, in all cases of unequal syllables, add ‹ |