CLOVES, NUTMEGS, PEPPER, and other spices: which see in their order. Under the denomination of dry fruits are also frequently included apples pears, almonds, filberds, &c.

FRUITS FRESH or recent, are those sold just as they are gathered from the tree, without any farther preparation; as are most of the produc ions of our gardens and orchards, sold by the fruiterers.

FRUIT-FLIES, a name given by gardeners and others to a sort of small black flies, found in vast numbers among fruit-trees in the spring season, and supposed to do great injury to them. Mr. Leeuwenhoek preserved some of these flies for his microscopical observations. He found that they did not live longer than a day or two, but that the females during this time laid a great number of longish eggs. The gardeners who suppose that these flies wound the leaves of the trees, are mistaken: it is true that they feed on their juices; but they have no instruments wherewith they can extract these for themselves; they feed on such as are naturally extravasated; and when there is not a sufficient quantity of these for their purpose, they haunt the places to which the pucerons resort, and feed on the juices which these little creatures extravasate, by means of the holes they bore in the leaves with their trunks.

of

FRUIT-GATHERERS, in horticulture, are instruments much used in taking the fruit from the trees in preference to gathering it by the hand by which it is often much bruised &c., and also on high wall trees or espaliers where the hand cannot reach. The best of these instruments is one invented by Mr. Saul, of which the diagram annexed is a representation, a and b are a pair of cutters fixed to a pole which may be lengthened by means screwed joints if necesssary. At the lower end of the pole is a lever which may C, be fixed by a screw and socket to any part of the pole. The lever d, of the moving blade b, has a spring under it, to keep it open, and from the end of d, a string passes over the pulley e, to the handle c. By means of the arch and joint at f, the cutters may be set at any required angle.

When the fruit-gatherer is raised, so that the stalks of the fruit are included between the cutters, the string се is pulled; the stalks are cut, and the fruit drops into the basket h.

FRUIT-TREES. See HORTICulture. FRUITION, n. s. Į Lat. fruor, to enjoy. FRUITIVE, adj. Enjoyment; possession; pleasure given by possession or use. Crabb says, that this word is employed only for the act of enjoying pleasures which are derived from

Than thou canst be when thou dost miss.

Cowley. Abstinence from ill-speaking he (the Psalmist) seemeth to propose as the first step towards the fruition of a durably happy life. Barrow.

To whet our longings for fruitive or experimental knowledge, it is reserved, among the prerogatives of being in heaven, to know how happy we shall be when there. Boyle.

FRUMENTARII, a kind of soldiers or archers under the western empire. The first mention we find made of these officers is in the reign of the emperor Adrian, who made use of them to inform himself of whatever passed. They did not make any particular corps distinct from the rest of the forces, but there was a certain number of them in each legion. It is supposed that they were at first a numoer of young persons, disposed by Augustus throughout the provinces, particularly on all the grand roads, to acquaint the emperor, with all expedition, of every thing that happened. Afterwards they were incorporated into the troops themselves, where they still retain their ancient name. As their principal office was the giving intelligence, they were often joined with the Curiosi, with whom they agreed in this part of their office. Their name is derived from their being also a sort of purveyors to the armies, cities, &c., collecting the corn from the several provinces.

FRUMENTATION, in Roman antiquity, a largess of corn bestowed on the people. This practice of giving corn to the people was very ancient among the Romans, and frequently used to sooth their turbulent humor. At first the number of those to whom this largess was given was indeterminate, till Augustus fixed it at 200,000.

FRUMENTY, n. s. Į From Lat. frumenFRUMENTACEOUS, adj. tum, corn. Made of grain; food made of wheat boiled in milk.

FRUMP, v. a. To mock; to browbeat. FRUSH, v. a. & n. s. Fr. froisser. To break, bruise, or crush. A sort of tender horn that grows in the middle of the sole, and at some distance from the toe: it divides into two branches, running towards the heel, in the form of a fork.

I like thy armour well;

I'll frush it, and unlock the rivets a!l, But I'll be master of it. Shakspeare. FRUSTRANEA POLYGAMIA. See BOTANY. FRUSTRA'NEOUS, adj. Lat. frustra. Vain; useless; unprofitable; without advantage.

He timely withdraws his frustraneous baffled kindnesses, and sees the folly of endeavouring to stroke a tyger into a lamb, or to court an Ethiopian out of his colour. South.

Their attempts being so frustraneous, and the demonstrations to the contrary so perspicuous, it is a marvel that any man should be zealously affected in a cause that has neither truth nor any honest useful. ness in it.

FRUSTRATE, v. a. & part. adj.

FRUSTRATION, n. s.

FRUSTRATIVE, adj.

FRUSTRATORY, adj.

vain; to nullify; defeat; disappoint.

ances.

More.

Fr. frus trer; Lat. frustror. To make

The act of parliament which gave all his lands to the queen, did cut off and frustrate all such conveySpenser. Few things are so restrained to any one end or purpose, that the same being extinct, they should forthwith utterly become frustrate. Hooker. It is an axiom of nature, that natural desire cannot utterly be frustrate. Id.

I survive,
To mock the expectations of the world;
To frustrate prophecies, and to raze out
Rotten opinion. Shakspeare. Henry IV
He is drowned

Whom thus we stray to find, and the sea mocks
Our frustrate search on land. Id. Tempest.

The ruler of the province of Judea being by Julian busied in the re-edifying of this temple, flaming balls of fire issuing near the foundation, and oft consuming the workmen, made the enterprize frustrate.

Raleigh's History.

FRUSTUM, n. s. Lat. A piece cut off from a regular figure; a term of science.

FRUSTUM, in mathematics, a part of some solid body separated from the rest. Thus,

The FRUSTUM OF A CONE is the part that remains when the top is cut off by a plane, parallel to the base; and is otherwise called a truncated cone.

The FRUSTUM OF A GLOBE, or SPHERE, is any part thereof cut off by a plane, the solid contents of which may be found by this rule: To three times the square of the semidiameter of the base

add the square of its height; then multiply that sum by the height, and this product multiplied by 5326 gives the solidity of the frustum.

The FRUSTUM OF A PYRAMID is what remains after the top is cut off by a plane parallel to its base.

FRUTEX, a shrub. Shrubs, according to Linnæus, make a branch of the seventh family in the vegetable kingdom; and are distinguished from trees, in that they come up without buds. But this distinction is not universal, though it be generally just with regard to those of Europe. Nature has made no absolute distinction between

trees and shrubs. Frutex, in its general acceptation, is a plant whose trunk is perennial, gemmiparous, woody, dividing and subdividing into a great number of branches. In short, it is the epitome of a tree, exemplified in the rose bush. See BOTANY.

FRY, n. s. Dan. and Swed. froe; Goth. frae, fraiw, seed. The swarm of little fishes just produced from the spawn; any swarm of the young of animals; it also signifies a kind of sieve.

Out of the fry of these rakehell horseboys, growing up in knavery and villainy, are their kern continually supplied and maintained. Spenser on Ireland. Them before the fry of children young, Their wanton sports and childish mirth did play, And to the maidens sounding timbrels sung.

Faerie Queene.

They come to us, but as love draws; He swallows us, and never chaws;

By him, as by chained shot, whole ranks do die; He is the tyrant pike, and we the fry.

Donne.

Dryden.

Where no ford he finds, no water fries,
Nor billows with unequal murmurs roar,
But smoothly slide along, and swell the shore,
That course he steered.

Id. Eneid. We understand by out of the fryingpan into the fire, that things go from bad to worse. L'Estrange. The soul there restless, helpless, hopeless lies;

The body frying roars, and roaring fries:
There's life that never lives, there's death that never
Fletcher's Purple Island.
But let it go :-it will one day be found

dies.

With other relics of a former world;' When this world shall be former, under ground, Thrown topsy-turvy, twisted, crisped, and curled; Baked, fried, or burnt, turned inside-out, or drowned, Like all the worlds before, which have been hurled First out of and then back again to chaos, The superstratum which will overlay us.

Byron.

Since, after all, no doubt, the youthful pair
But Zoe, the mean time, some eggs was frying,

Must breakfast, and betimes-lest they should ask it,
She drew out her provision from the basket.

Id. Don Juan.

With fry innumerable swarm, and shoals

Of fish, that with their fins and shining scales Glide under the green wave in sculls, that oft Bank the mid-sea.

Milton's Paradise Lost.

The young fry must be held at a distance, and kept under the discipline of contempt.

Collier.

FRY, v. a., v. n., & n. s. Fr. frire; Lat. FRYINGPAN, n. s. frigo; Welsh, ffrio; Erse. frijck. To dress food by roasting it in a pan on the fire; to melt and agitate with heat; to suffer the action of fire: applied metaphorically, to any thing that agitates the mind with indignation, or shame, and from which the sufferer cannot escape.

He coude roste, and sethe, and broil, and frie Maken mortrewes, and wel bake a pie.

Chaucer. Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. Oil of sweet almonds, newly drawn with sugar, and a little spice, spread upon bread toasted is an excellent nourisher; but then, to keep the oil from frying in the stomach, drink mild beer after it.

Bacon's Natural History.

If I pass by sea, I may chance to fall from the fryingpan into the fire. Howel's Vocal Forest.

liam Tyndale, a zealous Lutheran, who converted him to Lutheranism. Avowing his opinions publicly, he was apprehended, examined, and confined to his college. At length having obtained his liberty, in 1528, he went over to Germany, where he continued about two years, and then returned to England. At last he was taken up at Reading as a vagrant, and set in the stocks, where he remained till he was nearly expiring for want of sustenance. He was at length relieved by the humanity of Leonard Cox, a schoolmaster, who procured his enlargement, and supplied his began to make proselytes, but was apprehended He then set out for London, where he by order of Sir Thomas More, and sent prisoner to the Tower. Refusing to recant, he was burnt in Smithfield, on the 4th July 1533. He left several works, which were printed in folio, in 1573.

wants.

FUB, v. a. See FOB.

FUB, n. s. A plump chubby boy or girl.

FUCA, STRAITS OF ST. JUAN DE, an inlet on the north-west coast of North America, about fifteen miles wide, between Cape Flattery on the south side, in lat. 48° 20′ N., long. 124° 23′ W., and Quadra's Isles on the north side, in lat. 48° 40' N. These straits are said to have been originally discovered by a Greek pilot of the island of Cephalonia (Juan de Fuca), who was despatched in 1592, by the viceroy of Mexico, to explore the west coast of North America for an inlet which might lead to a communication with the Atlantic. But the account of this discovery

was mingled with such romantic tales that it remained disbelieved in modern times until the trading vessels, which frequent this coast, in the fur trade, having approached the shore from which captain Cook had been driven by contrary winds, discovered the inlet mentioned by De Fuca between the forty-eighth and forty-ninth parallels. Captain Meares, in particular, who visited this coast in 1788, was anxious to explore this inlet, and he accordingly equipped his boat on an expedition for that purpose. After his crew had entered the inlet, they were attacked by the inhabitants, who collected around them in canoes. A desperate attack was commenced. The savages had greatly the advantage in point of numbers, and were armed with clubs, spears, bows and arrows, and slings; but the courage of captain Meares's crew prevailed, and the assailants though with great difficulty were repulsed. Captain Meares, however, in consequence of these hostile dispositions of the inhabitants, abandoned all further thoughts of exploring this shore.

Vancouver arrived on this part of the American coast in 1792, and discovered this inlet, in lat, 48° 23′ 30′′: continuing his course almost directly into the continent for nearly 100 miles he found that the strait bore round to the north-west and south-east. The southerly branch was found to terminate at the distance of about seventy miles, in lat. 47° 21′ N. long. 237° 6′ E., in low and apparently swampy lands. This branch was accurately surveyed in its numerous inlets by captain Vancouver, and after running in a north west direction, generally parallel with the coast, was found to issue in the Pacific Ocean, by Queen Charlotte's Sound, in N. lat. 51° 45', long. 232° 1' E. The investigation was conducted with great perseverance, and through a course of perilous navigation, occasioned by the numerous islands and sunken rocks. The inhabitants were generally friendly; but on one occasion they showed an intention of attacking a boat's crew, and it was only by the conviction of the powerful means of resistance possessed by the British, that they desisted from this attempt. At some of the villages along the shore they were found well armed with muskets, and dexterous marks

men.

FUCINUS LACUS, in ancient geography, a lake of Italy, in the country of the Marsi, now called Celano, from a cognominal citadel, in the south of Abruzzo Ultra. According to the testimony of ancient authors, it was subject to extraordinary risings and decreasings. The actual circumference is about thirty-five miles: the breadth in the widest part is ten, in the narrowest four; its depth twelve feet upon an average. All round this noble piece of water rises a circle of grand mountains, some of them the highest in Italy, except the Alps, and many of them covered with snow. At the foot of them are numerous villages, with rich and well cultivated farms. As the swelling of the lake was attended with incredible damage, the Marsi had often petitioned the senate to drain it, and Julius Cæsar would have attempted it, had he lived. His successors were averse to the project, until Claudins, who delighted in expensive difficult enterprises, undertook it. During the space of eleven

years he employed 30,000 men in digging a passage through the mountain; and, when every thing was ready for letting off the water, exhibited a superb naval spectacle on the lake. A great number of condemned criminals were obliged to act the parts of Rhodians and S.cilians in separate fleets; to engage in earnest, and to destroy one another, for the entertainment of the court and the multitude of spectators that covered the hills. A line of well armed vessels and rafts loaded with soldiers surrounded the scene of action, to prevent any of the wretches from escaping; but it was with great difficulty and many threats that they could be brought to engage. When this savage diversion was ended, the operations for opening the outlet commenced, and the emperor was very near being swept away and drowned, by the sudden rushing of the waters. However, either through the ignorance or negligence of the engineers the work did not answer as was expected, and Claudius did not live long enough to have the faults amended; and none of the water now escapes except through hidden channels formed by nature, which are probably subject to be obstructed, and thus occasion a superabundance of water in the lake, till some unknown cause remove the obstructions and again give free passage. Sir William Hamilton says, It is the most beautiful lake I ever saw, and it would be complete if the neighbouring mountains were better wooded.' It furnishes abundance of fish, though not of the best quality. There are a few large trouts, with many tenches, barbels, and dace. In the shallow water on the borders of the lake, he saw thousands of water snakes pursuing and preying upon a little kind of fish like our thornbacks, but much better armed; though their defensive weapons seemed to avail them but little against such ravenous foes. Claudius's Outlet he describes as still entire, though filled with earth and rubbish in many parts. He went into it with torches as far as he could. It is a covered canal, three miles long, and part of it cut through hard rock; and other parts supported by mason work, with wells to give light. Adrian is said to have let off the waters of the lake: and our author is of opinion, that, if the canal were cleared and repaired, it would still answer that purpose, and thereby restore a great deal of rich land fit for cultivation.

FU'CUS, n. s. Į Lat. fucatus. Paint for the FU'CATED, adj. face: painted; disguised with paint: disguised by false show.

Women chat

Of fucus this, and fucus that.

Ben Jonson Those who paint for debauchery should have the fucus pulled off, and the coarseness underneath disCollier. covered.

Fucus, in antiquity, a name given to certain dyes and paints; particularly to a purple sea plant used to dye woollen and linens of that color. The dye, says Theophrastus, was very heautiful, but not lasting; for it soon began to change, and in time went wholly off. The women also used a substance called fucus to stain their cheeks red; and many have supposed that the same substance was used on both occasions; but this, on a strict enquiry, proves not to be the cas The Greeks called every thing pusog that