we might mark him grow more and more into the mind of Him whose one only intolerance was for untruthfulness and hypocrisy.

fitfully away. Still it was only four days one element of peculiar value will ever be before the end that the formal announce the remembrance of how, month after month, ment was made that hope was over; and even then the anticipation was, that prolonged and fearful suffering still lay before him. That anticipation was, we may surely now say mercifully, disappointed. Till within the last few hours suffering always severe, often agonizing, clung to him. The last distinctly and fully conscious words he breathed were late on the closing evening, for her who was nearest to him of all, in allusion to his having just taken farewell of another friend, "You know there is no farewell between us." Then followed a brief but voiceless respite; and then, as the fair still dawn of the 20th September brightened into morning,

แ

'His quiet eyelids closed: he had
Another morn than ours."

In illustration of the second of these features of his character-his persistence of aim and tenacity of purpose we have seen how he was still but a boy when a great scientific conception dawned upon him. We claim the right to call that a great conception, apart from all success in the experi mental realization of it, which fascinated the regards and won the acceptance of a man like Sir William Hamilton; for be it remembered that the conception itself was a closely reasoned and critical abstraction, which came at least as fully and truly within the sphere of that subtle and searching thinker, as of the mere chemist or even physicist. If there was delusion in the We have already disclaimed all purpose hypothesis, the guiding and animating of attempting here any lengthened analysis of thought of his whole research, that delusion the character, or critical examination of the was at least so little patent, that never once writings, of Samuel Brown. The former did any, even among his opponents, attempt may, to some extent, be found indicated in to indicate the fallacy in it. Toward the the course of the preceding sketch; and the practical elaboration of this conception, and latter could not be fairly or adequately done the elimination from it of whatever the light from any materials yet before the public. of experiment should indicate as imperfect To two features only would we draw specific in its details, he devoted himself once and attention the catholicity of his nature, and for all. This was his work; all else he did his persistence of purpose. The former of or attempted to do was but incidental and these qualities was in him true catholicity, not mere eclecticism; it was the outgoing of his whole nature, not of the intellect alone. It had very early begun to show itself; and it developed more and more to the end, when it presented itself in the guise of a Christian charity, patience, and forbearance, not often surpassed. Promptly to discern, and cordially to sympathize with the true this work of his; his adoption of that symand right, whatever form it might assume, bol of the Cross in immediate and specific howsoever disguised and commingled, to reference to it, with whatever else it was deseek for and to see in all the good rather signed to express, was the natural expression than the evil, seemed, latterly in particular, of his feeling, that it was in the truest and to be as a second nature in him. Few in- strictest sense a sacred work. Beside this deed but might have felt their own dullness unfearing, unflinching, and persistent self-deof eye and hardness of judgment rebuked votion, rooted in and animated by such a before that clear, quick, effortless insight of spirit, the mere question of the measure of his; and the decision with which he ever success becomes to us, we confess, a secondheld and maintained his own realizations of ary one. We dare not at least deem the life truth, in no degree interfered with his warm wasted or the aim abortive, that reads to us and genial recognition of the aims and mo- such a lesson; and if there has come to him, tives of those from whom he might as we are prone to esteem prematurely, the widely differ. More than one of these, num- night when no man can work,—while this bered among his intimate personal friends, may well solemnize our hearts with a sense recognized it as something new and strange of the mystery of His doings whose "way in their experiences, to meet such perfect is in the sea, and His path in the mighty tolerance, combined with such decided an- waters," it cannot affect for us the rememtagonistic self-assertion. And in that legacy brance, or take from us the lesson, of how of precious remembrance which the long- he worked, while for him it was still called drawn closing of the scene has bequeathed, to-day.

occasional. He never faltered or drew back, amid all the toils it imposed on him, the discouragements he encountered in it; and only those who in any degree shared or witnessed these, knew anything of their full extent. The deepest and most pervading element of his nature, the religious sentiment, gave from the first consecration to

And is all to be fruitless and abortive af- which the philosophers of all countries have ter all? Those long, silent, lonely labours warmly appreciated, our friends in America -must they take their place as to all specific have, in some respects, been our rivals as and definite fruits, with the "vanity of vani- well as our associates. In the Antarctic ties, all is vanity," into which the world- zone, Commodore Wilkes carried the flag of weary Preacher would resolve all human the United States along its ice-bound contilabour and life? Their aim was not to nent; and under an impulse more noble revolutionize but to reconstruct a science ab even than the love of science or the ambiinitio; and this after such a sort that few tion of discovery, a few American philansciences would have escaped the influence, thropists have equipped two expeditions in the onward impulsion, thereby communicat- search of the noble Captain and his devoted ed. So far as can be judged from his own companions, who may yet be living prisonlatest and firm belief, as well as from isolated ers within the crystal strongholds which memoranda, and references to results ob- they scaled. tained, far more had been accomplished than An account of the last of these expedihad been prematurely claimed in 1843; and tions, under the command of Dr. Kane, has the distinct impression left, both from his been recently published, and though, as in own references to the subject, and from those that which preceded it, its main object has which occur in his private journal, is that a not been accomplished, yet from the danfew months more of health and strength gers which it braved, the scenes through would have enabled him to lay all formally which it passed, the events which befell it, and critically before the scientific world. and the additions which it has made to our According to present appearance this is all knowledge of the nomadic tribes which it that can now be said; and in the realm of encountered, our readers cannot fail to be science he must be known as the thinker, interested in a popular extract of its more worker, and seeker, rather than the discover-important details. Dr. Kane's work "is er. To some, we know, this intimation will not," as he himself tells us, "a record of be fraught with disappointment and bitter scientific investigations." His sole object sorrow; these we would but remind, that has been "to connect together the passages with special reference to this, as with general of his Journal that could have interest for reference to all that concerned him, he him- the general reader, and to publish them, as self learned amid his long discipline of a narrative of the adventures of his party." suffering to say, " Father, not as I will, but as thou wilt."

ART. IV.-Arctic Explorations: The Sec ond Grinnell Expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, 1853, 1854, 1855. By ELISHA KENT KANE, M.D., Ú.S.N., Illustrated by upwards of 300 Engravings from Sketches by the Author. 2 vols. Svo. Philadelphia, 1856, pp. 921.

After the return of the first Grinnell expedition, under Lieutenant De Haven, to which Dr. Kane had been attached as surgeon, Lady Franklin is said to have urged him to undertake a new search for her, husband. Having been led, like many others, both from theory and observation, to infer the existence of an open polar sea communicating with Baffin's Bay, Dr. Kane readily consented, and "occupied himself for some months in maturing the scheme of a renewed effort, either to rescue the missing party, or at least to resolve the mystery of their fate." As sanguine in temperament as he THERE is no brighter page in the annals of was intrepid in spirit, "his mind never realcivilisation than that which records the his- ized the complete catastrophe-the destructory of Arctic discovery. England may tion of all Franklin's crews. He pictured well be proud of the sacrifices she has made them to himself broken into detachments, in such enterprises of danger, and may just- and his mind fixed itself on one little group ly boast of the valuable results which, in of some thirty, who had found the open the interests of science, she has achieved. spot of some tidal eddy, and under the While new and extensive regions have been teaching of an Esquimaux, or perhaps one of explored, and added to the map of the their own Greenland whalers, had set braveworld, and new forms of humanity studied ly to work, and trapped the fox, speared the in their subterraneous retreats, new depths bear, and killed the seal and walrus and of science have been sounded, and new laws whale. I think of them," he adds, "ever developed, which promise to connect the with hope. I sicken not to be able to reach physics of our globe with agencies, in daily them." Such a man was pre-eminently fitoperation, throughout the planetary system ted for the task which he undertook, and to which we belong. In these researches, the American Government, as well as the

generous individuals, who were to furnish Hamilton presented him with a noble team the means for equipping the expedition, of Newfoundland dogs, the essential instrugratefully accepted of his services. ments of Arctic research, and without which Mr. Grinnell placed at Dr. Kane's dispo he could neither have reached his destination sal the Advance, the ship in which he had nor returned to his country. previously sailed; and Mr. Peabody of After a run of twelve days, the expedition London, "the generous representative of reached Fiskernaes in South Greenland on many American sympathies, proffered his the 5th of July, and by means of special faaid largely towards her outfit." The Geo- cilities from the Danish Government, they graphical Society of New York,-the Smith- were supplied with abundance of fresh-dried sonian Institution, the American Philoso- codfish, the staple commodity of the place. phical Society, and a number of scientific Mr. Lassen, the superintendent of the Danassociations and private friends, made valua- ish company, entertained them as his guests, ble contributions to the expedition, and Dr. and "hospitably proffered them everything Kane was thus enabled "to secure a better for their accommodation." Through his inoutfit for purposes of observation, than fluence Dr. Kane obtained an Esquimaux would otherwise have been possible to a hunter, of the name of Hans Christian, a boy party so limited in numbers, and absorbed of nineteen, who was peculiarly expert with in other objects." the kayak and javelin, and who had preAlthough Mr. Kennedy, at the head of the viously exhibited his prowess by spearing a naval department, gave a formal sanction to bird on the wing. This "fat and good-nathe expedition, and desired to have reports of tured youth," who performs an important its progress and results, yet the Government part in the history of the expedition, stipudid nothing more than contribute ten out of the lated, in addition to his moderate wages, eighteen volunteers who embarked with Dr. that a couple of barrels of bread and fiftyKane, the rest being "engaged by private lib- two pounds of pork should be left with his erality, at salaries entirely disproportioned mother; and when presented with a rifle. to their services." In an expedition thus and a new kayak, his services were not only constituted, the rules for the government of invaluable as a caterer of food for the dogs, nautical ships were not enjoined; but regu- but as a purveyor, on many trying occalations, well considered and announced be- sions, for the table of the expedition. After forehand, were agreed to by the crew, and half-a-year's service, when dangers had been rigorously adhered to through all the vicis- encountered and overcome, and Arctic darksitudes of the expedition. In these regula- ness brooded over the ship, poor Hans betions there was no room for ambiguity, and came homesick, took his rifle and bundled neither a judge nor a jury were required to up his clothes, to bid good-bye to his friends, administer them. Absolute subordination yearning for a meeting with one of the to the officer in command, or his delegate softer sex whom he had left behind at abstinence from all intoxicating liquors, and Fiskernaes. Dr. Kane, however, with his the habitual disuse of profane language, usual tact, cured his nostalgia with promoconstituted the brief code which bound, in tion and a dose of salts. Thus honoured fraternal unity, the heroic band that courted and purged, the lover forgot his mistress, dangers more calamitous than those of war. and strutted in official and corpulent digniThe "Advance," though built for carry- ty as the harnesser of Dr. Kane's dogs, the ing heavy castings from an iron-foundry, builder of his traps, and the companion of had been afterwards strengthened with much his ice travels. Like other swains, however, skill and at great expense. She was a good raised above the level of their birth, he forsailer, and easily managed, and had been got his humble Delia at Fiskernaes, and thoroughly tried in many encounters with left the expedition, in the hour of its adver the Arctic ice. With five boats, one of sity, in the wake of a prettier bride whom them a metallic life-boat, the gift of Mr. he had encountered in his excursions. Francis the maker-several carefully-built While beating out of the fiord of Fiskersledges, some of them on models furnished naes, Dr. Kane visited Lichtenfels, the anby the kindness of the British Admiralty,- cient seat of the Greenland congregation, the usual stores of provisions, woollen dress- and now one of the three Moravian settlees, and a full supply of knives, needles, ments in South Greenland ;* and after being books, and instruments, the "Advance" left baffled with calms for nine days, he reached New York on the 30th May 1853, escorted Sukkertop, Sugar-loaf, a wild isolated peak, by several noble steamers, and saluted by 3000 feet high, shielding at its base a little the cheers and adieus of all around them. In eighteen days Dr. Kane reached St. John's, Newfoundland, where Governor administered by a Government Board.

The other two are New Herrnhut and Friedrichsthal. All the other missions are Lutheran, and

Inglefield's positively determined headlands," next presented themselves, and the expedition was now "fairly inside of Smith's Sound," the scene of their future labours and disappointments.

colony "occupying a rocky gorge, so nar- cules" frowned upon the ship passing through row and broken that a stairway connects the their gloomy shadows. Littleton Island detached groups of huts, and the tide, as it and Cape Hatherton, "the latest of Captain rises, converts a part of the ground plot into a temporary island." This picturesque settlement is the principal depot for rein-deer skins, so valuable from their lightness and warmth, that they form the ordinary upper clothing of both sexes. The skins of the largest males, called bennesoak, are used as the sleeping bags in Arctic journeys, and those of the younger animals, called nokkak, are prized for children's clothing.

As the expedition was too far to the south to enable Dr. Kane to carry out his plan of search by boats and sledges, he determined to force his way to the north, as far as the elements would allow him. In case of disIn navigating the Greenland coast in his aster, therefore, he resolved to secure a whale-boat, Dr. Kane made many purchases place of retreat, and with this view, he buried of dogs from the natives at the different set- Francis's metallic boat, with a supply of tlements, and having made up his full com- beef, pork, and bread, at the north-east cape plement, he arrived at Upernavik in North of Littleton Island, and he erected a beacon Greenland, on the 24th July. After an on its western cape, where he deposited hospitable reception by Governor Flaischer, official despatches, and their private letters of he stood to the westward, and endeavoured farewell. to double Melville Bay by an outside pas- In these operations, they found that they sage. On the 29th he entered the ice, and were not the first human beings who had "having a besetment," he succeeded in "fas- found shelter in that desolate spot. Ruined tening to an iceberg;" but before they had walls indicated the seat of a rude settlement; time to breathe, they were startled with and in digging the cavern for their stores, loud crackling sounds above them. Frag- they found the mortal remains of its former ments of ice like walnuts fell into the sea, inhabitants. These memorials of extinct life and they had hardly time to cast off from had to them a sad interest-the presage of a the iceberg before it "fell in ruins, crashing fate that might be their own. like near artillery." Driven to the shelter mother-earth to cover their dead, the Esquiof a lower berg of gigantic size, it drifted maux place them as sitting in the attitude of with them like a moving breakwater, but in repose, with the knees drawn close to the its wake of black water they got under body, and enclose them in a sack of skins. weigh, and bored "in excellent style through The implements of the living man are groupthe floes." In lat. 75° 27', a spectacle, gor-ed around him. A rude cupola of stones geous even in the excitement of danger, ar- covers the body, and a cairn piled above is rested their attention. The midnight sun the simple memorial, which generation after emerged from the northern crest of the generation never venture to disturb. great berg, "kindling various coloured fires After a hopeless conflict with the ice, the on every part of its surface, and making" Advance" escaped on the 8th August into the ice around them one great resplendency "Refuge Harbour," a beautiful cove, landof gem work, blazing carbuncles, and rubies, and molten gold."

Without any

locked from east to west, and accessible only from the north. Among the miseries which After "crunching through all this jewel- here beset them, not the least was the conlery," and cutting their way with the saw dition and temper of their dogs, upon whose and the chisel, Dr. Kane successfully ac- health and strength depended the progress complished the passage of Melville Bay, a and success of the expedition. Out of their process not hitherto adopted, avoiding en- pack of fifty, a majority had the character of tanglements among the broken icefields, and" ravening wolves." The difficulty of feedattaching the ship to large icebergs, while ing them was perplexing. The rifles contrithe surface floes were pressing by them to the buted little to the canine larder. Two bears south. By the aid of a fortunate north-wester, lasted the cormorants only eight days. They which opened a passage through the pack, would not touch corn-meal and beans, on they reached the North, or Cape York which Captain Penny's dogs fed, and salt Water, passed the crimson cliffs of Sir John junk would have killed them. In this emerRoss on the 5th-the spire of Gneiss at gency fifty walruses made their appearance, Hakluyt Point, 600 feet high, and sighted but the rifle balls reverberated from their Capes Alexander and Isabella, the headlands hides, and they could not get within harpoon of Smith's Sound, on the 6th August,-an distance of them. Luckily, however, a dead array of cliffs, some of which are 800 feet narwhal, or sea-unicorn, fourteen feet long, high, "until now the Arctic Pillars of Her-supplied them with six hundred pounds of

"nursed like babies." They ate and slept well, and were strong; but an epileptic attack was followed by true lunacy. They barked frenziedly at nothing, walked anxiously in curved lines, at one time in moody silence at another starting off howling, as if pursued, and running up and down for hours. They generally died with symptoms resembling locked-jaw, in less than thirty-six hours. Three splendid Newfoundlanders, and thirtyfive Esquimaux dogs thus perished, and only six of the whole pack survived At a future time, one of Dr. Kane's best dogs was seized with a similar disease, and in the delirium which followed his seizure," he ran into the water and drowned himself, like a sailor with the horrors."

good fetid wholesome flesh." This diffi- or drank it "with spasm and aversion." At culty of feeding the dogs occurred on several last, with her mouth frothing and tumid, she occasions. Even when food was not scarce, snapped at Petersen and Hans, and exhibited their voracity was so great, that an Esqui- such manifest symptoms of insanity that it maux skull, a bear's paw, a basket of moss, was found necessary to shoot her. Dr. Kane or any specimen of natural history could not observed, that the darkness of the long winbe left for a moment without their making a ter nights had a fatal influence upon his dogs. rush at it, and swallowing it at a gulp. On A disease, which he considered clearly menone occasion they even attempted a whole tal, affected to such a degree the mousefeather bed, and on another, one of them coloured leaders of his Newfoundland team, devoured two entire birds' nests-"feathers, that for a fortnight they were doctored and filth, pebbles, and moss-a peckful at the least." When they reach a floe or temporary harbour, they start out in a body in search of food, unrestrained by voice or lash, and are sometimes traced with difficulty to some fetid carcass. Had these animals not been recovered, they would have doubtless relapsed into the savage state, like those on an island near the Holsteinberg Fiords, where such a dogs hunt the deer in packs, and are habitually shot by the natives. Yet notwithstanding this tendency, they have, in Dr. Kane's opinion, a decided affection for the society of man. When a comfortable dog-house was made for them away from the ship, they could not be induced to sleep in it, preferring the bare snow, where they could couch within the sound of voices, to a Dr. Kane has recorded many interesting warm kennel among the rocks. This choice facts respecting the mode of using dogs, and of residence, we think, was probably made the feats which they accomplished. Six from another motive-a love of cheeses, make a powerful travelling team, and four birds' nests, and bears' paws, which were to could carry Dr. Kane with his instruments a be found only in the vicinity of man. When short journey. The Esquimaux dog is genot well supplied with food, they were fed nerally driven by a single trace, a long upon their dead brothers, boiled into a bloody thin thong of seal or walrus hide, which passsoup, and dealt out to them twice a-day. es from his chest over his haunches to the The Esquimaux dogs are "ravenous of every-sledge. The team is always driven abreast, thing below the human grade," being and the traces are consequently tangling and taught from their earliest days to respect twisting themselves up incessantly as the children. The never scruple, however, to terrified brutes bound right or left from their devour their own pups; and on one occasion allotted places. The seven, nine, or fourteen when there was a copious litter, Dr. Kane lines get often so singularly knotted, that it "refreshed the mother with a daily morning is frequently necessary, especially in severe puppy," reserving for his own eating the two frost, to cut and re-attach them. In 1854, last of the family, who, he hoped, would the entanglement was such that the leader of them be tolerably milk fed!* So well, the party was obliged to patch up his mutilatindeed, had Dr. Kane "educated" himself ed dog-lines by appropriating an undue share for the contingencies of Arctic travel, that of his seal-skin breeches. on setting out in search of fresh food, his diet was a stock of meat biscuit, and "a few rats chopped up and frozen into the tallow balls."

Although hydrophobia was unknown north of 70°, yet something like it occurred in the latitude of 79°, in the mother of two healthy white pups. She had either avoided water,

Great proficiency is necessary in driving a dog equipage. The indispensable whip of seal-hide must be eighteen feet long, with a handle of only sixteen inches, and the driver must be able not only to hit any particular dog out of a team of twelve, but must ac company his stroke with a resounding crack, a result loudly signalized by a howl from the sufferer. If the lash gets entangled *Although the dogs of the Esquimaux are their among the dogs or lines, or entwined round main reliance for the hunt, and for escaping to new lumps of ice, the driver becomes the victim, camping grounds, yet they often devour their dogs. In March 1854, only four remained out of a team of and may congratulate himself if he is not thirty, which they had eaten. dragged head over heels into the snow. One