Hia

A native of Tarsus, the disciple and successor of Dio-
genes the Babylonian, in the Stoic school. He flour-
ished about 80 B.C., and is applauded by both Cicero
and Seneca as an able supporter of that sect.
chief opponent was Carncades. (Cic., de Off., 3, 12.
-Sen., Ep., 92.)-V. A native of Cyrene, and one of
the Cyrenaic sect. He was a disciple of the first
Aristippus, and the preceptor of Epitimides.-VI. A
philosopher of Tyre, who wrote a work on Duty. He
is supposed to have been of the Stoic sect. Cicero
(de Orat., 3, 50) speaks of him as an improvisator.
Crassus, into whose mouth the Roman orator puts this
remark, might have known the poet when he was
quæstor in Macedonia, the same year in which Cicero
was born (106 B.C.). Pliny relates (7, 51) that he
had every year a fever on the day of his birth, and
that, without ever experiencing any other complaint,
he attained to a very advanced age. Some of his
epigrams remain, the greater part of which fall under
the class of epitaphs (ETITúuba). Boivin (Mem. de
l'Acad. des Inscr., &c., vol. 3) states, that the ept-
grams of this poet are written in the Doric dialect;
the remark, however, is an incorrect one, since some
are in Ionic. (Schöll, Hist. Lat. Gr., vol. 4, p. 45 )—
VII. A poet of Thessalonica, who flourished towards
the end of the last century preceding the Christian
era. We have thirty-six of his epigrams remaining.

tary of Septimius Severus, and Præfect of Bithynia.
He was the preceptor also of Caracalla and Geta, and
reproached the former with the murder of his brother.

ANTIPATRIA, a town of Illyricum, on the borders of Macedonia. It was taken and sacked by L. Apustius, a Roman officer detached by the consul Sulpicius to ravage the territory of Philip, in the breaking out of the war against that prince. (Liv., 31, 27)

ANTIPĂTER, I. son of Iolaus, a Macedonian, was first an officer under Philip, and was afterward raised to the rank of a general under Alexander the Great. When the latter invaded Asia, Antipater was appointed governor of Macedonia; and in this station he served his prince with the greatest fidelity. He reduced the Spartans, who had formed a confederacy against the Macedonians; and, having thus secured the tranquillity of Greece, he marched into Asia, with a powerful reinforcement for Alexander. After that monarch's death, the government of Macedonia and of the other European provinces was allotted to Antipater. He was soon involved in a severe contest with the Grecian states; was defeated by the Athenians, who came against him with an army of 30,000 men and a fleet of 200 ships, and was closely besieged in Lamia, a town of Thessaly. But Leosthenes, the Athenian commander, having been mortally wounded under the walls of the city, and Antipater having received assistance from Craterus, his son-in-law, the fortune of the war was completely changed. The Athenians were routed at Cranon, and compelled to submit at discretion. They were allowed to retain their rights and privileges, but were obliged to deliver up the orators Demosthenes and Hyperides, who had instigated the war, and to receive a Macedonian garrison into the Munychia. Antipater was equally successful in reducing the other states of Greece, who were making-VIII. A native of Hierapolis. He was the secrea noble struggle for their freedom; but he settled their respective governments with much moderation. In conjunction with Craterus, he was the first who attempted to control the growing power of Perdiccas ; and after the death of that commander he was invested with all his authority. He exercised this jurisdiction over the other governors with unusual fidelity, integrity, and impartiality, and died in the 80th year of his age, B.C. 319. At his death, he left his son ANTIPATRIS, or CAPHARSABA, a town of Palestine, Cassander in a subordinate station; appointed Poly- situate in Samaria, near the coast, southeast of Apolsperchon his own immediate successor; and recom-lonias. It was rebuilt by Herod the Great, and called mended him to the other generals as the fittest person to preside in their councils. Antipater received a learned education, and was the friend and disciple of Aristotle. He appears to have possessed very eminent abilities, and was peculiarly distinguished for his vigilance and fidelity in every trust. It was a saying of Philip, father of Alexander, "I have slept soundly, for Antipater has been awake." (Justin, 11, 12, 13, ANTIPHANES, I. a comic poet of Rhodes, Smyrna, &c.-Diod., 17, 18, &c.)-II. The Idumæan, was the or Carystus, was born B.C. 408, of parents in the low father of Herod the Great, and was the second son of condition of slaves. This most prolific writer (he is Antipas, governor of Idumæa. He embraced the party said to have composed upward of three hundred draof Hyrcanus against Aristobulus, and took a very ac- mas), notwithstanding the meanness of his origin, was tive part in the contest between the two brothers re- so popular in Athens, that on his decease a decree was specting the office of high-priest in Judæa. Aristob- passed to remove his remains from Chios to that city, ulus at first, however, succeeded; but when Pom- where they were interred with public honours. (Suipey had deposed him and restored Hyrcanus to the das, s. v.- -Theatre of the Greeks, 2d ed., p. 183.)— pontificial dignity, Antipater soon became the chief II. A statuary of Argos, the pupil of Pericletus, one director of affairs in Judæa, ingratiated himself with of those who had studied under Polycletus. He flourthe Romans, and used every effort to aggrandize his ished about 400 B.C. Several works of this artist own family. He gave very effectual aid to Cæsar are mentioned by Pausanias (10, 9). He formed in the Alexandrean war, and the latter, in return, made statues of the Dioscuri and other heroes; and he made him a Roman citizen and procurator of Judæa. In also a brazen horse, in imitation of the horse said to this latter capacity he exerted himself to restore the have been constructed by the Greeks before Troy. ancient Jewish form of government, but was cut off The inhabitants of Argos sent it as a present to Delby a conspiracy, the brother of the high-priest having phi. Other imitations performed by this artist are been bribed to give him a cup of poisoned wine. Jo-enumerated by Heyne. (Excurs., 3, ad En., 11.sephus makes him to have been distinguished for piety, justice, and love of country. (Joseph., Ant. Jud., 14, 3.)-III. A son of Cassander, ascended the throne of Macedonia B.C. 298. He disputed the crown with his brother Philip IV., and caused his mother Thes- ANTIPHATES, a king of the Læstrygones, descended salonica to be put to death for favouring Philip's side. from Lamus. Ulysses, returning from Troy, came The two brothers, however, reigned conjointly, not- upon his coasts, and sent three men to examine the withstanding this, for three years, when they were de- country. Antiphates devoured one of them, and purthroned by Demetrius Poliorcetes. Antipater there- sued the others, and sunk the fleet of Ulysses with upon retired to the court of Lysimachus, his father-in-stones, except the ship in which the hero himself was. law, where he ended his days. (Justin, 26, 1.)—IV. | (Od., 10, 81, seqq.)

Antipatris, in honour of his father Antipater. (Joseph,
B. J., 16, 1, 4.—Id., Ant., 16, 5, and 3, 15.) The
city still existed, though in a dilapidated state, in the
time of Theophanes (8th century).
Its site is at pres-
ent unknown: the modern Arsuf does not coincide
with this place, but rather with Apollonias. (Man-
nert, vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 271, seqq.)

Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)—III. A poet of Macedonia nine of whose epigrams are preserved in the Antholo gy. He flourished between 100 B.C. and the reign of Augustus. (Consult Jacobs, Catal. Poet. Epig., s. v.)

ANTIPRĪLI (OPPIDUM), a town and harbour, according to Ptolemy, on the Sinus Arabicus, in Egyptus Inferior. Others, however, place it in Ethiopia, to the north of Saba. (Bisch. und Möll., Wörterb., &c., 5. v.)

ANTIPHILUS, I. a painter, born in Egypt, and mentioned by Quintilian (12, 10) as possessing the greatest readiness in his profession, and compared by many to the most eminent artists, Apelles, Protogenes, and Lysippus. He is twice alluded to in Pliny, with an enumeration of his most remarkable productions (35, 10 and 11). One of his pictures represented a boy blowing the fire, with the effect of the light on the boy's countenance and the surrounding objects strikingly delineated. The subject of another and very famous piece was a satyr, arrayed in a panther's skin. He flourished during the ages of Alexander the Great and Ptolemy I. of Egypt. This makes him a contemporary of Apelles, whom, according to Lucian, he endeavoured to rival. (Sillig, Dict. Art, s. v.)-II. An architect, whose age and country are uncertain. In connexion with Pothæus and Megacles, he constructed, at Olympia, for the Carthaginians, a repository for their presents. (Pausan., 6, 19.-Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)

work of Antiphon's on the Rhetorical Art, Texv
pηropiký, and they remark that it was the oldest work
of the kind; which means merely that Antiphon, as
has already been remarked, was the first that applied
the art in question to the business of the bar. They
make mention also of thirty-five, and even sixty, of
his discourses, that is, discourses held before the as-
sembly of the people (2óyou nunyópikot); judiciary
discourses (dikȧvikoi), &c. We have fifteen ha-
rangues of Antiphon remaining, which are all of the
class termed by Hermogenes 2óyol póvikot, that is,
having reference to criminal proceedings. Twelve of
them, however, are rather to be regarded as so many
studies, than discourses actually completed and pro-
nounced. Hermogenes passes the following judg-
ment upon Antiphon: "He is clear in his expositions,
true in his delineation of sentiment, faithful to nature,
and, consequently, persuasive; but he possesses not
these qualities to the extent to which they were car-
ried by the orators who came after him. His diction,
though often swelling, is nevertheless polished: in
general, it wants vivacity and energy." The remains
of Antiphon are given in Reiske's edition of the Greek
Orators, in that of Bekker, Berol., 1823, 5 vols. 8vo,
and in that of Dobson, Lond., 1828, 16 vols. 8vo.
Three of his discourses, 1. Karnyopia papuakɛias,
κατὰ τῆς μητρυίας: 2. Περὶ τοῦ Ἡρώδου φόνου : 3.
Iεpì Tov XорEvтou, deserve the attention of scholars,
as giving an idea of the form of proceeding in Athens
in criminal prosecutions. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol.
2, p. 202, seqq.)-II. A sophist of Athens. Plutarch
and Photius, in speaking of the conversation which
Socrates had with this individual, and of which Xeno-
phon (Mem. Socr., 1, 6) has preserved an account,
confound him with the orator of the same name.
Hermogenes ascribes to him a work on truth (eρì
'A2ncias), of which Suidas cites a fragment (s. v.
'Adenros), wherein the sophist speaks of the Deity.

ANTIPHON, I. a tragic poet, who lived at the court
of Dionysius the elder, and was eventually put to death
by the tyrant. Aristotle cites his Meleager, Androm-
ache, and Jason.-II. A native of Attica, born at
Rhamnus about 479 B.C. (Compare Spaan, de An-
tiphont., Lugd. Bat., 1765, 4to, and Ruhnken, Dis-
sert. de Antiph.-Orat. Gr., ed. Reiske, vol. 7, p. 795.)
He was the son of the orator Sophilus, who was also
his preceptor in the rhetorical art. He was a pupil
also of Gorgias. According to the ancient writers,
he was himself the inventor of rhetoric. Their mean-
ing, however, in making this assertion, is simply as
follows: Before his time, the Sicilian school had
taught and practised the art of speaking; but Anti-(Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 2, p. 332.)
phon was the first who knew how to apply this art to
judiciary eloquence, and to matters that were treated
before the assemblies of the people. Thus, Hermo-
genes (de Form. Or., 2, p. 498) says, that he was the
inventor τοῦ τύπου πολιτικοῦ. Antiphon exercised
his art with great success, and gave instructions also
in a school of rhetoric which he opened, and in which
Thucydides formed himself. If reliance is to be pla-
ced on the statement of Photius, Antiphon put up
over the entrance of his abode the following inscrip-
tion: "Here consolation is given to the afflicted."
He composed, for many, speeches to be delivered by
accused persons, which the latter got by heart; and
also harangues for demagogues. This practice, which
he was the first to follow, exposed him to the satire of
the poets of the day. He himself only spoke once in
public, and this was for the purpose of defending him-
self against a charge of treason. Antiphon, during
the Peloponnesian war, frequently commanded bodies
of Athenian troops; he equipped, also, at his own ex-
pense, sixty triremes. He had, moreover, the prin-
cipal share in the revolution which established at
Athens the government of the four hundred, of which
he was a member. During the short duration of this
oligarchy, Antiphon was sent to Sparta for the pur-
pose of negotiating a peace. The ill-success of this
embassy overthrew the government at home, and An-
tiphon was accused of treason and condemned to
death. According to another account, given by Pho-
tius (Biblioth.. 2, p. 486, ed. Bekker), which, however,
is wholly incorrect, Antiphon was put to death by
Dionysius of Syracuse, either for having criticised the
tragedies of the tyrant, or else for having hazarded an
unlucky bonmot in his presence. Some one having
asked Antiphon what was the best kind of brass, he
replied, that of which the statues of Harmodius and
Aristogiton were made.-The ancient writers cite a

ANTIPHUS, brother of Ctymenus, and son of Ganyctor the Naupactian. He and Ctymenus slew the poet Hesiod, for a supposed connivance in an outrage perpetrated upon their sister. (Vid. Hesiodus.)

ANTIPOLIS, a city of Gaul, on the coast of the Mediterranean, southeast of the river Varus, built and colonized by the Massilians. It is now Antibes. (Strabo, 180.-Id. ibid., p. 184.)

ANTIRRHIUM,, a promontory of Etolia, so called from its being opposite to Rhium, another point of Achaia. It was sometimes surnamed Molycricum, from its vicinity to the town of Molycrium (Thucyd., 2, 86), and was also called Rhium Ætolicum (Polyb., 5, 94). Here the Crissæan, or, as Scylax terms it, the Delphic, Gulf properly commenced. (Peripl., p. 14.) Thucydides states that the interval between the two capes was barely seven stadia; the geographer just quoted says ten stadia. The narrowness of the strait rendered this point of great importance for the passage of troops to and from Etolia and the Peloponnesus. (Polyb., 4, 10 and 19.) On Antirrhium was a temple sacred to Neptune. The Turkish fortress, which now occupies the site of Antirrhium, is known by the name of Roumelia. (Gell's Itiner., p. 293.)

ANTISSA, a city of Lesbos, between the promontory Sigeum and Methymne. Having offended the Romans, it was depopulated by Labeo, and the inhabitants were removed to Methymne. It was afterward rebuilt, and is supposed to have been insulated by an arm of the sea from the rest of the island. Hence the name Antissa, it being opposite to Lesbos, whose more ancient name was Issa. ` (Plin., 5, 31.—Id., 2, 91.— Lie., 45, 31.-Lycophron, v. 219.- Eustath., ad Hom., I., 2, 129.)

ANTISTHENES, an Athenian philosopher, founder of the Cynic sect, born about 420 B.C., of a Phrygian or

Thracian mother. In his youth he was engaged in military exploits, and acquired fame by the valour which he displayed in the battle of Tanagra. His first studies were under the direction of the sophist Gorgias, who instructed him in the art of rhetoric. Soon grow ing dissatisfied with the futile labours of this school, he sought for more substantial wisdom from Socrates. Captivated by the doctrine and the manner of his new master, he prevailed upon many young men, who had been his fellow-students under Gorgias, to accompany him. So great was his ardour for moral wisdom, that, though he lived at the Piræus, he came daily to Athens to attend upon Socrates. Despising the pursuits of avarice, vanity, and ambition, Socrates sought the reward of virtue in virtue itself, and declined no labour or suffering which virtue required. This noble consistency of mind was the part of the character of Socrates which Antisthenes chiefly admired; and he resolved to make it the object of his diligent imitation. While he was a disciple of Socrates, he discovered his propensity towards severity of manners by the meanness of his dress. He frequently appeared in a threadbare and ragged cloak. Socrates, who had great penetration in discovering the characters of men, remarking that Antisthenes took pains to expose, rather than to conceal, the tattered state of his dress, said to him, "Why so ostentatious? Through your rags I see your vanity." While Plato and other disciples of Socrates were, after his death, forming schools in Athens, Antisthenes chose for his school a public place of exercise without the walls of the city, called the Cynosarges, whence some writers derive the name of the sect of which he was the founder. Others suppose that his followers were called Cynics from the habits of the school, which, to the more refined Athenians, appeared those of dogs rather than of men. Here he inculcated, both by precept and example, a rigorous discipline. In order to accommodate his own manners to his doctrine, he wore no other garment than a coarse cloak, suffered his beard to grow, and carried a wallet and staff like a wandering beggar. Undoubtedly this was nothing more than an expression of opposition to the gradually increasing luxury of the age; his wish and object being to bring men back to their original simplicity in life and manners. Thus he set himself directly against the tendency and civilization of his age, as is clear from many of his sayings, which are tinctured at once with bitterness and wit. And although this was scarcely more than a negative resist-ever, thinks that Horace may here actually refer t ance, yet, as he obstinately placed himself in opposition to the circumstances in which he lived, and to the advancing progress of science, his position must naturally have reacted upon the feelings of his contemporaries towards himself. We consequently find that his school met with little encouragement, and this so annoyed him that he drove away the few scholars he had. Diogenes of Sinope, who resembled him in character, is said to have been the only one that remained with him to his death. The doctrine of Antisthenes was mainly confined to morals; but, even in this portion of philosophy, it is exceedingly meager and deficient, scarcely furnishing anything beyond a general defence of the olden simplicity and moral energy, against the luxurious indulgence and effeminacy of later times. Instead, however, of being duly tempered by the Socratic moderation, Antisthenes appears to have been carried to excess in his virtuous zeal against the luxury of the age; unless we suppose, what may perhaps be true, that in many of the accounts which have come down to us respecting him, his doctrine is painted in somewhat exaggerated colours. With regard to his religious tenets, it may be observed that Antisthenes, in accordance with the Socratic doctrine, maintained that, in the universe, all is regulated by a divine intelligence, from design, so as to benefit the good man, who is the friend of God. For the sage shall possess

all things. This doctrine of God, therefore, was con nected with his ethical opinions, by indicating the physical conditions of a happy life. It led him, however, to deviate from Socrates, and to declare that, in opposition to the vulgar polytheism, there is but one natural God, but many popular deities; that God cannot be known or recognised in any form or figure, since he is like to nothing on earth. Hence undoubtedly arose his allegorical explanation of mythology, and his doubts respecting the demoniac intimations of Socrates. Towards the close of his life, the gloomy cast of his mind and the moroseness of his temper increased to such a degree, as to render him troublesome to his friends, and an object of ridicule to his enemies. Antisthenes wrote many books, of which none are extant except two declamations under the names of Ajax and Ulysses. These were published in the collection of ancient orators by Aldus, in 1513; by H. Stephens, in 1575; and by Canter, as an appendix to his edition of Aristides, printed at Basle in 1566.For some remarks on the Cynic sect, vid. the article Diogenes. (Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 299, seqq-Ritter's Hist. Anc. Phil,, vol. 2, p. 108, seqq., Oxford trans.)

ANTISTIUS LABEO, a distinguished lawyer in the reign of Augustus, who, in the spirit of liberty, frequently spoke and acted with great freedom against the emperor. According to most commentators, Horace (Serm., 1, 3, 82), in order to pay his court to the monarch, salutes Labeo with the appellation of mad (Labeone insanior, &c.). But it has been well observed, in opposition to this, that, whatever respect the poet had for his emperor, we never find that he treats the patrons of liberty with outrage. Nor can we well imagine that he would dare thus cruelly to brand a man of Labeo's abilities, riches, power, and employments in the state, and to whom Augustus himself had offered the consulship. Bentley, Wieland, Wetzel, and other critics are of opinion, therefore, that this individual cannot be the one to whom Horace alludes, but that he refers to some other personage of the day, whose history has not come down to us. Bentley even goes so far as to suggest Labieno for Labeone in the text of Horace, and cites Seneca in support of his conjecture (Praf., ad lib., 5, Controv.), according to whom, Labienus was a public speaker of the day, so noted for the freedom of his tongue as to have received the name of Rabienus in derision. Heindorff, how

Antistius Labeo, not for the reason given by some of the commentators, but in allusion to his earlier years, and to a violent and impetuous temperament which he may have at that time possessed (ad Horat., l. c.).

ANTITAURUS, a chain of mountains, running from Armenia through Cappadocia to the west and southwest. It connects itself with the chain of Mount Taurus, between Cataonia and Lycaonia. (Vid. Taurus and Parvadres. - Mannert, vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 5)

ANTIUM, a city of Italy, on the coast of Latium, about 32 miles below Ostia. According to Xenagoras, a Greek writer quoted by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1, 73), the foundation of Antium is to be ascribed to Anthias, a son of Circe. Solinus (c. 8) attributes it to Ascanius. But, whatever may have been its origin, there can be no doubt that Antium was, at an early period, a maritime place of considerable note, since we find it comprised in the first treaty made by Rome w Carthage (Polyb., 3, 22); and Strabo remarks (23) that complaints were made to the Romans by Alexander and Demetrius, of the piracies exercised by the Antiates, in conjunction with the Tyrrhenians, on their subjects; intimating that it was done with the connivance of Rome. Antium appears also to have been the most considerable city of the Volsci; it was to this place, according to Plutarch, that Coriolanus retired after he had been banished from his coun

The em

the deliverance of the emperor and his army from im-
minent danger, by a victory over the Quadi, in conse-
quence of an extraordinary storm of rain, hail, and
lightning, which disconcerted the barbarians, and was,
by the conquerors, regarded as miraculous.
peror and the Romans attributed the timely event to
Jupiter Tonans; but the Christians affirmed that God
granted this favour on the supplications of the Chris-
tian soldiers in the Roman army, who are said to have

him great influence, even beyond the bounds of the Roman empire; and neighbouring monarchs spontaneously made him the arbiter of their differences. His private life was frugal and modest, and in his mode of living and conversing he adopted that air of equality and of popular manners which, in men of high station, is at once so rare and attractive. Too much indulgence to an unworthy wife (Faustina) is the only weakness attributed to him, unless we include a small share of ridicule thrown upon his minute ex-composed the twelfth or Meletine legion; and, as a actness by those who are ignorant of its value in com- mark of distinction, we are informed by Eusebius that plicated business. He died A.D. 161, aged seventy- they received from an emperor who persecuted Christhree, having previously married Marcus Aurelius to tianity the title of the "Thundering Legion." Yet his daughter Faustina, and associated him with him- this account, not of a fact, but of the cause of one, and self in the cares of government. His ashes were de- that of such a nature as no human testimony can ever posited in the tomb of Hadrian, and his death was la- determine, was made the subject of a controversy, in mented throughout the empire as a public calamity. the early part of the last century, between Moyle and The sculptured pillar erected by Marcus Aurelius and the eccentric Whiston, the latter of whom elaborately the senate to his memory, under the name of the An- supported the genuineness of the miracle. The date tonine column, is still one of the principal ornaments of this event is fixed by Tillemont in A.D. 174. The of Rome. (Gorton's Biogr. Dict., vol. 4, p. 87, seqq.) general issue of the war was, that the barbarians were -II. MARCUS ANNIUS AURELIUS, was born at Rome repressed, but admitted to settle in the territories of A.D. 121. Upon the death of Ceionius Commodus, the empire as colonists; and a complete subjugation the Emperor Hadrian turned his attention towards of the Marcomanni might have followed, had not the Marcus Aurelius; but he being then too young for an emperor been called off by the conspiracy of Avidius early assumption of the cares of empire, Hadrian Cassius, who assumed the purple in Syria. This adopted Antoninus Pius, on condition that he in his usurper was quickly destroyed by a conspiracy among turn should adopt Marcus Aurelius. His father dying his own officers; and the clemency shown by the emearly, the care of his education devolved on his pater- peror to his family was most exemplary. After the nal grandfather, Annius Verus, who caused him to re- suppression of this revolt, he made a progress through ceive a general education; but philosophy so early be- the East, in which journey he lost his wife Faustina, came the object of his ambition, that he assumed the daughter of Antoninus Pius, a woman as dissolute as philosophic mantle when only twelve years old. The she was, beautiful, but whose irregularities he never species of philosophy to which he attached himself seems to have noticed; a blindness or insensibility that was the stoic, as being most connected with morals has made him the theme of frequent ridicule. While and the conduct of life; and such was the natural on this tour he visited Athens, added greatly to its sweetness of his, temper, that he exhibited none of the privileges, and, like Hadrian, was initiated in the pride which sometimes attended the artificial cleva- Eleusinian Mysteries. His return to Rome did not tion of the stoic character. This was the more re- take place until after an absence of eight years, and markable, as all the honour and power that Antoninus his reception was in the highest degree popular and could bestow upon him became his own at an early splendid. After remaining in the capital for nearly period, since he was practically associated with him two years, and effecting several popular reforms, he in the administration of the empire for many years. was once more called away by the necessity of checkOn his formal accession to the sovereignty, his first ing the Marcomanni, and was again successful, but act was of a kind which at once proved his great dis- fell ill, at the expiration of two years, at Vindobōna, interestedness, for he immediately took Lucius Verus now Vienna. His illness arose from a pestilential disas his colleague, who had indeed been associated with ease which prevailed in the army; and it cut him off him by adoption, but who, owing to his defects and in the 59th year of his age, and 19th of his reign. vices, had been excluded by Antoninus from the suc- His death occasioned universal mourning throughout cession, which, at his instigation, the senate had con- the empire. Without waiting for the usual decree on fined to Marcus Aurelius alone. Notwithstanding the occasion, the Roman senate and people voted him their dissimilarity of character, the two emperors reign- a god by acclamation; and his image was long aftered conjointly without any disagreement. Verus took ward regarded with peculiar veneration. Marcus Authe nominal guidance of the war against the Parthians, relius, however, was no friend to the Christians, who which was successfully carried on by the lieutenants were persecuted during the greater part of his reign; under him, and, during the campaign, married Lucilla, an anomaly in a character so universally merciful and the daughter of his colleague. The reign of Marcus clement, that may be attributed to an excess of paAurelius was more eventful than that of Antoninus. gan devotion on his part, and still more to the influBefore the termination of the Parthian war, the Mar- ence of the sophists by whom he was surrounded. In comanni and other German tribes began those disturb- all other points of policy and conduct he was one of ances which more or less annoyed him for the rest of the most excellent princes on record, both in respect his life. Against these foes, after the termination of to the salutary regulations he adopted and the temper hostilities with Parthia, the two emperors marched; with which he carried them into practice. Compare: but what was effected during three years' war and ne- with Trajan or Antoninus Pius, he possibly fell shor gotiation, until the death of Verus, is little known. of the manly sense of the one, and the simple and unThe sudden decease of that unsuitable colleague, by an ostentatious virtue of the other; philosophy or scholarapoplexy, restored to Marcus Aurelius the sole domin- ship on a throne always more or less assuming the apion; and for the next five years he carried on the Pan-pearance of pedantry. The emperor was also himself nonian war in person, without ever returning to Rome. a writer, and his "Meditations," composed in the During these fatiguing campaigns he endured all the hardships incident to a rigorous climate and a military life, with a patience and serenity which did the highest honour to his philosophy. Few of the particular actions of this tedious warfare have been fully described; although, owing to conflicting religious zeal, one of them has been exceedingly celebrated. This was

Greek language, have descended to posterity. They are a collection of maxims and thoughts in the spirit of the stoic philosophy, which, without much connexion or skill in composition, breathe the purest sentiments of piety and benevolence. Marcus Aurelius left one son, the brutal Commodus, and three daughters. Among the weaknesses of this good emperor,