Tyrrhenus amnis, "the Tuscan river," from its wa- | share which the people had retained of the right of tering Etruria on one side in its course, and also Lyd- election was entirely taken from them; the nonius," the Lydian" stream or Tiber, on account of the tion of the consuls assumed by the emperor; and the popular tradition which traced the arts and civilization choice of the other magistrates, though ostensibly of Etruria to Lydia in Asia Minor. (Vid. Hetruria.) ferred to the senate, determined really by himselfTIBERIUS, CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO, a Roman em- While Tiberius, by abolishing the comitia or assenperor, born B.C. 42. He was the son of a father of blies, swept away the last vestige popular liberty, the same name, of the ancient Claudian family, and of and while he weakened the internal strength of the Livia Drusilla, afterward the celebrated wife of Au- empire by shedding the best blood of Rome, and s gustus. Rapidly raised to authority by the influence ating around him the solitude of death, he sacrificed of his mother, he displayed no inconsiderable ability in her external glory to the same sleepless and devoran expedition against certain revolted Alpine tribes, in ing jealousy. This sentiment was not excited by consequence of which he was raised to the consulship those only who were aliens from his name, for those in his twenty-eighth year. On the death of Agrippa, connected with him by the nearest ties were the the gravity and austerity of Tiberius having gained the objects of his most feverish dread and his most inemperor's confidence, he chose him to supply the place placable malice. His own mother, who had sulted of that minister, obliging him, at the same time, to di- herself with crime to secure his elevation, was de vorce Vipsania, the daughter of Agrippa, and wed Ju- first to attract his gloomy envy; which was 2lia, the daughter of Augustus, whose flagitious conduct kened by her having been named in the will of Arat length so disgusted him that he retired in a private gustus as co-heiress with himself, and adopted capacity to the isle of Rhodes. After experiencing the Julian family by the name of Julia Augusta; and much discountenance from Augustus, the deaths of by the flatteries of the senate, who bestowed o the two Cæsars, Caius and Lucius, induced the em- Livia the surname of Mother of the Country, and peror to take him again into favour and adopt him. who received from Tiberius the reproof, that "modDuring the remainder of the life of Augustus he be-erate honours were suitable to women." His fort haved with great prudence and ability, concluding a war with the Germans in such a manner as to merit a triumph. On the death of Augustus he succeeded without opposition to the empire. The first act of the new reign was the murder of young Postumus Agrip pa, the only surviving son of M. Vipsanius Agrippa, and whom Augustus had banished during his lifetime to the island of Planasia. From his bodily strength, although taken by surprise and defenceless, he was with difficulty overcome by the centurion employed. Like Elizabeth of England, Tiberius disavowed his own order. Surmise hesitated between himself and Livia; and an incredible pretext was set up of a command of the late emperor to the tribune who had the custody of the youth, that he was not to be suffered to While Tiberius proceeded immediately to the actual exercise of several of the imperial functions, such as delivering their standard to the prætorian guard, having them in attendance on his person, and despatching letters to the armies to announce his accession, he affected to depend on the pleasure of the senate, and to consider himself unequal to the weight of the whole empire. In the confused, dilatory, and ambiguous mode of his expressing, or rather hinting, his sentiments, which he often designed to be understood in a contrary sense to what they seemed to bear, he strongly resembled Cromwell.-The servility of the senate ran before his ambition. They had afterward leisure for repentance. Tiberius soon began to practise the dark, crooked, and sanguinary policy which marks the jealousy, distrust, and terror of a conscious and suspicious tyrant. Those who had formerly offended him, as Asinius Gallus, who had married his divorced wife Vipsania, and even those who had been pointed out by Augustus as men likely, by their talents or aspiring minds, to supply princes to the empire, should the road be open to them, were watched, circumvented, immured, and destroyed. The law of high treason was made an instrument of punishing, not actions merely, but looks, words, and gestures, which were construed as offences against the majesty of the prince. A spy-system was organized, which embraced informers and agitators of plots, who, while they enriched themselves, brought money to the treasury; and as a man's slaves, and the guests at his table, might themselves be secret pensioners of this new police of inspection, social confidence and domestic security were at once destroyed. Those who were suspected were presumed to be guilty; judges were easily found to condemn them; and confisca tions and executions succeeded each other.The survive him. ding her the state of a lictor to walk before her, and a camp tribunal; 66 turn, made their submission, and demanded to be led | bore to show themselves in public. The people wrote against the enemy. Germanicus carried devastation on the walls of the palace, "Restore Germanicus." into the fields and cities of the Marsi, the Usipetes, Piso and his wife Plancina entered Rome amid the and the Catti, whom he everywhere overthrew; re- popular indignation, which was increased by the festivcovered the standard of Varus, and, coming to a spot ity apparent in their house, which was situated near in the woods where the mouldering trenches of his the forum. Piso, however, was accused of treason by camp were still visible, and the ground strewn with Fulcinius; was neglected by Tiberius, who, affecting the whitened bones of his followers, collected them the coolest impartiality, referred the cause to the senwith funeral honours. Arminius, however, at the head ate; and stabbed himself in prison. His wife, who had of the Cherusci, by retiring into the forests, posting also deserted him, enjoyed afterward the favour of Livambuscades, and inveigling the Romans into woody ia and the emperor, to whom she was useful in calumand marshy defiles, gained some advantages over the niating Agrippina; but was at last herself exposed to Cæsar himself, as well as his lieutenant Cæcina, though criminal accusations, and died also by her own hand. they were retrieved by extraordinary efforts of cour--The widow of Germanicus remained at Rome, and age. Agrippina displayed a high spirit, and the most persisted with a lofty determination to assert her active devotion to the service of the troops, not only rights. On her cousin Claudia Pulchra being accused tending the wounded, but preventing, by her intrepid- of nuptial infidelity and treason, she sought an audiity, the breaking of a bridge on the Rhine, on a ru-ence, and, finding the emperor sacrificing at the altar mour of the advance of the Germans. Her conduct of Augustus, reproached him with the inconsistency in these circumstances, as well as her previous share of persecuting the Augustan posterity, to which he rein the suppression of the mutiny, and even the fondling plied by catching her hand, and quoting a line from a name of Caligula, bestowed by the camp on her young Greek tragedy: son, from the circumstance of his wearing the nailed Child! if thou canst not reign, deem'st it a wrong?" buskin of the legionary soldiers, were each a source of deep suspicion and long-concealed resentment in the He contrived an excuse for not inviting her to his tabreast of Tiberius, which were fostered by the arts of ble by having it suggested that some apples were poiinsinuation familiar to his worthless minister Sejanus. soned, and then resenting her suspicions when she de-The appearance of commotions in the East, where clined to accept them from his hand; and at last, on Vonones, the king set over Parthia by the Romans, the plea that she had threatened to appeal to the army, had been expelled by Artabanus, and had taken refuge and to take sanctuary at the statue of Augustus, he in Armenia, afforded a pretext to the emperor for the banished her to the isle of Pandataria. On this, she recall of the Cæsar from the command of the legions in addressed him with spirited reproaches, when the dasGermany. Obeying the mandate with dilatory haste, tardly tyrant had one of her eyes thrust out with rods Germanicus signalized his departure by a final cam- by the hand of a centurion. Agrippina resolved to put paign with the Cherusci, whom he attacked on the an end to her life by abstinence from food (A.C. 26). Weser, and, surrounding their rear and flanks with his Viands were forced into her mouth by the emperor's cavalry, defeated with prodigious slaughter (A.C. 16); order, but his fear or his malice was disappointed by Arminius himself owing his escape to the fleetness of her unconquerable resolution. In the senate he maghis horse and the concealment of his visage, which nified his own clemency in not having sentenced the was bathed in blood. After pushing his success as wife of Germanicus to be strangled in the dungeon, far as the Elbe, and sending to Rome the spoils and exposed like a felon on the prison steps, and dragged captives of his victories, and the painted representa- by a hook into the Tiber. Drusus, the surviving heir, tions of the rivers, mountains, and battles, Germani- and the son of Tiberius by Agrippina Vipsania, who cus, as a mark of dissembled favour, was chosen by had been decreed a triumph for his services in IllyriTiberius his colleague in the consulate; and the prov- cum and in Germany, and had been admitted to a ince of Syria was assigned to him by a decree of the share of the tribunician power, was poisoned by Sejasenate. But, previously to this appointment, his kins- nus (A.C. 23), who had long cherished a sentiment of man Silanus had been removed from the Syrian pre-revenge for a blow received from Drusus, and had corfecture, and Cneus Piso, a man of a violent disposi- rupted his wife Livia. The emperor entered the sention, substituted in his room.-After agreeing to a ate-house with an air of indifference before the body treaty with Artabanus, by virtue of which Vonones was interred, and shortened the time of public mournwas made to retire into Cilicia, and after placing Zo-ing, directing the shops to be opened as usual. His nones on the throne of Armenia, Germanicus set out own mother, Livia Augusta, afforded him, by her death on a tour of curiosity and science to Egypt, where he (A.C. 29), a similar occasion of evincing his superiority sailed up the Nile and inspected the ruins of Thebes, to the feelings of human nature; as he not only abthe Pyramids, and the statue of Memnon, which emit-sented himself from her sick-bed, but, on a pretence ted a sound when touched by the rays of the rising of modesty, curtailed the funeral honours decreed to sun. Returning from Egypt, and finding that Piso her by the senate.-The deadly favour of Tiberius was had reversed many of his orders, he issued a mandate next extended to the eldest sons of Germanicus and for him to quit the province, and enforced it, on being Agrippina, who were adopted as heirs, as if in atonedetained at Antioch by an illness, which he suspected ment for the savage injuries committed on their admihad been produced by poison. After urging on Agrip-rable parents. But, as adopted princes, vows for their pina resignation and an absence from Rome, an advice health and safety were offered up by the pontiffs; and which her proud courage forbade her to follow, he ex- this proved the signal of informations of treason, the pired at a little more than thirty years of age (A.C. usual prelude of the emperor's judicial murders. They 19). After his body had been burned in the forum of were accused of having aspersed his character, and the Antioch, Agrippina went on board a vessel and sailed accusation was followed by the sentence and its exefor Italy. She landed at Brundisium amid the min- cution. Nero was starved to death in the isle of Pongled sobs and tears of women and men, and advanced tia, and Drusus in a secret chamber of the palace.— slowly, with downcast eyes, attended by two of her The daughters of Germanicus were spared by the tychildren, and bearing in her arms the urn which con- rant, and disposed of in marriage: Agrippina to Cneus tained the ashes of her husband. The prætorian Domitius, the grandson of Octavia, sister of Augustus; bands sent to escort the remains were followed by the Drusilla to Lucius Cassius; and Julia to Marcus Viwhole senate and innumerable people, who beset the nicius.-The presumptive heirs of the imperial family roads, and with audible condolence and sympathy at- being removed, Sejanus thought the empire within his tended her to the city. The emperor and Livia for- grasp. On pretence of discipline, he had removed the TIBULLUS, AULUS ALBIUS, a Roman knight, cele brated for his poetical compositions. There erat some doubt respecting the period of his birth. Pera Crinitus and Lylius Gyraldus, the ancient but m curate biographers of the Roman poets, relying on the lines erroneously ascribed to Tibullus, and inserted in the fifth elegy of the third book, Natalem nostri primum videre parentes was the first commentator who suspected that thee verses were interpolated, and his opinion has be confirmed by Janus Dousa, who has shown, at ga length, that the chronology they would establish co by no means be reconciled with dates which must be assigned to various events in the life of the poet conjectures that the lines which had occasioned common error with regard to the birth of Ti were interpolated in his elegies from the works Ovid, in whose Tristia they occur (4, 10). Deas was followed by Broukhusius and Vulpius, who al seem right in placing the birth of Tibullus earlier a A.U.C. 711; but it would not appear that they adduced sufficient authority for carrying it quite safe prætorian bands, of which he was prefect, to a fortified sica; hence it became a usual landing-place. It is camp without the city, between the Viminal and Es-now Longo Sardo. (Ptol.-Itin. Ant., 72.) quiline gates; in the senate he secured to himself partisans by the distribution of provinces and honours, and gained entire ascendancy over the emperor by relieving him of the labours of state as well as administering to his luxury; by studying his humours, and breathing into his ear the whispers of a state informer. A dissembler to all others, Tiberius was open to Sejanus; and easily yielding to him entire and unsuspicious confidence, was persuaded to withdraw from the cares of state. The plot was detected, and Antonia, the mother of Germanicus, was the accuser of Seja- had maintained that he was born A.U.C. 711, in which nus. Impeached by letters from the emperor, con-year the two consuls Hirtius and Pansa were mira demned by the senate, and deserted by the prætorian ly wounded at the battle of Mutina. Julius Scaliger guards, he was strangled by the public executioner, and his body was torn piecemeal by the populace (A.D. 31). The vengeance of Tiberius pursued his friends and adherents, and even wreaked its rage on the innocent childhood of his son and his daughter. -Tiberius continued to hide himself from the gaze of Rome and from the light of day, among the groves and grottoes of the island of Capres, which he peopled with the partners of his impure orgies, dressed in fantastic disguises of wood-nymphs and satyrs. But the time approached when the world was to be rid of this monster of his species. His sick-bed was attended by that Caligula, the only surviving son of Germanicus, whose cunning had baffled the insidiousness of his agitators of treason, and whose obse-back as 690, which they have fixed on for the pe quiousness imposed upon himself; but who had not of his birth. It appears from an epigram of Dess been always able to elude his penetration, and of Marsus, a contemporary of Tibullus, that he ceased whom, when his life was begged, which had been to live about the same time with Virgil. But Vaşi three times threatened, he had predicted, with the tact died in 734, and, had Tibullus been born so ea of a connatural mind, that "Caius would prove a ser- 690, he must have reached the age of forty-four the pent to swallow Rome, and a Phaethon to set the world time of his decease, which is scarcely consistent w on fire." For the purpose of ascertaining whether the the premature death deplored by his contemporar lethargy in which the emperor lay was actually death, or the epithet Juvenis applied to him in this very Caius approached and attempted to draw the ring from igram of Domitius Marsus. On the whole, his h his finger; it resisted; and on the bold suggestion of may be safely conjectured to have occurred betwe Macro, the new prætorian prefect, pillows were press-A.Ú.C. 695 and 700. It has been remarked, that ed upon him, and the hand of her son avenged, though of the great Latin poets, orators, or historians w late, the manes of Agrippina (A.D. 31, aged 78). born at Rome, and that, if the capital had always cutTiberius was a crafty speaker, was literary, addicted fined the distinction of Romans to the ancient fam to astrology, and, like Augustus, apprehensive of thun- within the walls, her name would have been deprived der, as a preservative against which he wore a laurel of some of its noblest ornaments. Tibullus, bower, crown. In his person he was tall and robust, broad in is one of the exceptions, as his birth, in whatever y the shoulders, and so strong in the muscles that he it may have happened, unquestionably took place in could bore a hard apple with his finger, and wound the the capital. He was descended of an equestrian scalp of a boy with a fillip. His face was fair com-ily of considerable wealth and possessions, though plexioned, and would have been handsome if it had known or mentioned in the history of their co not been disfigured by carbuncles, for which he used His father had been engaged on the side of Porner cosmetics. His eyes were prodigiously large, and in the civil wars, and died soon after Cæsar had t could discern objects in the dark. He wore his hair triumphed over the liberties of Rome. It is su long in the neck, contrary to the Roman usage; walk-without any sufficient authority, that Tibulus himse ed erect, with a stiff neck; seldom accosted any one; and, when he spoke, used a wave of the hand as in condescension.The news of the tyrant's death was received at Rome with popular cries of "Tiberius to the Tiber!" His body was, however, borne to the city by the soldiers, and burned with funeral rites. In his will, Caius, and Tiberius the son of the younger Drusus, were named as his heirs, with a reversion to the surviver. (Sueton., Vit. Tib-Tacit., Ann., lib. 1, 2, 3, &c.-Elton's Roman Emperors, p. 47, seqq.) TIBISCUS, now the Teisse, a river of Dacia, called also Pathyssus, falling into the Danube, and forming the western limit of Dacia. (Plin., 4, 12.-Ammian. Marcell., 17, 3.)-II. (or Tibiscum), a city of Dacia, on the river Temes, one of the tributaries of the Danube, and near the junction of the Bistra with the former stream. It is now the Cavaran. (Bischoff und Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., p. 970.) was present at Philippi, along with his friend Messa in the ranks of the republican army. He retired early life to his paternal villa near Pedum youth he had tasted the sweets of affluence and f tune, but the ample patrimony he had inherited his ancestors was greatly diminished by the part of land made to the soldiery of the triumvirs. Dacier and other French critics have alleged that he was ruined by his own dissipation and extravagance, wh has been denied by Vulpius and Broukhusus, the learned editors and commentators of Tibullus, with the same eagerness as if their own fame and forme depended upon the question. The partition lands in Italy was probably the chief cause of his 13digence; but it is not unlikely that his own extrays gance may have contributed to his early dificulties. He utters his complaints of the venality of his mis tresses and favourites in terms which show that be had already suffered from their rapacity. Neverthe TIBULA, a town of Sardinia, on the northern coast, less, he expresses himself as if prepared to part with and on the strait which separates that island from Cor-everything to gratify their cupidity. It seems probable TIBRIS. Vid. Tiberis. of the that no part of the land of which Tibullus had been | elegiac poem.-The events and circumstances of the deprived was restored to him, as we find not in his elegies a single expression of gratitude or compliment, from which it might be conjectured that Augustus had atoned to him for the wrongs of Octavius. It is evident, however, that he was not reduced to extreme want. It might even be inferred, from a distich in one of his elegies (2, 4), that his chief paternal seat had been preserved to him: 66 Quinetiam sedes jubeat si vendere avitas Ite sub imperium, sub titulumque, Lares." Horace, too, in a complimentary epistle (1, 4), written long after the partition of the lands, says that the gods had bestowed on him wealth, and the art of enjoying it: life of Tibullus have exercised a remarkable influence on his writings. Those occurrences to which he was exposed tended to give a peculiar turn to his thoughts, and a peculiar colouring to his language. The Roman fair of the highest rank had become alike licentious and venal; and the property of those ancient possessors of the Italian soil, who had adhered to the republican party, was divided by unprincipled usurpers among their rapacious soldiery. Unhappy in love, and less prosperous in fortune than in early youth he had reason to anticipate, all that he utters on these topics is stamped with such reality, that no reader can suspect for a moment either that his complaints were borrowed from Greek sources, or were the mere creations of fancy. His feelings seem to have been too “Di tibi divitias dederunt, artemque fruendi.” acute to permit him the possession of that perfect repose and equanimity of spirit which he justly acHis own idea of the enjoyment of such wealth as he counted the chief blessing of life. That indifference possessed seems to have been (judging, at least, from to eminence and wealth, which Horace perhaps enhis poems) a rural life of tranquillity and repose, of joyed, and which seems to have been so earnestly dewhich the sole employment should consist in the sired by Tibullus, was rather pretended by him than peaceful avocations of husbandry, and the leisure actually felt; and his inability to procure either the hours should be devoted to the Muses or to pleasure. advantages of fortune or delights of contentment is His friendship, however, for Messala, and, perhaps, the source of constant struggle and disappointment. some hope of improving his moderate and diminished Hence the irritability, melancholy, and changeablefortune, induced him to attend that celebrated comness of his temper. Such circumstances in the life, mander in various military expeditions. It would ap- and such features in the character of Tibullus, will be pear that he had accompanied him in not less than found explanatory and illustrative of much which we three. But the precise periods at which they were find in his elegies. These elegies have been divided undertaken, and the order in which they succeeded by German writers into Erotic, Rural, Devotional, and each other, are subjects involved in much uncertainty Panegyrical. The chief ingredients in his poems are and contradiction. The first was commenced in 719, no doubt derived from such topics; but many of his against the Sallassi, a fierce and warlike people, who elegies partake of all these qualities, and there are inhabited the Pennine or Graian Alps, and from their few of them which can be accounted as purely belongfastnesses had long bid defiance to every effort made ing to any of the above classes. The elegies, howby a regular army for their subjugation.-His next exever, in which amatory sentiments predominate, are pedition with Messala was to Aquitanic Gaul. That by far the most numerous.-One can scarcely be a province having revolted in 724, Messala was intrust-poet and in love, it has been said, without also loving ed with the task of reducing it to obedience; and he the country. Its scenes supply the sweetest images, proceeded on this service immediately after the battle there the shepherds have their cool retreats, and loveof Actium. Several sharp actions took place, in which songs have their echoes. Accordingly, the pastoral Tibullus signalized his courage; and the success of delineations which occur in the elegies of Tibullus are this campaign, if we may believe himself, was in no closely interwoven with the erotic sentiments; and small degree attributable to his bravery and exertions. there are few, indeed, of his amorous verses which are In the following season, Messala, being intrusted by the not beautified by that reference to rural feelings which emperor with an extraordinary command in the East, forms the great and characteristic charm of the works requested Tibullus to accompany him; and to this of the Latin poets. Again, as rural pictures are interproposal our poet, though, it would appear, with some mixed, in the elegies of Tibullus, with amatory senreluctance, at length consented. He had not, how-timents and feelings, so his poems, which have been ever, been long at sea, when his health suffered so severely that he was obliged to be put on shore at an island, which Tibullus names by its poetical appellation of Phæacia, but which was then commonly called Corcyra, now Corfu. He soon recovered from this dangerous sickness, and, as soon as he was able to renew his voyage, he joined Messala, and travelled with him through Syria, Cilicia, and Egypt. Having returned to Italy, he again retired to his farm at Pedum, where, though he occasionally visited the capital, he chiefly resided for the remainder of his life. Tibullus was endued with elegant manners and a handsome person, which involved him in many licentious connexions. But, though devoted to pleasure, he at the same time drew closer his connexion with the most learned and polished of his countrymen, as Valgius, Macer, and Horace. He continued, likewise, an uninterrupted friendship with Messala, who was now at the height of his reputation, his home being the resort of the learned, and his patronage the surest passport to the gates of fame. Tibullus' enjoyment of this sort of life was considerably impaired by the state of his health, which had continued to be delicate ever since the illness with which he was attacked at Corcyra. His existence was protracted till 734, and his death, which happened in that year, was deplored by Ovid in a long classed together as devotional, are closely connected with his pastoral verses. They are full of images of rural theology, and it is to the rustic and domestic gods that his devotion is chiefly paid. He renders thanks to these deities for the prosperity of his little farm, or piously prepares a festival to their honour.His panegyrics on his friends form the least pleasing and least valuable part of the writings of Tibullus. This subject was not suited to the elegiac strain, or to the soft and tender genius of the poet. When he assumes the tone of familiar friendship, as in the poems on the birthdays of Messala and of his friend Cornutus, his compliments are easy and graceful. But his long and laboured panegyric on Messala, in the fourth book, written on occasion of his patron obtaining the consulship, shows how little he was qualified to excel in this species of composition. The compositions evidently most adapted to the genius of Tibullus are poems not merely written in elegiac verse, but which answer to our understanding of the word Elegy in the subject and sentiments. The tone of complaint best accords with his soul. He seems naturally to have been possessed of extreme sensibility; and at that period of life when the mind lays in its store of ideas for the future voyage, he had been subjected to much suffering and disappointment. TICINUS, now the Tesino, a river of Gallia Cas na, rising in the Leopontine Alps, near the sources a the Rhodanus, and falling into the Po near Tien It traversed in its course the Lacus Verbanus, or Lep Maggiore. At the mouth of this river, the Romans under Cornelius Scipio, the father of Scipio Africans ¦ the Elder, were defeated by Hannibal.-Consu relation to this battle, the remarks of Cramer (á Italy, vol. 1, p. 54, seqq.). Hence, though his fortune afterward improved, he | kings, Ticinum assumed the name of Papia, which, i had acquired the habit of viewing obejcts as sur- process of time, has been changed to Paria. (Pa rounded with a continual gloom; nor does any other Diacon., Rer. Lang., 2, 15.-Cramer's Anc. I poet so often introduce the dismal images of death. vol. 1, p. 53.) Even to the most joyous thoughts of Tibullus, some mournful or plaintive sentiment is generally united, and his most gay and smiling figures wear chaplets of cypress on their brows.-It has already been said, that Tibullus was no imitator of the Greeks, and he is certainly the most original of the Latin poets. His elegies were the overflowings of his sorrows, his mistress alone was the Muse that inspired him. In the few instances in which he has followed the Greeks, he has imitated them with much good taste, and sometimes even with improvements on the original.-The elegies of Tibullus are divided into four books. These poems are commonly printed along with those of Catullus and Propertius. Of the editions of Tibullus separately, the best are, that of Brouckhusius, Amstelod., 1708, 4to; that of Vulpius, Patav., 1749, 4to; that of Heyne, Lips., 1755-77-98, 8vo; that of Wunderlich, Lips., 1817, 8vo; that of Lachmann, Berol., 1829, 8vo; and that of Dissen, Götting., 1835, 2 vols. 8vo. (Dunlop's Roman Lit., vol. 3, p. 283, seqq.) TIBUR, an ancient town of Latium, northeast of Rome, on the banks of the Anio. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, it was originally a town of the Siculi, the most ancient inhabitants of Latium; and, as a proof of this fact, he mentions that the name of Sicelion was still attached to a portion of the place. (Dion. Hal., 1, 16.) Tibur, however, lays claim to a more illustrious, though a later origin, having been founded, according to some authors, by Catillus, an officer of Evander, while others pretend that this Catillus was a son of Amphiaraus, who, with his two brothers, migrated to Italy, and, having conquered the Siculi, gave to one of their towns the name of Tibur, from his brother Tiburtus. From this account of Solinus (c. 8), as well as that of Dionysius, we may collect that Catillus was one of the Pelasgic chiefs, who, with the assistance of the Aborigines, formed settlements in Italy.-Tibur is one of the places that appear most frequently to have afforded an asylum to Roman fugitives. From what period it enjoyed the rights of a Roman city is not precisely known, but it was, in all probability, anterior to the civil wars of Marius and Sylla. The latter, indeed, is said to have deprived the Tiburtini of these privileges, but they regained them upon his abdication, and they were confirmed by the Emperor Claudius. Hercules was the deity held in the greatest veneration at Tibur; and his temple, on the foundations of which the present cathedral said to be built, was famous throughout Italy. (Strabo, 238.) Hence the epithet of Herculanean given by the poets to this city. The modern name of Tibur is Tivoli.-As regards the Sibyl of Tibur, vid. Albunea. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 56.) TIBURTUS, a brother of the founder of Tibur, which is hence often called Tiburtia Mania. (Vid. Tibur.) He was one of the sons of Amphiaraus. (Virg., En., 7, 670.) TIFATA, a mountain range of Campania, about mile to the east of Capua. It was a branch of is Apennines, and now takes its name from the vilep of Maddaloni, near Caserta. The original sign tion of the word Tifata, according to Festus, answe to that of the Latin iliceta. This ridge is often að ticed by Livy as a favourite position of Hannise when in the vicinity of Capua (23, 36 et 39; 5 Here also were two celebrated temples conser to Diana and Jove. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vel 2 a 205.) TIFERNUM, I. a town of Umbria, near the Metas called hence, for distinction' sake, Metaurense. Is now St. Angelo in Vado. (Pliny, 3, 18)-II town of Umbria, towards the sources of the The and on the left bank of that river, distinguished is that circumstance by the epithet of Tiberias site is supposed to be occupied by the modern C di Castello. Tifernum is chiefly known to us the circumstance of its having been situated near villa of the younger Pliny. (Cramer's Anc. vol. 1, p. 263.)-III. A town of Samnium, seppese to have stood near the Ponte di LimosaNG, DE TE right bank of the river Tifernus (now Biferno). Th Mons Tifernus was near the source of the same er, above Boiano, and is now called Monte Main (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 231.) TIFERNUS, a mountain of Campania. (Fi Tir num III.) TIGELLINUS, Sophonius, an infamous character the reign of Nero, whose vices secured to him the be vour of that corrupt emperor. He was prefect of prætorian guards when the conspiracy against Nero wa discovered, and for his services on that occasion emperor bestowed upon him triumphal honours. Ha ing gained, according to Tacitus, an entire ascenda over the affections of Nero, he was, in some instances, the adviser of some of the worst acts of that p and in others the chief actor, without the know of his master. He corrupted Nero at first, and deserted him; and at last, to the great joy of all, be was compelled to put an end to his existence by order of Otho. (Tacit., Ann., 14, 51, seqq.—Id. ìà, is, 72.-Id., Hist., 1, 72.) TIGELLIUS, M. Hermogenes, a singer and music who stood high in the favour of Julius Caesar, and a terward in that of Augustus. He seems to have bee indebted for his elevation to a fine voice, and a courty and insinuating address. His moral character may be inferred from those who are said in Horace (Sat, 1, TICINUM, a city of Cisalpine Gaul, situate on the 3) to have deplored his death, and on whom he would river Ticinus, near its junction with the Padus. It appear to have squandered much of his wealth. C was founded, according to Pliny (3, 17), by the Lævi cero, in a letter to a friend, numbers Tigelas among and Marici, but, being placed on the left bank of the the "familiarissimi" of Caesar, and describes Ticinus, it would, of course, belong to the Insubres; "hominem pestilentiorem patria sua," in allusion to and, in fact, Ptolemy (p. 64) ascribes it to that people. the unwholesome atmosphere of Sardinia, of ch Tacitus is the first historian that makes mention of it. island this individual was a native. (Cic. Exa According to that historian (Ann., 3, 5), Augustus ad- Fam., 7, 24.) The scholiast informs us tha: Horace vanced as far as Ticinum to meet the corpse of Dru-attacked Tigellius because the latter derided his versus, the father of Germanicus, in the depth of winter, ses. (Schol. ad Horat., l. c.) and from thence escorted it to Rome. It is also fre- TIGRANES, king of Armenia, the son-in-law and quently noticed in his Histories. Ancient inscriptions ally of Mithradates. He rendered himself master of give it the title of municipium. Under the Lombard Armenia Minor, Cappadocia, and Syria, but lost all |