march on Rome. Had this plan been carried into ef fect, Rome, in all probability, must have fallen into the hands of the combined forces; but the tumultuous i lowers of Spartacus, longing for the pillage of the cap ital, compelled their leader to abandon his intenter, and bend his course towards Rome. He was met and completely routed by the prætor Crassus, who thus acquired some renown in war, in addition to the infoence which he possessed from his unequalled weak. Spartacus behaved with great valour; when wounded with his buckler in one hand, and using his sword with the other; and when at last he fell, it was upon a heap of Romans whom he had sacrificed to his fury (B.C 71). In this battle no less than 40,000 of the followers of Spartacus were slain, and the war was thus brought to an end. (Plut., Vit. Crass. — Lav., Epi, 97.-Eutrop., 6, 2.-Paterc., 2, 30.) SPARTI (EлαρToí), a name given to the men whe sprang from the dragon's teeth which Cadmus sowed. They all destroyed one another except five, who survived, and assisted Cadmus in building Thebes. The names of the five, as given by the scholiast on Eurp ides (Phæniss., 498), are Chthonius, Udæus, Pelorus, Hyperenor, and Echion. (Vid. Cadmus.) were not entirely remitted even after they had attained to manhood. For it was a maxim with Lycurgus, that no man should live for himself, but for his country. Every Spartan, therefore, was regarded as a soldier, and the city itself resembled a great camp, where every one had a fixed allowance, and was required to perform regular service. In order that they might have more leisure to devote themselves to martial pursuits, they were forbidden to exercise any mechanical arts or trades, which, together with the labours of agriculture, devolved upon the Helots.in the leg, he fought on his knees, covering himself Till the seventh year the child was kept in the gynaceum, under the care of the women; from that age to the eighteenth year they were called boys (Tрwτn pec), and thence to the age of thirty youths (onboi). In the thirtieth year the Spartan entered the period of manhood, and enjoyed the full rights of a citizen. At the age of seven the boy was withdrawn from the paternal care, and educated under the public eye, in company with others of the same age, without distinction of rank or fortune. If any person withheld his son from the care of the state, he forfeited his civil rights. The principal object of attention, during the periods of boyhood and youth, was the physical education, which consisted in the practice of various gymnastic exercises-running, leaping, throwing the discus, wres- SPARTANI OF SPARTIATÆ, the inhabitants of Sparta. tling, boxing, the chase, and the pancratium. These SPARTIANUS ELIUS, a Roman historian in the exercises were performed naked, in certain buildings reign of Dioclesian. In his life of Elius Verus, be called gymnasia. Besides gymnastics, dancing and informs us of his intention to give the biographies of the military exercises were practised. A singular cus- all the emperors and Cæsars from the time of Jelas. tom was the flogging of boys (diamastigōsis) on the Whether he ever executed this project is uncertam : annual festival of Diana Orthia, for the purpose of in- we have only from his pen the lives of Hadrian, Eins uring them to bear pain with firmness. (Vid. Bomon- Verus, Didius Julianus, Septimius Severus, Pescenicæ.) To teach the youth cunning, vigilance, and nius Niger, Caracalla, and Geta, among which the first activity, they were encouraged to practise theft in cer- part of the life of Hadrian, drawn from good sources, tain cases; but if detected, they were flogged, or obli- s the best. The first part of these biographies is ged to go without food, or compelled to dance round addressed to Dioclesian; that of Caracalla to no one; the altar, singing songs in ridicule of themselves. The he life of Geta is dedicated to Constantine. Heyne, dread of the shame consequent on being discovered herefore, is led to conclude that the last mentioned sometimes led to the most extraordinary acts. Thus biography is not by Spartianus. Casaubon had startit is related that a boy who had stolen a young fox, d this opinion before him.-Spartianus is not reand concealed it under his clothes, suffered it to gnaw narkable for historical arrangement and method: his out his bowels rather than reveal the theft by suffer- tyle also bears evident marks of the decline of the ing the fox to escape. Modesty of deportment was anguage. His works form part of the collection also particularly attended to; and conciseness of lan-nown by the name of "Scriptores Historia Augusguage was so much studied, that the term laconic is a," the best edition of which is that from the Leystill employed to signify a short and pithy manner of len press (Lugd. Bat., 1671, 2 vols. 8vo.-School, speaking. The Spartans were the only people of list. Lit. Rom., vol. 3, p. 153.—Bähr, Gesch. Rem Greece who avowedly despised learning, and excluded it., p. 337). it from the education of youth. Their whole instruc- SPERCHIUS (Teрxɛιós), a river of Thessaly, fowtion consisted in learning obedience to their superiors, ng from Mount Tymphrestus, a lofty range forming the endurance of all hardships, and to conquer or die art of the chain of Pindus, in the country of the in war. The youth were, however, carefully instruct- Enianes. (Strabo, 433.) Homer frequently mened in a knowledge of the laws, which, not being re- tons this river as belonging to the territory of Achiduced to writing, were taught orally. The education ls, around the Malian Gulf. (I., 16, 174.—Ib., 23, of the females was entirely different from that of the 112.) The tragic poets likewise allude to it. (Esch., Athenians. Instead of remaining at home, as in Ath- Fers., 492.-Soph., Philoct., 722.) The ancient ens, spinning, &c., they danced in public, wrestled nime appears to have reference to its rapid course with each other, ran on the course, threw the discus, | (‹ñépxɛσbai, “to move rapidly"). The modern ap&c. The object of this training of the women was to pellation is the Hellada. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, give a vigorous constitution to their children. (Ency-vol. 1, p. 438.) clop. Americ., vol. 11, p. 529, seqq.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 158, seqq.) SPEUSIPPUS, an Athenian philosopher, nephew to Plato, who occupied the chair of instruction during SPARTACUS, a celebrated gladiator, a Thracian by he term of eight years from the death of his master. birth, who escaped from the gladiatorial training-school Through the interest of Plato, he enjoyed an intimate at Capua along with some of his companions, and was riendship with Dion while he was resident at Athsoon followed by great numbers of other gladiators.ens; and it was at his instigation that Dion, encour Bands of desperate men, slaves, murderers, robbers, aged by the promise of support from the malcontents and pirates, flocked to him from all quarters; and he of Syracuse, undertook his expedition against Diony soon found himself at the head of a force able to bid defi-sius the Tyrant, by whom he had been banished. ance to Rome. Four consular armies were successive-Contrary to the practice of Plato, Speusippus required ly defeated by this daring adventurer, and Rome itself from his pupils a stated gratuity. He placed statues was considered in imminent danger. But subordina- of the graces in the school which Plato had built. On tion could not be maintained in an army composed of account of his infirm state of health, he was commonsuch materials. Spartacus proposed to march into ly carried to and from the academy in a vehicle. On Gaul, invite Sertorius to join him, and then together his way thither he one day met Diogenes and saluted him; the surly philosopher refused to return the sa- | from the fruits of which it was enabled to present to lute, and told him that such a feeble wretch ought to be ashamed to live; to which Speusippus replied, that he lived, not in his limbs, but in his mind. At length, being wholly incapacitated by a paralytic stroke for the duties of the chair, he resigned it to Xenocrates. He is said to have been of a violent temper, fond of pleasure, and exceedingly avaricious. Speusippus wrote many philosophical works which are now lost, but which Aristotle thought sufficiently valuable to purchase at the expense of three talents. From the few fragments which remain of his philosophy, it appears that he adhered very strictly to the doctrines of his master. (Enfield, History of Phi-istence when he wrote, though reduced to the condilosophy, vol. 1, p. 243, seqq.) the temple of Delphi tithe offerings more costly than those of any other city. Afterward, however, being attacked by an overwhelming force of the surrounding barbarians, the Pelasgi were forced to quit their settlement, and finally to abandon Italy. It appears that no doubt can be entertained of the existence of a Greek city of this name, near one of the mouths of the Po, since it is noticed in the Periplus of Scylax (p. 13), and by the geographers Eudoxus and Artemidorus, as cited by Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v. Exīva). Strabo also speaks of it as having been once a celebrated city. The same geographer adds, that Spina was still in extion of a mere village. (Strab., 214.—Id., 421.—Plin., 3, 6.) But the extreme antiquity which is assigned to the foundation of this city by Dionysius of Halicarnassus has been thought by some modern critics to be liable to dispute. (Consult, in particular, the dissertation of Freret, Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscr., vol. 18, p. 90.)-Spina would seem to have stood on the left bank of the Po di Primaro, not far from the later town or village of Argenta.. '(Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 97, seqq.) SPHACTERIA, an island off the coast of Mycenæ, and at the entrance of the harbour of Pylos Messeniacus, which it nearly closed. It was also known by the name of Sphagia, which it still retains. Sphacteria is celebrated in Grecian history for the defeat and capture of a Lacedæmonian detachment in the seventh year of the Peloponnesian war. (Strabo, 359.) SPHINX, a fabulous monster, an account of which will be found under the article Edipus.-The Sphinx is not mentioned by Homer; but the legend is no- SPINTHARUS, a Corinthian architect. By the order ticed in the Theogony (v. 326), where she is called of the Amphictyonic council he erected a new temple i. Though this legend is probably older than the at Delphi after the burning of the old one (Olymp. time of the first intercourse with Egypt, the Theban 58.1.-B.C. 544). Respecting the latter event, conmonster bears a great resemblance to the symbolical sult Philochor. fragm., p. 45.- Clinton, Fast. Hell., statues placed before the temples of that land of mys-p. 4. The age of Spintharus may be very probably tery. In the pragmatizing days it was said (Pausan., fixed about Olymp. 60. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.) 9, 26) that the Sphinx was a female pirate, who used SPOLETIUM, a city of Umbria, northeast of Interamto land at Anthedon, and advance to the Phicean Hill, na, in the southwestern section of the country. It whence she spread her ravages over the country. was colonized A.U.C. 512 (Vell. Patere., 1, 14), and Edipus, according to these expounders of mythology, is famous in history for having withstood an attack came from Corinth with a numerous army, and de- from Hannibal after the battle of Thrasymene. (Liv., feated and slew her. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 22, 9.) This resistance had the effect of checking the 341, not.)- The Sphinx was a favourite emblem advance of the Carthaginian general towards Rome, among the ancient Egyptians, and served, according and compelled him to draw off his forces to Piceto some, as a type of the enigmatic nature of the num. It should be observed, however, that Polybius Egyptian theology. M. Maillet is of opinion that the makes no mention of this attack upon Spoletium; but union of the head of a virgin with the body of a lion expressly states that it was not Hannibal's intention is a symbol of what happens in Egypt when the Sun to approach Rome at that time, but to lead his army is in the signs of Leo and Virgo, and the Nile over- to the seacoast (3, 86). This city suffered severely flows. According to Herodotus, however, the Egyp-in the civil wars of Marius and Sylla, from proscriptians had also their Androsphinges, with the body of a lion and the face of a man. At the present day there still remains, about 300 paces east of the second pyramid, a celebrated statue of a sphinx, cut in the solid rock. Formerly, nothing but the head, neck, and top of the back were visible, the rest being sunk in the sand. It was, at an expense of 8001. or 9001. (contributed by some European gentlemen), cleared from the accumulated sand in front of it under the superintendence of Captain Caviglia. This monstrous pro- SPURINNA, an astrologer, who told Cæsar to beware duction consists of a virgin's head joined to the body of the ides of March. As he went to the senate-house of a quadruped. The body is principally formed out on the morning of the ides, Cæsar said to Spurinna, of the solid rock; the paws are of masonry, extend-"The ides are at last come." Yes," replied Spuing forward 50 feet from the body; between the paws rinna, “but not yet past." Cæsar was assassinated a are several sculptured tablets, so arranged as to form short time after. (Sueton., Vit. Jul., 81.—Dio Cass., a small temple; and farther forward a square altar 44, 18.-Val. Max., 8, 11, 2.) with horns. The length of the statue, from the forepart of the neck to the tail, is 125 feet. The face has been disfigured by the arrows and lances of the Arabs, who are taught by their religion to hold all images of men or animals in detestation. SPINA, a city of Gallia Cisalpina, near the entrance of the most southern branch of the Padus, called from it Ostium Spineticum. If we are to believe Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who derives his information apparently from Hellanicus of Lesbos (Ant. Rom., 1, 18), Spina was founded by a numerous band of Pelasgi, who arrived on this coast from Epirus long before the Trojan war. The same writer goes on to state that, in process of time, this colony became very flourish ing, and held for many years the dominion of the sea, tion. (Flor., 3, 21.-Appian, Bell. Civ., 5, 33.) The modern name is Spoleto. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 271.) SPORADES, a name given by the Greeks to the numerous islands scattered (like so many seed, onɛiрw, spargo) around the Cyclades, with which, in fact, several of them are intermixed, and those also which lay towards Crete and the coast of Asia Minor. (Strabo, 484.-Scyl., Peripl., p. 18.-Plin., 4, 12.) STABIÆ, a town of Campania, on the coast, about two miles below the river Sarnus, now Castelamare di Stabia. It was once a place of some note, but, having been destroyed by Sylla during the civil wars, its site was chiefly occupied by villas and pleasuregrounds. (Plin., 3, 5.) It was at Stabiæ, after having just left the villa of his friend Pomponianus, that the elder Pliny fell a victim to his ardent curiosity and thirst for knowledge. (Pin., Ep., 6, 16.) According to Columella (R. R., 10), this spot was celebrated for its fountains; and such was the excellence of the pastures in its vicinity, that the milk of this district was reputed to be more wholesome and nutritious than that of any other country. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 181.) STAGIRA, a city of Macedonia, on the upper shore of langes. It is divided into five books, and compre the peninsula of Mount Athos, near its junction with hends thirty-two small poems, mostly written in be the mainland, and on the coast of the Sinus Stry-ameters. Each book has a preface in prose, and monicus. It was a colony of Andros, as we learn from Thucydides (4, 188), and celebrated as the birthplace of Aristotle. (Diog. Laert., 5, 14, seq.) Some trace of the ancient name is apparent in that of Stauros. STASEAS, a peripatetic philosopher, who resided many years at Rome with M. Piso. (Cic., de Orat., 1, 22.-Id., Fin., 5, 3, et 25.) STASINUS, an early poet of Cyprus, the author, according to some, of the Cyprian Epics, which others ascribe to Hegesias. This poem, entitled in Greek rà Kúяριa kπŋ, was in eleven books, and comprehended for its subject the whole period from the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis to the time when Jupiter resolved to excite the quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon. It would appear from a passage in Herodotus (2, 117), that this poem was ascribed by some to HoThe Hymn to Venus is thought to have formed part of the Cyprian Epics. We have only a few verses otherwise remaining of the poem. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 1, p. 166, seq.) mer. STATIRA, I. the sister and wife of Darius, taken captive by Alexander, who treated her with the utmost respect. She died in childhed, and was buried by the conqueror with great magnificence. (Plut., Vit. Alex. -Consult, however, the remarks of Bougainville, as to the accuracy of Plutarch's statement respecting the cause of her death, Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscr., vol. 25, p. 34, seqq.)—II. The eldest daughter of Darius, taken in marriage by Alexander. The nuptials were celebrated at Susa with great magnificence. She appears to have changed her name to Arsinoe after this union. This is Droysen's conjecture, which seems happily to explain the variations in the name which we find in Arrian (7, 4), compared with Photius (p. 686, seq.) and other authors. (Thirlwall's Greece, vol. 7, p. 77.) She was murdered by Roxana, who was aided in this by Perdiccas. (Plut., Vit. Alex., sub fin.)—III. A wife of Artaxerxes Mnemon, poisoned by her mother-in-law, Queen Parysatis. (Plut., Vit. Artax.)-IV. A sister of Mithradates the Great, celebrated for the fortitude with which she met her end, when Mithradates, after his defeat by Lucullus, sent Bacchides, the eunuch, with orders to put his wives and sisters to death. (Plut., Vit. Lucull.) STATIUS, PUBLIUS PAPINIUS, a Latin epic poet, born at Neapolis A.D. 61, and descended from a family that came originally from Epirus. His father, who was distinguished by his talent for poetry, taught at Neapolis the Greek and Latin languages and literature. Statius received his education at Rome, his father having gone with him to this city, where he became one of the preceptors of the young Domitian. This prince fixed his attention on the son of his instructer, who had been recommended to him by Paris, a celebrated comedian, and a favourite of Domitian. Statius, who was very poor, had sold to this actor his tragedy of Agave, which Paris published as his own composition. Out of gratitude, he invited the poet to a grand imperial banquet.-Statius gained the prize three times in the Alban games, but was defeated in the Capitoline. At the age of nineteen years he married the widow of a musician; her name was Claudia; dedicated to one of the friends of the poet. In the preface to the first book Statius informs us that these poems have been composed in haste; that no one of them occupied more than two days, and that some ax the work of merely a single day. These pieces treat of various subjects: we find among them a comp mentary effusion addressed to Domitian, on the occssion of an equestrian statue being erected to him; an epithalamium; an ode for Lucan's birthday, deStatius has also left an epic poem in twelve books, er titled Thebaïs ("The Thebaid"), and the commence ment of another, called Achilleis, which his death prevented him from completing. The Thebaid, addressed to Domitian, is, like the Punica of Silius Itarts, the Argonautica of Valerius Flaccus, and the Phar lia of Lucan, rather a historic than an epic poem. The principal source whence Statius borrowed was the poet Antimachus, whose Thebaid has not come down to us: his model was Virgil.-The subject of the The baïd was well chosen; the war between the sons of Edipus offered a fable truly epic, and rich in earl scenes. Statius, however, has spoiled it, by giving an historical form, adorned merely with episodes a machinery. He is not wanting in imagination, and m bold and daring ideas and sentiments; in this respect, indeed, he is preferable to Valerius Flaccus; bebe is ignorant of the sublime art in which Homer surpass es all poets, that of giving each hero an individual character. His diction is deficient in simplicity and native ease; he mistakes exaggeration for grandet, and subtle refinements for proofs of talent. These defects are the characteristics of his age, as well is that of making a great display of erudition, a fat which shows itself in all the epic poets of this period Scaliger passes rather a favourable opinion on Statis According to this critic, he ranks next to Virgil. (P et., 6, p. 841.)-Of the Achilleis, Statius finished only the first book; the second remains imperfect probable that this poem, had the author lived to finishi it, would have presented the same beauties and the same defects as the Thebaid. The plan was delet ive; the poet had not attended to unity of action, but proposed to himself to give the entire life of his bero. -The best editions of Statius are, that of Gronovius, Amst., 1653, 12mo; that of Barth, Cygna, 1664, vols. 4to; that of Markland (the Sylva merely), Land, 1728, 4to; and that of Amar and Lemaire, Para, 1825, 4 vols. 8vo. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 2 p. 303, seqq.) STATOR, a surname of Jupiter, given him by Romulus, because he stopped the flight of the Romans their battle with the Sabines, after the carrying off by the Romans of the Sabine virgins. Romulus erected a temple on the spot where he had stood when bei voked Jupiter, in prayer, to stay the flight of his for ces. The name is derived a sistendo. (Liv., 1, 12) STELLIO, a youth turned into a kind of lizard by Ceres, because he derided the goddess. (Orid, Mit, 5, 461.) STENTOR, a Grecian warrior in the army against Troy. His voice was louder than the combined voices of fifty men. He is erroneously regarded by some commentators as a mere herald. (Hom., I., 5, 785, seq.-Heyne, ad loc.) and he extols, in many of his productions, her abilities and virtues. Disgusted at last, as he himself informs us, at the luxury of the Romans, he retired, a year before his death, to a small estate in the vicinity of Naples, which the emperor, perhaps, had given him, and STEPHANUS, a grammarian, who flourished, as is there died, still quite young, A.D. 96.-Statius gained many admirers at Rome by the great facility with which Nature had endowed him for composing verses, on the spur of the moment, upon all kinds of subjects. He collected these productions together in a work which he entitled Sylva, or, as we would call it, Mé STENTORIS LACUS, an estuary which the Hebros forms at its mouth. (Herod., 7, 58.) conjectured, about the close of the fifth century. He was professor in the imperial college at Constantin ple, and composed a dictionary containing words noting the names of places, and designating the inbal itants of those places. Of this work there exists only an abridgment made by Hermolaus, and dedicated to the Emperor Justinian. This work was known by the | ed with the legend of Hercules, he having been born title repi Hóλewv, de Urbibus, but that of the original before Hercules, and, therefore, exercising a control was 'Elvikά; hence it has been inferred that the au- over him. (Vid. Hercules.)-II. A son of Capaneus. thor's intention was to write a geographical work. It He was one of the Epigoni, and also one of the suiters seems that Stephanus, who is usually quoted by the of Helen. He went to the Trojan war, and was, actitle of Stephanus Byzantinus, or Stephanus of Byzan-cording to Virgil, in the number of those who were shut tium, not only gave in his original work a catalogue up in the wooden horse. (Pausan., 2, 18. — Virg., of countries, cities, nations, and colonies, but, as op- En., 2, 10.) portunity offered, he described the characters of different nations, mentioned the founders of cities, and related the mythological traditions connected with each place, mingled with grammatical and etymological remarks. All this appears not in the meager abridgment of Hermolaus." We have a fragment, however, remaining of the original work relative to Dodona. The best edition of Stephanus is that of Berkell, completed by Gronovius, L. Bat., 1688, fol. There is a very recent edition of the text by Westermann, Lips., 1839, 8vo. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 7, p. 36.) STHENOBEA, a daughter of Jobates, king of Lycia, who married Protus, king of Argos. She became enamoured of Bellerophon, who had taken refuge at her husband's court after the murder of his brother; and when he refused, she falsely accused him before Protus of attempts upon her virtue. (Vid. Bellerophon.) STILICHO, a Vandalic general, in the service of the Emperor Theodosius the Great, whose niece Serena he married. Theodosius having bequeathed the empire of the East to his son Arcadius, and that of the West to his second son Honorius, the former was left under the care of Rufinus, and the latter under the guardianSTESICHORUS, a Greek lyric poet, born at Himera, ship of Stilicho. No sooner was Theodosius removed in Sicily, and who flourished about 570 B.C. He by death, than Rufinus stirred up an invasion of the lived in the time of Phalaris, and was contemporary Goths, in order to procure the sole dominion; but with Sappho, Alcæus, and Pittacus. (Clinton, Fast. Stilicho put down this scheme, and effected the deHellen., p. 5.) His special business was the training struction of his rival. After suppressing a revolt in and directing of choruses, and he assumed the name Africa, he marched against Alaric, whom he signally of Stesichorus, or "leader of choruses," his original defeated at Pollentia. After this, in A.D. 406, he rename being Tisias. This occupation must have re-pelled an invasion of barbarians, who penetrated into mained hereditary in his family in Himera; a younger Italy under Rhadagasius, a Hun or Vandal leader, Stesichorus of Himera came, in Olympiad 73.1 (B.Cwho formerly accompanied Alaric, and effected the 485), to Greece as a poet (Marm., Par., ep. 50); entire destruction of the force and its leader. Either and a third Stesichorus of Himera was victor at from motives of policy or from state necessity, he Athens in Olympiad 102.3 (B.C. 370). The eldest then entered into a treaty with Alaric, whose pretenof them, Stesichorus-Tisias, made a great change in sions upon the Roman treasury for a subsidy he the artistical form of the chorus. He it was who first warmly supported. This conduct excited a suspicion broke the monotonous alternation of the strophe and of his treachery on the part of Honorius, who massaantistrophe through a whole poem, by the introduc- cred all his friends during his absence. He received tion of the epode, differing in measure, and by this intelligence of this fact at the camp of Bononia (Bomeans made the chorus stand still. The chorus of logna), whence he was obliged to flee to Ravenna. Stesichorus seems to have consisted of a combination Here he took shelter in a church, from which he was of several rows or members of eight dancers; the inveigled by a solemn oath that no harm was intended number eight appears, indeed, from various traditions, him, and was conveyed to immediate execution, which to have been, as it were, consecrated by him. The he endured in a manner worthy his great military charmusical accompaniment was the cithara. On his ar-acter. Stilicho was charged with the design of derangement of the strophe, antistrophe, and epode, was founded the Greek proverb, "the three things of Stesichorus" (rà Tpía Zrnoixóрov). His compositions, which consisted of hymns in honour of the gods, odes in praise of heroes, lyrico-epic poems, such as an 'Iλíov πépois (“ Destruction of Troy"), an Orestiad, &c., were written in the Doric dialect, and are all now lost except a few fragments. Stesichorus possessed, according to Dionysius, all the excellences and graces of Pindar and Simonides, and surpassed them both in the grandeur of his subjects, in which he well preserved the characteristics of manners and persons; and Quintilian represents him as having displayed the sublimity of his genius by the selection of weighty topics, such as important wars and the actions of great commanders, in which he sustained with his lyre the dignity of epic poetry. Accordingly, Alexander the Great ranks him among those who were the proper study of princes. He was the inventor of the fable of the horse and the stag, which Horace and some other poets have imitated, and this he wrote to pre-ra, presented him with a large sum of money, and revent his countrymen from making an alliance with Phalaris. The best collections of the fragments of Stesichorus are given by Blomfield, in the Museum Criticum, No. 6, p. 256; and by Kleine, Berol., 1828, 8vo. They are also found in Gaisford's Poeta Minores Græci, ed. Lips., vol. 3, p. 336-348. (Müller, Hist. Lit. Gr., p. 198.) throning Honorius, in order to advance his son Eucherius in his place; and the memory of this distinguished captain has been treated by the ecclesiastical writers with great severity. Zosimus, however, although otherwise unfavourable to him, acquits him of the treason which was laid to his charge; and he will live in the poetry of Claudian as the most distinguished commander of his age. (Encyclop. Americ, vol. 12, p. 7.-Gibbon, Decline and Fall, c. 29, seq.) STILPO, a philosopher of Megara, who flourished about 336 B.C. He was not only celebrated for his eloquence and skill in dialectics, but for the success with which he applied the moral precepts of philoscphy to the correction of his natural propensities. Though in his youth he had been much addicted to intemperance and licentious pleasures, after he had ranked himself among philosophers he was never known to violate the laws of sobriety or chastity. With respect to riches he exercised a virtuous moderation. When Ptolemy Soter, at the taking of Mega quested him to accompany him to Egypt, he returned the greater part of the present, and chose to retire, during Ptolemy's stay at Megara, to the island of Egina. Afterward, when Megara was again taken by Demetrius, son of Antigonus, the conqueror ordered the soldiers to spare the house of Stilpo; and, if anything should be taken from him in the hurry of the plunder, STHENELUS, I. a king of Mycenae, son of Perseus to restore it. So great was the fame of Stilpo, that, and Andromeda. He married Nicippe, the daughter when he visited Athens, the people ran out of their of Pelops, by whom he had two daughters, and a son shops to see him, and even the most eminent philosocalled Eurystheus. The name of this son is connect-phers of Athens took pleasure in attending upon his discourses. On moral topics Stilpo is said to have taught, that the highest felicity consists in a mind free from the dominion of passion, a doctrine similar to that of the Stoics. (Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 202.) ion of some of the Discourses, made the number STOBUS, Joannes, a native of Stobi, in Macedonia, whence his name Stobæus. The particulars of his life are unknown, and we are even ignorant of the age in which he lived. All that can be said of his era is, that he was subsequent to Hierocles of Alexandrea, since he has left us extracts from his works; and as he cites no more recent writer, it is probable that he lived not long after him. Stobæus had read much he had acquired the habit of reading with a pen in his hand, and of making extracts from whatever seemed to him remarkable. Having made a large collection of these extracts, he arranged them in systematic or der for the use of his son, whose education seems to have constituted the father's principal employment This was the origin of a collection in four books which he published under the title of 'Avtoλóylov Ek λογῶν, ἀποφθεγμάτων, ὑποθηκῶν (" An Anthology of STOBI, a city of Macedonia, in the district of Pati Extracts, Sentences, and Precepts"). This work has to the north of Edessa, and not far from the junct come down to us, but under a form somewhat differ of the Erigonus and Axius. Livy informs us ent, and which has consequently embarrassed the com. Philip wished to found a new city in its vicinity, to le mentators. We have three books of extracts made called Perses, after his eldest son (39, 54). On de by Stobæus, but they are given in the manuscripts as conquest of Macedonia by the Romans, Stobi two distinct works: one composed of two books, the made the depôt of the salt with which the Dardani wes other of a single one. The former is entitled "Phys supplied from that country (45, 29). At a later pert ical, Dialectic, and Moral Selections," the latte: it became not only a Roman colony, but a Ros "Discourses." There exists, however, some confu- municipium, a privilege rarely conferred beyond sion in this respect in the manuscripts. Some, which imits of Italy. (Plin., 4, 10.—Ulp., Dig. de Come contain merely the Ecloga or Extracts, call them the ex ult.) In the reign of Constantine, Stobi was c first and second books of Stobæus, without any more sidered as the chief town of Macedonia Secunda f particular designation. Others give both works the Salutaris, as it was then called. (Hieroc., S. 1 title of Anthology.-In the Ecloga and Discourses, 541.-Malch., Exc. Legat., p. 61.) Stobi was Stobæus appears to have proposed to himself two dif- birthplace of Joannes Stobæus, the author of the Gre ferent objects. The Ecloga form, so to speak, an his- Florilegium which bears his name. The modern int torical work, because they make us acquainted with is said to mark the site of the ancient city. (C the opinions of ancient authors on questions of a phys-mer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p. 271.—Bischof and ical, speculative, and moral nature, whereas the Dis-Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., p. 931.) courses constitute merely a moral work. It is on ac- STŒCHADES, islands in the Mediterranean, f count of this diversity that some critics have thought coast of Gaul, and in a southeast direction from Tes that the Ecloga never formed part of the Anthology, Martius or Toulon, now Isles d'Hieres. Strabe and but originally made a separate work, and that the third Ptolemy make them five in number, but Plym and fourth books of the Anthology are lost. This hy-three. They are called Prote (Parquerolles) Mere pothesis, however, seems at variance with the account (Porto Cros), and Hypea (du Levant of Tra that Photius gives of the Anthology of Stobæus. They are said to have their name from their ben "The first book," says he, "is entirely physical; the ranged on the same line (oroixos—Plin., 3, 5.— commencement of the second is strictly philosophical 2, 7). (λoyikóç), but the greater part is moral. The third STOICI, a celebrated sect of philosophers, founded by and fourth books are almost entirely devoted to moral Zeno of Citium. They received their name from and political subjects." It would seem from this that portico (oroú) where the philosopher delivered his it is wrong to divide the extracts of Stobæus into two tures. This was the "Poecile," adorned with va works, and that we possess actually, under two titles paintings from the pencil of Polygnotus and other his Anthology in four books, excepting that the copy-inent masters, and hence was called, by way of l ists have united the third and fourth books into one.-nence, the Porch. An account of the Stoic doce It is from Photius also that we learn the object which will be found at the end of the article Zeno. Stobæus had in view when he made these selections, STRABO, I. a Roman cognomen in the Farm for we have not the beginning of the first book, where Pompeian, and other families. It was first applied in no doubt it was stated. Stobaeus had devoted this those whose eyes were distorted, but afterward became part to a eulogium on philosophy, which was followed a general name.-II. A celebrated geographer, born af by an historical sketch of the ancient schools, and of Amasea in Pontus. The year of his birth is their doctrines in relation to geometry, music, and actly known, but it may be placed about fifty-four BC. arithmetic of this chapter we have only the end, in (Clinton, Fasti Hellenici, pt. 2, p. 277.) He studied which the subject of arithmetic is treated. The object at Nyssa under Aristodemus, at Amisus under Tyr of Stobæus, according to Photius, was to erect a col- nion, and at Seleucia under Xenarchus. He then pro umn which might serve as a landmark to his son Sep-ceeded to Alexandrea, and attached himself first to the timius during the latter's course through life. The peripatetic Boethus of Sidon; but Athenodorus of Tarfirst book is subdivided into sixty chapters; the sec- sus eventually gained him over to the doctrines of the ond contained forty-six, but we have only the first Porch. He then visited various parts of Asia Minor, nine. The third book, or the first of the Discourses, Syria, Phoenicia, and Egypt as far as Syene and d in the time of Photius, composed of forty-two Cataracts of the Nile. In this latter country be formed chapters, and the second of fifty-eight. In the manuan intimate acquaintance with Elius Gallus, the Rescripts these one hundred chapters form only one In the year 24 B.C. this general book: the copyists, however, have, by their subdivis-undertook, by order of Augustus, an expedition mi was, : man governor. |
