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people had its own king and its own senate; and they only met to confer upon matters of common interest. Afterward one king was acknowledged as the common chief of the united people: the two senates became one body, and consulted for the welfare of the whole state the national names of Romans and Quirites were extended indifferently to both divisions of the citizens; and they were no longer distinguished as nations, but only as tribes of the same people, under

the denomination of Ramnes and Titienses.

3. Early Roman Tribes.

tribe, the Luceres. Moreover, there is a tradition, though a confused one, that the Cælian took its name from a Tyrrhenian or Tuscan chief, Calius or Cæles, an auxiliary of Romulus; in short, the Lucumo from whom the Luceres were supposed to deduce their appellation. (Dion. Hal., 2, 36.-Varro, L. L., 4, 8, 9.—Festus, s. v. Cælius Mons.—Tac., Ann., 4, 65.) 4. Of Patricians and Clients; and of the Plebeian

Order.

Among the original population of the city, those who could show a noble or free ancestry constituted We are told that the people of Rome were divided the Patrician Order, the term Patricii being equivalent into three tribes; and, besides the Ramnes and Titi-to ingenui (Liv., 10,8.—Cincius, ap. Fest., s. v. Paenses, a third tribe appears, who are called Luceres.tricios); and to them alone belonged a share in the That they were looked upon as an important element government of the state. The rest of the people were in the state, is manifest from the legend that Roma subject to the king and to the body of the Patricians : was the daughter of Italus and Luceria. As the dis- and each man, with his household, was attached, untinction of the two former tribes arose from the dif-der the appellation of Client, to the head of some Paference of their national origin, so we may conclude trician family, whom he was bound to serve, and from that the Luceres were a people of a third race, and whom he looked for protection and help. It has alunited either by confederacy or subjection with the ready been stated, that after the Sabine war and the other two. The origin of the Titienses is distinctly union of the people of Romulus and Tatius, the citimarked they were Sabines. That of the first tribe, zens were distributed into three tribes, to which were the Ramnes, the genuine Romans of the Palatine, is given the names of Ramnes, Titienses, and Luceres; not so clear; but it seems probable that they belonged these three primitive tribes were subdivided into thirty to the Opican stock of the Latins. From these cir- curia, ten in each tribe. In the national assembly the cumstances we might reasonably conjecture that the people were called together in their curia: the votes third tribe, the Luceres, were the remains of a people of the householders in each curia were taken in the of the Pelasgian race. They are always enumerated separate curia; and the votes of the greater number in the third place, as the Ramnes are in the first, which of the thirty curia determined the business before the accords well with the idea that they were a conquered assembly. This assembly was called the Comitia Cuand subject class. But there is evidence that points riata. Besides this popular assembly, there was a semore directly to this conclusion. Though the origin lect and perpetual council, called the senate. At its of the Luceres was accounted uncertain by the Ro- first institution it was composed of a hundred chief man historians, so that Livy does not venture to assign men of the Patrician order. Ten of these were of a cause for their name (Liv., 1, 13), yet it was gen-higher rank than the rest; and to one, the chief of all, erally supposed to be derived from the Etruscan Lu- was intrusted the care of the city whenever the king cumo, who had fought with Romulus against Tatius. should be absent in war. After the completion of the (Varro, L. L., 4, 9.—Cic., Repub., 2, 8.- Propert., union with the people of Tatius, the senate was doubled 4, 1, 29.) Now "Lucumo" was only a title mista- by the addition of a hundred Sabines; and the first ken for a proper name, so that nothing could be de- Tarquinius added a third hundred to the ancient numrived from it, even if the incidents of the legend were ber. The senators admitted by Tarquinius were callreceived as historical facts. Moreover, the Etruscans, ed "Fathers of the Less Houses or Kins" (Patres in the infancy of Rome, had not penetrated so far to Minorum Gentium); and the old senators, "Fathers the south. But the story becomes clear, if we admit of the Greater Houses or Kins" (Patres Majorum that we have here the customary confusion between Gentium). Such is a correct, although imperfect outthe Etruscans and Tyrrhenians, and that the allies of line of the forms of the primitive constitution.-The the Ramnes of the Palatine were a Tyrrhenian or Pe- leading feature in this outline is the position that the lasgian people, a portion of the old inhabitants of La-original population of Rome was composed only of the tium. Dionysius adds a circumstance to the legend Patrician order and their Clients. Upon this statewhich confirms this hypothesis. He says that Lucu- ment all our authorities are agreed, either by express mo brought his Tyrrhenians from the city Solonium assertion or implied consent. But this statement is (2, 37). No such city is known to have existed; but generally accompanied by another, arising from a false the level tract on the seacoast south of the Tiber, conception, which has obscured and embarrassed the lying between Rome on the one hand, and Laurentum whole course of early Roman history. The Clients and Lavinium on the other, was called the Solonian are supposed to have been the same with the Plebeians. plain. This region Dionysius probably found men- They are conceived to have been called Plebeians as a tioned in some annals: this would assuredly be the body, in opposition to the Patrician body, but Clients seat of Pelasgian Latins; and in this very direction individually, in relation to their particular patrons. we are expressly told that the early dominion of Rome Such, at least, is the explicit statement of Dionysius, extended most widely. (Niebuhr, vol. 1, note 739.) and of Plutarch, who has followed his authority; and The Tyrrhenian or Pelasgian origin of the Luceres this view of the matter has been adopted without may be deduced yet more clearly from the legend question by modern writers. This, however, is a poswhich described their leader as Lucerus, king of Ar-itive error. The Plebs, or Commonalty, was of more dea. (Festus, s. v. Lucerenses.) If we inquire for recent origin; and the Plebeians, in their civil rights, the town or chief settlement of the Luceres, we shall held a middle place between the ruling Patricians and find reason to conjecture that it was upon the Calian their dependant clients. One proof of this, and perHill. We have seen that, according to one tradition, haps the strongest that can be adduced, is drawn from Romulus was supposed to possess the Palatine and the nature of the Comitia Curiata. This great nathe Calian, while Tatius and his Quirites held the tional council was the most important of all the instiQuirinal and the Capitoline. (Dion. Hal., 2, 50.) As tutions connected with the curia. At its first origin, the latter hills were the seat of the second tribe, the and as long as it continued to have a real existence, Titienses; and the Palatine of the Ramnes, the first it was composed exclusively of the Patrician order. and genuine Romans, it coome reasonable to conclude (Dion. Hal., 2, 21.) It cannot be thought strange that the Cælian was the site of the third and subject that the Clients, an inferior order of men, personally

not mean to assert that in no case did such a con nexion really exist. No doubt what were called Houses were first formed by natural consanguinity. But it is probable that these natural alliances had suggested an artificial arrangement, and that families nos akin to one another had been distributed into houses by some legislative power. This will appear certain, if we shall be convinced of the existence of the precise numerical divisions which will be explained presently. If it be true that originally each curia contained ten gentes, and each gens ten householders, it is obvious that this exact division must have been made arbitrari

dependant on individuals of the Patrician body, should not appear in the supreme council of the state. The great distinction which demands our attention is this, that the Plebeians were still more certainly excluded from it. Even when the Plebeian state had grown up to such magnitude and importance that it had its peculiar magistrates, and was become a chief element in the constitution of the commonwealth, even then the Comitia Curiata were exclusively Patrician, and the Plebeians had no part in them. The fact was, that the distribution of the people into tribes and curiæ, and the still farther division into Gentes, or Houses, had respect only to the original stock of the nation;ly. A precisely similar division exisited among the and this original stock kept itself distinct from the ancient Athenians. The Eupatridæ, a body which body of new citizens, which was added by conquest, corresponds to the Patrician order at Rome, were dior sprung up insensibly from other causes. The Cli- vided into four Phyle, which correspond to the three ents, inasmuch as they were attached to individual Roman tribes; each Phyla into three Phratrie, which Patricians, were attached to the Gentes; and so may correspond to the Curia; and each Phratria into thirbe considered, in this sense, as included in the greater ty Genea or Houses; so that the total number of divisions of curiæ and tribes; although it is manifest Houses was three hundred and sixty. The Athenian that they could not appear as members of the curiæ, Houses were distinguished by names of a patronymic when these were called together as the component form, which were derived from some hero or mythe parts of the sovereign popular assembly. But the ancestor. But, notwithstanding this fictitious kindred, Plebeians grew up as a separate body by the side of and though all the terms which expressed the relation the original Patrician citizens, and were never incor- were derived etymologically from the notion of canporated in their peculiar divisions. They were not nexion by birth, the authorities from which we draw members of the Gentes, or of the curiæ, or of the three our precise knowledge of the institution directly and tribes; consequently they had no share in the Comi-pointedly deny the reality of such a connexion, and tia Curiata; and this assembly, in which resided the ascribe the origin of the Genea to an arbitrary d supreme power of the state, was, as we have already vision. (Pollux, 8, 9, 111.-Harpocration, s. v. 7er. said, exclusively Patrician. It is needless to insist vrai-Niebuhr, vol. 1, note 795.) The great bond upon the importance of this distinction to a right view of union among the members of a House was a partici of the constitution, and of its successive changes;pation in its common religious rites. It seems that and, indeed, to a right notion of the whole internal each House had its peculiar solemnities, which were history, which, for more than two centuries, is made up performed at a stated time and place. There can be of the struggles of the Patrician and Plebeian orders. no doubt that, at a fitting age, the children of the Yet this distinction was overlooked by all the writers Gens were admitted to these solemnities, and publicly on Roman history; and they suffered themselves to recognised as members of it; just as in Attica, at the be misled by the superficial theory of Dionysius, who feast of Apaturia, Athenian citizens of the pure blood represented the government of Rome as thoroughly were admitted and registered in their bereditary Ferademocratical from the very foundation of the city, and tria.-We have spoken of the Gentes as pertaining conceived the public assembly to be composed of the only to the Patricians. This is affirmed upon direct whole male population of the state, with the exception testimony. (Liv., 10, 8.-Niebuhr, vol. 1, p. 316, of household slaves. note 821.) But, in making this statement, we must bear in mind that constructions of a similar nature ex5. Of the Patrician Gentes or Houses. isted among the Plebeians, which had their origin when The Patrician citizens of Rome were all compre- the subject and municipal towns were independent hended in certain bodies which were called Gentes states. The Gentile connexions of the Plebeians were (Kins or Houses). The word Kin would be the most older than their character as Roman citizens. Thus, exact translation of Gens; but as this word is nearly the Cæcilii, though Plebeians at Rome, were Patriobsolete, except in particular phrases, and as the trans-cians of Præneste, and claimed as the ancestor of their lators of Niebuhr have rendered Gens by House, the house Caculus, the son of Vulcan. The distinction latter term is now generally adopted. (Philol. Muse- between the Patrician and Plebeian Houses was, in the um, No 2, p. 348.) The members of the same Gens first place, that every Patrician was a member of a were called Gentiles. In each house were contained House, while, among the Plebeians, comparatively but several distinct families. It is probable that these few families could claim the honours of hereditary nofamilies were originally single households; but where bility; and, in the second place, that the Patrician their numbers increased, they became families in the Houses were constituent elements of the Roman state. wider acceptation of the term. From the etymology Their existence affected the constitution of the great of the term Gens, it is evident that a connexion by councils of the nation, the Comitia Curiata and the birth and kindred was held to subsist among all the senate, and their internal laws and usages were part members of the same house. The name of the house of the common law of the Roman people; while of seems always to have been derived from some mythic the Plebeian Houses the state took no cognizance.— hero; and in the popular belief, the hero from whom The nature of the Roman Gentes may be illustrated the house was named was regarded as a common an- in some points by the analogy of the Gaelic clans. All cestor. Thus the Julian house was regarded as the who belonged to the Gens or to the Clan bore a comprogeny of Julus, the son of Eneas (Dion. Hal., 1, 70. mon name. But as the clan contained not only the -Virg., En., 6, 789); and the Valerian house was freemen or gentlemen of the clan, the Duinhewasals, derived from Volesus, a Sabine warrior, and compan- who were the companions of the chief and the warri ion of Tatius. (Dion. Hal., 2, 46.) Even those ors of the clan, but also their dependants, to whom whose superior information enabled them to reject was left their scanty tillage and the keeping of the these fabulous genealogies, adhered to the notion of cattle, and who, if ever they were called to follow the an original connexion by birth; and a fictitious and warlike array of the clan, were imperfectly armed, and conventional kindred was acknowledged by the mem-placed in the hindmost ranks; so the Roman Gens bers of the same house. In describing this kindred consisted of the freeborn Patricans and of their Chents. of the Gentiles as fictitious and conventional, we do And our theory, that, notwithstanding the conventiond

kindred of the Gentiles, the Gentes were really, in the wall of the intended city. This was done by a many cases, composed of families which had no na-plough with a brazen ploughshare, drawn by a bull tional consanguinity, but had been arbitrarily arranged in them, will appear less strange when we remember that not only the Duinhewasals, but the meanest followers of a Highland clan, claim kindred with their chief, although, in many cases, it may be shown, by the strictest historical evidence, that the chief and his blood relations are of an entirely different race from the rest of the clan. The clansmen are Gaels or Celts, while the chief is not unfrequently of Norman descent. (Malden's Roman History, p. 123, seqq.)

ROMULIDE, a patronymic given to the Roman people from Romulus, their first king, and the founder of the city. (Virg., En., 8, 638.)

tion increased rapidly in males, but there was a great deficiency in females; for the adjoining states, regarding the followers of Romulus as little better than a horde of brigands, refused to sanction intermarriages. But the schemes of Romulus were not to be so frustrated. In honour of the god Consus, he proclaimed games, to which he invited the neighbouring states. Great numbers came, accompanied by their families; and, at an appointed signal, the Roman youth, rushing suddenly into the midst of the spectators, snatched up the unmarried women in their arms, and carried them off by force. This outrage was immediately resented, and Romulus found himself involved in a war with all the neighbouring states. Fortunately for Rome, though those states had sustained a common injury, they did not unite their forces in the common cause. They fought singly, and were each in turn defeated; Cænina, Crustumerium, and Antemnæ fell successively before the Roman arms. Romulus slew with his own

and a heifer, and so directed that the furrow should fall inward. The plough was lifted and carried over the spaces intended to be left for gates; and in this manner a square space was marked out, including the Palatine Hill, and a small portion of the land at its base, termed Roma Quadrata. This took place on the 21st April, on the day of the festival of Pales, the goddess of shepherds. While the wall was beginning to rise above the surface, Remus, whose mind was still rankling with his discomfiture, leaped over it, scornfully saying, "Shall such a wall as that keep your city?" Immediately Romulus, or, as others say, Celer, who had charge of erecting that part of the wall, ROMULUS, according to the old poetic legend, was the struck him dead to the ground with the implement son of Mars and Ilia or Rea Silvia, daughter of Numitor, which he held in his hand, exclaiming, "So perish and was born at the same birth with Remus. Amulius, whosoever shall hereafter overleap these ramparts." who had usurped the throne of Alba, in defiance of the By this event Romulus was left the sole sovereign of right of his elder brother Numitor, ordered the infants the city; yet he felt deep remorse at his brother's to be thrown into the Tiber, and their mother to be fate, buried him honourably, and, when he sat to adburied alive, the doom of a vestal virgin who violated minister justice, placed an empty seat by his side, with her vow of chastity. The river happened at that time a sceptre and crown, as if acknowledging the right of to have overflowed its banks, so that the two infants his brother to the possession of equal power. To were not carried into the middle of the stream, but augment as speedily as possible the number of his subdrifted along the margin, till the basket which contain-jects, Romulus set apart, in his new city, a place of ed them became entangled in the roots of a wild vine refuge, to which any man might flee, and be there proat the foot of the Palatine Hill. At this time a she-tected from his pursuers. By this device the populawolf, coming down to the river to drink, suckled the infants, and carried them to her den among the thickets hard by. Here they were found by Faustulus, the king's herdsman, who took them home to his wife Laurentia, by whom they were carefully nursed, and named Romulus and Remus. The two youths grew up, employed in the labours, the sports, and the perils of the pastoral occupation of their foster-father. But, like the two sons of Cymbeline, their royal blood could not be quite concealed. Their superior mien, courage, and abilities soon acquired for them a decided superiority over their young compeers, and they became leaders of the youthful herdsmen in their contests with robbers or with rivals. Having quarrelled with the herdsmen of Numitor, whose flocks were accustomed to graze on the neighbouring hill Aventinus, Remus fell into an ambuscade, and was dragged before Numitor to be punished. While Numitor, struck with the noble bearing of the youth, and influenced by the secret stirrings of nature within, was hesitating what punishment to in-hands Acron, king of Canina, and bore off his spoils, flict, Romulus, accompanied by Faustulus, hastened to the rescue of Remus. On their arrival at Alba, the secret of their origin was discovered, and a plan was speedily organized for the expulsion of Amulius, and the restoration of their grandfather Numitor to his throne. This was soon accomplished; but the twin-bines, to avenge the insult which they had sustained, brothers felt little disposition to remain in a subordi- had collected together forces under Titus Tatius, king nate position at Alba, after the enjoyment of the rude of the Quirites. The Romans were unable to meet liberty and power to which they had been accustomed so strong an army in the field, and withdrew within among their native hills. They therefore requested their walls. They had previously placed their flocks from their grandfather permission to build a city on in what they thought a place of safety, on the Capitothe banks of the Tiber, where their lives had been so line Hill, which, strong as it was by nature, they had miraculously preserved. Scarcely had this permission still farther secured by additional fortifications. Tarbeen granted, when a contest arose between the two peia, the daughter of the commander of that fortress, brothers respecting the site, the name, and the sover-having fallen into the hands of the Sabines, agreed to eignty of the city which they were about to found. Romulus wished it to be built on the Palatine Hill, and to be called by his name; Remus preferred the Aventine, and his own name. To terminate their dispute amicably, they agreed to refer it to the decision of the gods by augury. Romulus took his station on the Palatine Hill, Remus on the Aventine. At sunrise Remus saw six vultures, and immediately after Romulus saw twelve. The superiority was adjudged to Romulus, because he had seen the greater number; against which decision Remus remonstrated indignantly, on the ground that he had first received an omen. Romulus then proceeded to mark out the boundaries for

dedicating them, as spolia opima, to Jupiter Feretrius. The third part of the lands of the conquered towns was seized by the victors; and such of the people of these towns as were willing to remove to Rome were received as free citizens. In the mean time, the Sa

betray the access to the hill for the ornaments they wore upon their arms. At their approach she opened the gate, and, as they entered, they crushed her to death beneath their shields. From her the cliff of the Capitoline Hill was called the Tarpeian Rock. The attempt of the Romans to regain this place of strength brought on a general engagement. The combat was long and doubtful. At one time the Romans were almost driven into the city, which the Sabines were on the point of entering along with them, when fresh courage was infused into the fugitives in consequence of Romulus vowing a temple to Jupiter Stator, and by a stream of water which rushed out of the temple of

ROMULUS SILVIus, I. a king of Alba.-II. Momyllus Augustulus, the last of the emperors of the western empire of Rome. (Vid. Augustulus.)

ROMUS, a king of the Latins, who expelled the Tyrrhenians from the city afterward called, from him, Roma. (Plut., Vit. Rom.-Consult remarks under the article Roma, page 1172, col. 1.)

Roscia LEX, de Theatris, by L. Roscius Otho, the tribune, A.U.C. 685. (Vid. Otho II.)

ROSCIANUM, a fortified port on the coast of Bruttium, below Sybaris. It is now Rossano. The haven of the Thurians, by name Roscia, was nearer the sea, at the mouth of a small river. (Itin. Ant.-Procop, Rer. Goth., 3.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 387.)

Janus, and swept away the Sabines from the gate. | Romulus, the founder of Rome, is merely the Roman The bloody struggle was renewed during several suc- people personified as an individual. It was the fastcessive days, with various fortune and great mutualion in ancient tradition to represent races and nations slaughter. At length, the Sabine women who had as sprung from an ancestor, or composed of the fol been carried away, and who were now reconciled to lowers of a leader, whose name they continued to their fate, rushed with loud outcries between the com- bear; while, in reality, the name of the fictitious chief batants, imploring their husbands and their fathers to was derived from the name of the people; and the spare on each side those who were now equally dear. transactions of the nation were not unfrequently deBoth parties paused; a conference began, a peace was scribed as the exploits of the simple hero. (Hether concluded, and a treaty framed, by which the two na-ington's History of Rome, p. 4, seqq.-Malden's Hist. tions were united into one, and Romulus and Tatius Rome, p. 122, seqq.) became the joint sovereigns of the united people. But, though united, each nation continued to be governed by its own king and senate. During the double sway of Romulus and Tatius, a war was undertaken against the Latin town of Cameria, which was reduced and made a Roman colony, and its people were admitted into the Roman state, as had been done with those whom Romulus previously subdued. Tatius was soon afterward slain by the people of Laurentum, because he had refused to do them justice against his kinsmen, who had violated the laws of nations by insulting their ambassadors. The death of Tatius left Romulus sole monarch of Rome. He was soon engaged in a war with Fidena, a Tuscan settlement on the banks of the Tiber. This people he likewise overcame, and placed Roscius, I. Q., a Roman actor, from his surname in the city a Roman colony. This war, extending the Gallus supposed to have been a native of Gaul, north Roman frontier, led to a hostile collision with Veii, in of the Po, although educated in the vicinity of Laruwhich he was also successful, and deprived Veii, at vium and Aricia. He was so celebrated on the stage that time one of the most powerful cities of Etruria, that his name has become, in modern times, a usual of a large portion of its territories, though he found that term to designate an actor of extraordinary excellence. the city itself was too strong to be taken. The reign Cicero, in his work on Divination (1, 36), makes his of Romulus now drew near its close. One day, brother Quintus say that the young Roscius was found while holding a military muster or review of his army, one night in his cradle enveloped in the folds of a ser on a plain near the Lake Capra, the sky was suddenly pent; that his father, having consulted the auspices overcast with thick darkness, and a dreadful tempest respecting this prodigy, they told him that his chud of thunder and lightning arose. The people fled in would attain great celebrity. Quintus adds, that a dismay; and, when the storm abated, Romulus, over certain Praxiteles had represented this in sculpture, whose head it had raged most fiercely, was nowhere and that the poet Archias had celebrated it in a song. to be seen. A rumour was circulated, that, during the Roscius had some defect in his eyes, and is therefore tempest, he had been carried to heaven by his father, said to have been the first Roman actor who used the the god Mars. This opinion was speedily confirmed Greek mask; the performers, before this, using only by the report of Julius Proculus, who declared that, caps or beavers, and having their faces daubed and as he was returning by night from Alba to Rome, disguised with the lees of wine, as at the commenceRomulus appeared unto him in a form of more than ment of the dramatic art in Greece. And yet, as apmortal majesty, and bade him go and tell the Romans pears from the following passage of Cicero, the mask that Rome was destined by the gods to be the chief was not invariably worn even by Roscius: "All," city of the earth; that human power should never be says Cicero, "depends upon the face, and all the powable to withstand her people; and that he himself would er of the face is centred in the eyes. Of this our old be their guardian god Quirinus. (Plut., Vit. Rom.- men are the best judges, for they were not lavish of Liv., 1, 4, seqq.-Dion. Hal., &c.)-So terminates their applause even to Roscius in a mask." (De what may be termed the legend of Romulus, the found- Orat., 3, 59.) Valerius Maximus (8, 7) states, that er and first king of Rome. That such an individual Roscius studied with the greatest care the most trifing never existed is now very generally allowed, and, of gesture which he was to make in public; and Cicero course, the whole narrative is entirely fabulous. As relates, that though the house of this comedian was a to Romulus were ascribed all those civil and military kind of school where good actors were formed, yet institutions of the Romans which were handed down Roscius declared that he never had a pupil with whom by immemorial tradition; those customs of the nation he was completely satisfied. If Plutarch be correctly to which no definite origin could be assigned; so to informed, Cicero himself studied under this great acNuma were attributed all the ordinances and establish- tor; he was certainly his friend and admirer. Macroments of the national religion. As the idea of the an-bius (Sat., 2, 10) informs us, that Cicero and Roscius cient polity was imbodied under the name of Romu- sometimes tried which of the two could express a lus, so was the idea of the national religion under the thought more forcibly, the one by his words, or the name of Numa. The whole story of Romulus, from other by his gestures, and that these exercises gave the violation of his yestal mother by Mars, till the end Roscius so high an opinion of his art, that he wrote a of his life, when he is borne away in clouds and dark-work, in which he made a comparison between it and ness by his divine parent, is essentially poetical. In eloquence. The same author mentions that Sylla, the this, as in other cases, the poetical and imaginative dictator, to testify his admiration, sent the actor a gold form of the tradition is also the most ancient and gen-ring, a symbol of equestrian rank. His daily profits uine and the variations, by which it is reduced into were 1000 denarii (nearly one hundred and eighty dolsomething physically possible, are the falsifications of lars). According to Pliny, his annual gains were about later writers, who could not understand that, in popu- twenty thousand dollars. Roscius died about 62 B.C.; lar legends, the marvellous circumstances are not the for, in Cicero's defence of Archias, which was delivonly parts which are not historically true, and that, by ered A.U. 693, the death of Roscius is alluded to as the substitution of commonplace incidents, they were a recent event. (Horat., Epist., 2, 1, 82. — Pixt., spoiling a good poem without making a good history. Vit. Cic.-Dunlop's Rom. Lit., vol. 1, p. 591.)—II.

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RUBIGO, a goddess. (Vid. Robigo.)

RUBO or RHUBON, a river of Sarmatia, now the Windau according to Wilhelm (Germanien, und seine Bewohner, Weimar, 1823); but, according to Gossel

Sextus, a native of Ameria, defended by Cicero in the Lusa; but popular tradition designates the Pisatell first public or criminal trial in which that orator spoke. as the true stream, and this river best suits the account The father of Roscius had two mortal enemies, of his we have of the situation of the Rubicon. (Mannert, own name and district. During the proscriptions of Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 1, p. 243, seqq.-Appian, Bell. Civ., Sylla, he was assassinated one evening while return- 2, 135.-Suct., Cæs., 30.-Plut., Vit. Cæs. et Pomp. ing home from supper; and on the pretence that he-Cic., Phil., 6, 3.-Strab., 227.—Plin., 3, 15.) was in the list of the proscribed, his estate was purchased for a mere nominal price by Chrysogonus, a favourite slave, to whom Sylla had given freedom, and whom he had permitted to buy the property of Roscius as a forfeiture. Part of the valuable lands thus ac-lin, the Niemen. quired was made over by Chrysogonus to the Roscii. These new proprietors, in order to secure themselves in the possession, hired one Erucius, an informer and prosecutor by profession, to charge the son with the murder of his father, and they, at the same time, suborned witnesses, in order to convict him of the parricide. Cicero succeeded in obtaining his acquittal, and was highly applauded by the whole city for his courage in espousing a cause so well calculated to give offence to Sylla, then in the height of his power. The oration delivered on this occasion is still extant, and must not be confounded with another that has also come down to us in defence of the tragedian Roscius, and which involved merely a question of civil right. (Cic., pro Rosc. Amer.)-III. Otho. (Vid. Otho II.)

ROTOMAGUS, a city of Gallia Lugdunensis, at a later period the capital of Lugdunensis Secunda. Now Rouen. (Ptol.)

RUDIE, I. a city of Italy, in the territory of the Calabri, in Iapygia, and below Brundisium. It was rendered famous by being the birthplace of Ennius. (Sil. Ital., 12, 393.-Horat., Od., 4, 8, 20.—Ovid, A. A., 3, 409.-Strabo, 281.) The more proper form of the name is Rhudia, the appellation being one of Greek origin. According to an antiquarian writer, the remains of Rhudiæ, still known by the name of Ruge, were to be seen close to those of the town of Lupiæ; he also states, that these towns were so near to each other that they might be said to form but one. (Ant. de Ferar. de sit. lapyg., p. 77.-Compare D'Anville, Anal Geogr. de l'Italie, p. 230.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 308.)-II. A town of Apulia, in Italy, placed in the Tabula Theodosiana between Canusium and Rubi. It is sometimes called, for distinction" sake, Rudiæ (or Rhudia) Peucetiæ, as it lay in the district of Peucetia; the other Rudiæ being styled Rudia Calabria. Romanelli places the site of this ROXANA, a Bactrian female, remarkable for her beau-town at Andria (vol. 2, p. 170.-Plin., 3, 11.-Mela, ty. She was the daughter of Oxyartes, commander 2, 4.-Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 299.) of the Sogdian rock for Darius; and, on the reduction RUFINUS, I. minister of state to the Emperors Theof this stronghold by Alexander, became the wife of odosius and Arcadius, and a native of Gaul. He was the conqueror. At the death of the monarch she was naturally vindictive and cruel, and is supposed to have enceinte, and was subsequently delivered of a son, stimulated Theodosius to the dreadful massacre of who received the name of Alexander Ægus, and who Thessalonica. After the death of this monarch, he was acknowledged as king along with Philip Aridæus. succeeded, in fact, to absolute authority over the EastRoxana having become jealous of the authority of ern empire in the reign of Arcadius. He soon, howStatira, the other wife of Alexander, destroyed her by ever, fell beneath the power of Stilicho, general under the aid of Perdiccas; but she herself was afterward Honorius in the Western empire, and was put to death shut up in Amphipolis, and put to death by Cassander. by the army. He is said to have aspired to the supreme (Plut., Vit. Alex.-Quint. Curt., 8, 4.—Id., 10, 6.- authority.-II. A Latin poet, supposed to have flourJustin, 12, 15, &c.) ished about the sixth century. Cruquius published a small poem, which he attributed to Rufinus, on the fable of Pasiphaë, which he found in an old manuscript. This poem is composed of verses written in all the different measures employed by Horace, and is, therefore, sometimes prefixed to editions of the latter poet. It is regarded by many as the production of some grammarian, and, probably, of the same Rufinus, a treatise on metres by whom still remains, as well as a small poem, in thirty-two verses, on Love. () (Burmann, Anthol. Lat., vol. 1, p. 513, 663.-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 3, p. 99.)-III. A grammarian of Antioch, alluded to in the previous article. Besides the works there mentioned, he wrote also a commentary on the metres of Terence.-IV. An ecclesiastical writer, a RUBICON, a small stream of Italy, falling into the native of Concordia, a place near Aquileia. By some Adriatic a little to the north of Ariminum, and form- he is called Toranius. He was the friend of St. Jeing, in part, the northern boundary of Italia Propria.__ It rome, with whom, however, he had at one time a quarwas on this last account that it was forbidden the Ro-rel on points of doctrine. His death occurred A.D. man generals to pass the Rubicon with an armed force, 408. Rufinus translated, from Greek into Latin, Jounder the most dreadful imprecations; for in viola-sephus, and the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius, ting this injunction they would enter on the immedi- &c.; besides which, he left some treatises in defence ate territory of the republic, and would be, in effect, of Origen, and on other subjects. His works were declaring war upon their country. Cæsar crossed this printed at Paris in 1580. stream with his army at the commencement of the civil RUGři, a people of Germany, on the coast of the Siwar, and harangued his troops at Ariminum. When nus Codanus, between the Viadrus or Oder and the Augustus subsequently included Gallia Cisalpina with- Vistula, and situate to the west of the Gothones. in the limits of Italy, the Rubicon sank in importance; They were in possession of the isle of Rugia (now Ruand in modern times it is difficult to ascertain the po- gen), where the goddess Hertha was worshipped with sition of the true stream. D'Anville makes it corre- peculiar reverence. Ptolemy gives Rhugium as their spond with a current which, formed of three brooks, is capital. At a subsequent period they founded a new called at its mouth Fiumesino. A formal papal de-kingdom on the northern side of the Danube, named cree, however, issued in 1756, decided in favour of the after them Rugiland, in Austria and Upper Hungary,

ROXOLANI. Vid. Rhoxolani.

RUBEAS PROMONTORIUM, a promontory mentioned by Pytheas (Plin., 4, 13), and supposed by many to be the same with the North Cape, but shown by Mannert to correspond rather to the northern extremity of Curland. (Geogr., vol. 3, p. 300, seqq.)

RUBI, a town of Apulia, between Canusium and Butuntun, now Ruvo. The inhabitants were called Rubustini and Rubitini. (Plin., 3, 11.) It is also referred to by Horace and Frontinus. (Horat., Sat., 1, 5, 94.-Frontin., de Col.) For an account of some interesting discoveries made near Ruvo, consult Romanelli (vol. 2, p. 172.-Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 299).

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