petticoat, and apron; near her was "cousin Bess,"
in a similar attire, turning her back upon them in
disgust.
JOHN PICKFORD, M.A.

Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge.

ST. CITHA (8th S. ii. 309, 412).-I have a coloured engraving of an ancient piece of stained glass which is said to be in existence in a window in the north aisle of the choir of Winchester Cathedral. It represents St. Sitha standing in a sort of canopied niche. Her robe is white, with a narrow yellow border, and with wide sleeves. The under garment appears to be red. She has long golden hair, and round the head is a halo. In the right hand she holds a book closed and clasped, and in the left hand a bunch of keys. On a scroll beneath are the words, "Sca. Sitha."

CARUS VALE COLLIER.

Davington Priory, Faversham, May I add to what has been advanced that the late Dr. Husenbeth, in his 'Emblems of Saints,' third edition, Norwich, 1882, identifies St. Sitha with St. Osyth? He states that she was queen, virgin, abbess, and martyr, and flourished circa 170, and that she is shown (1) with a crown or a table before her, (2) carrying her head cut off, (3) with a stag near her. JAMES HOOPER. Norwich,

"AT" FOLLOWING "SMELL AND "FEEL" (8th S. ii. 347, 452).—An old friend, who brought us flowers from time to time, would say, when presenting them, "Here is something for you to smell to." His father came from Yorkshire to settle in the neighbourhood of London. DOSSETOR. Tunbridge Wells.

To "smell at" is quite common in Ireland, and is hardly provincial. A good instance of the use occurs in Hall Caine's' Deemster," "Smelling to the peonies, and never a whiff of a smell at the breed of them" (p. 44, ed. 1883). It is a common form in the Isle of Man. Ben Jonson has "smell to" twice in his works. "Smelling to the oats" occurs in 'New Inn,' III. i. The other instance is in The Case is Altered' (circa 1598), but in a stage direction, "Takes up some of the gold and smells to it" (IV. iv.). H. C. HART.

SMOLLETT'S RODERICK RANDOM' (8th S. ii. 463). The quotation given under the above heading irresistibly reminds me of the ways of a hen-a vigorous peck when she discovers anything that does not please her, and much cackling over any small grain which meets with ber approval whilst she is engaged in her scratching. The faults in Cleland's book may be "thick as autumnal leaves that strow the brooks in Vallombrosa," but I doubt whether it was worth the labour of raking them together and trying to annihilate the doctor at the expense of so much

heat. Any scribbler can be caustic. It seems a pity that when the writer of the "rare pamphlet took the trouble to print it she did not at the same time supply her readers with something original about Strap. Mistress Agnes Baird thought "that Strap was no less a person than Mr. Duncan Niven." Why? Because her father told her so, and "it was well known" that the Glasgow barber" was reputed to be Strap." This is mere hearsay. The lady repeats her father's statement without citing his authority for it, and she treats the local gossip in a similar fashion. By repeating what was told to her she no more proves her case in favour of her friend Niven than have the advocates who advance the claims of Hewson, the hairdresser at St. Martin's; Hutchinson, a barber of Dunbar; or Lewis, the bookbinder of Chelsea, to be considered the original of Strap. The absence of any notice of the rival claimants for the honour raises a suspicion that Mistress Baird never had heard of them, for it is hardly conceivable that, had she known of their existence, she would not have used every effort to demolish their pretensions and have brought forward some better proof than "a twice-told tale."

Mr. David Herbert, in his short 'Life of Smollett,' says that :

"Strap has been the pride and the boast of four claimants. It is not in this case greatness thrust on unwilling victims; it is greatness urged in claim, and utilized to a bargain in business."

I think this is not correct respecting Lewis. In Nichol's 'Literary Anecdotes' (vol. iii. p. 465), which is quoted by Roscoe in his Life of Smollett' (1848, p. xl-the edition of the Works' illustrated by George Cruikshank), occurs :—

·

that her husband denied the assertions of many people,

"Mrs. Lewis often assured the writer of this article

as often as it was mentioned to him; but there is every reason to suppose," &c.

Mr. Herbert adds that Dr. Chambers gives the details (of the claims)" in a note" and to it refers the curious. Dr. Chambers's work, as is the case with many another, is not among my books, otherwise the exact reference should be furnished, and I could judge better about Lewis. purse, like a shallow wit, has to answer for much at times. Both are detestable always. H. G. GRIFFINHOOFE.

34, St. Petersburg Place, W.

But a shallow

GOLDEN BULLETS (8th S. ii. 487). -The following extract will, I think, supply a sufficient answer to COL. FISHWICK's inquiry :

"Another time, having read in Dr. Gerhard the ad mirable effects of swallowing of a gold bullet upon his own father, in a case like mine, I got a gold bullet and swallowed it (between 20 s. and 30 s. weight); and, hav ing taken it, I knew not how to be delivered of it again: nothing stirred it; and a gentleman having done the I took clysters and purges for about three weeks, but like, the bullet never came from it [him?] until he died,

and it was cut out: But at last my neighbours set a day apart to fast and pray for me, and I was freed from my danger, in the beginning of that day."-Reliquiæ Baxterianæ,' part i. p. 81.

Y.

have been the habit of glancing at modern times and modern combinations. When we are reading of the old days we do not want our thoughts to be sent off in the direction of the House of Commons. EDWARD PEACOCK.

"DUTCH NIGHTINGALES" (8th S. ii. 208, 316, 352). At the last reference C. C. B. remarks MR. BOUCHIER will probably find something to that the "Lincolnshire bagpipes," mentioned in interest him in Dr. Mahaffy's Problems in Greek 1 Henry IV.,' I. ii., have reference "to the pre-History,' the first chapter of which deals with the valence of frogs in this fenny country." I cannot English historians of Greece in the present century. help thinking that he has hit upon a wrong inter- The Atheneum of Oct. 1 (p. 446) says: "The pretation of the words. Surely the allusion is to comparison between Thirlwall and Grote will strike veritable bagpipes. This view of the case seems every one who is familiar with their famous histo be proved by the following passage from Robert tories of Greece as summing up their respective Armin's Nest of Ninnies,' 1608, p. 9, reprint of merits in most excellent style." the Shakespeare Society, 1842:

"Amongst all the pleasures prouided, a noyse of minstrells and a Lincolnshire bagpipe was prepared-the minstrels for the great chamber, the bagpipe for the hall-the minstrells to serve vp the knight's meate, and the bagpipe for the common dauncing." In a note on this passage the editor remarks: "Shakespeare does not speak very favourably of the drone of a Lincolnshire bagpipe'; but, from various authorities, it appears that it was an instrument then in much request."

F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY.

JOHN RANDALL.

CITY COMPANIES (8th S. ii. 427).-All City companies now surviving have records which are kept in custody of their clerks, who are authorized to demand a fee for every search. Such records contain entries of apprenticeship and admission to the freedom, the former giving each youth's parentage and place of birth. They are seldom indexed, so any applicant should be provided with a proximate date. Some companies lost their books at the Great Fire of 1666, as the Vintners and, I am informed, the Glovers. A counterpart of each entry should be found in the Chamberlain's Office at Guildhall, but imperfectly indexed. A. HALL.

13, Paternoster Row, E.C.

TOPEHALL (8th S. ii. 407)—Macaulay, whose memory was as tenacious as it was reproductive, no doubt took this name from 'Roderick Random -in which story Orson Topehall, the brother of Narcissa, is represented as a hard-drinking squire --and then gave it to the class of convivial squire-sult the History of the Twelve Livery Companies Your correspondent cannot do better than conarchy of the days of Sir Robert Walpole.

JOHN PICKFORD, M.A. Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge. WESLEY AND THE MICROSCOPE (8th S. ii. 448). From his sermon on the 'Imperfection of Human Knowledge,' 'Works,' ix. 314 (edition in sixteen volumes, 1811):

"With regard to Animals. Are Microscopic Animals,

of London,' by William Herbert, late Librarian to
the Corporation of London, published in 1836, in
which he will find the names of the members; but
neither in this nor in any other publication with
which I am acquainted is the lineage or origin
given.
EVERARD HOME COLEMAN.

71, Brecknock Road.

MARKS AND LETTERS ON SHIPS (8th S. ii. 449). so called, real Animals, or not? If they are, are they-To explain the use of the supplementary lines

not essentially different from all other Animals in the universe, as not requiring any food, not generating or being generated? Are they no Animals at all. but merely inanimate particles of matter, in a state of fermentation? How totally ignorant are the most sagacious of men, touching the whole affair of generation! Even the generation of Men."

which are to be found on many vessels alongside of the Plimsoll mark, it may be as well to state the meaning of those which may probably be painted on a steamer trading, say, to the East, and sometimes across the Atlantic. The highest supplementary line, higher than Plimsoll's, is marked with the letters F. W. Fresh Water. The boat can be put down to this line when loading in a fresh-water dock or river, because when she gets into salt water she will "lift," as it is called, on account of the greater density of the salt water. Alongside of this, and very slightly lower, there may be a line with the initials I.S.= India Summer, which marks the point to which she may be loaded in the Indian seas in summer. Below the latter appears a line S., which is the steamer's summer draught in the

Wordsworth went to school at Hawkshead when he was eight years old. In the prefatory JACQUES BASIRE, ENGRAVER (7th S. ii. 189, note to Nutting' he writes: "Like most of my 275, 391, 497; vi. 31). The annexed excerpt schoolfellows, I was an impassioned nutter." This from the Historical Register,' 1722, vol. vii., surely is internal evidence enough to fix the mean"Chronological Diary," p. 29, will serve to meeting of "Dame" in the passage quoted.

·

strachey" (small s) was a lady of rank or of good sists of eight stanzas, and it is included in Mr. WALTER W. SKEAT. Locker-Lampson's Lyra Elegantiarum,' ed. 1891, 336. JONATHAN BOUCHIER.

extraction.

INGULPH'S 'CROYLAND CHRONICLE' (8th S. ii. 467). The question of the genuineness or otherwise of this chronicle came into notice in 'N. & Q.,' 4th S. ii. 80, 142, 482. At the last reference, the contributor remarks that there is an exhaustive article upon the subject in the Archæological Journal for March, 1862. ED. MARSHALL.

'The Chronicle of Croyland Abbey by Ingulph was printed by Mr. Birch in 1883. For further information I would advise ANON. to consult the 'Dict. of Nat. Biog.,' s.n. "Ingulf." G. F. R. B. ANON. will be able to get all the information he wishes for from the translation in Bohn's wellknown "Antiquarian Series." LE MANS.

A JESUIT PLAYWRIGHT (8th S. ii. 486).Adverting to the editorial query, I further ask, Is it not the universal practice of the members of the Society of Jesus to write the plays that are acted by their pupils ? L. L. K.

Is not "W. C. H.," W. C. Hazlitt, grandson, not son, of the essayist ? C. C. B.

GRAY'S 'BARD' (8th S. ii. 485).—

p.

MANILA (8th S. ii. 406).—The word Manila is genuine Spanish, being a corruption of Latin manicula, with a dozen meanings, somewhat allied town was founded in 1571 by Legaspi, the Spanish to our word manacle. It appears certain that the commandant. This applies to what is now called old Manila, meaning the fort or garrison town. The suburb, called Binondo, may represent an older native settlement, being nearer to the river and the busy part. A. HALL.

Cold is Cadwallo's tongue That hushed the stormy main, &c. I know nothing about the origin of this word; This passage is evidently imitative of what had but a Spanish friend of mine used always to prolong before become a commonplace of the poets.nounce it Man-isle-aye. What could he have done The idea of actual magic is not necessary, but would rather detract from the praise of the bards. If Orpheus, merely by his lute, could make

trees

And the mountain tops that freeze
Bow themselves when he did sing;

if a nameless mermaid could utter

Such dulcet and harmonious breath That the rude sea grew civil at her song, why should not Modred (whoever he may have been), or Cadwallo, or Urien, have done the like by the same means? Whatever a Greek could do in this line, we may be sure that any one of the old Welsh bards could "go one better"-at least, in his own estimation. Celtic romance abounds with such stories. Thus, for instance, Taliesin, in the 'Mabinogion,' by his song alone, raises a storm that shakes to its foundations the castle of Maelgwyn Gwynedd. It is true that these bards were frequently magicians too; but then everything was more or less magical in those days; witness the harp of Teirtu, which if desired would play of itself. C. C. B.

NELLY MOORE (8th S. ii. 408, 457).-The late Henry S. Leigh, the author of 'Carols of Cockayne,' &c., wrote a clever parody of Edgar Poe's 'Raven,' of which this young lady is the heroine. It con

this for? Was it to suit our supposed pronuncia-
tion of i before a single ? If he had kept to his
own Spanish he would have been nearer to the
English sound.
C. A. WARD.

Chingford Hatch, E.

FIRE BY RUBBING STICKS (8th S. ii. 47, 114, 231, 314, 432).-The following extract from 'The Western Pacific and New Guinea,' by Hugh Hastings Romilly, second edition, London, 1887, may be of interest :

"When I was last in England I found very few people who would believe in the possibility of making fire with two sticks. I might perhaps have convinced them of its practicability, as it is not a very difficult thing to do."— Pp. 12, 13. C. N. B. M.