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VIII. WILL WIMBLE.

32. Motto: "Out of breath for nothing, doing naught with much ado." Phædrus: Fab. II. v. 3 (Spectator, No. 108).

32 18. Jack, a young pike or a pickerel.

32 22. Bowling green, a level piece of greensward used for bowling.

33 1. Eton is a noted school for boys founded by Henry VI. in 1441. It is on the Thames, about twenty-one miles from London.

33 8. Younger brother to a baronet. According to the principle of primogeniture, introduced into England by the Normans, the oldest son inherits the father's real estate to the exclusion of the younger sons and the daughters. Lecky speaks of the "frequent spectacle of many children - often daughters, who are incapable of earning a livelihood reduced to penury, in order that the eldest son may gratify the family vanity by an adequate display of ostentatious luxury.”

33 13. Hunts. As used here, the term means to use or manage in

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33 21. He carries a tulip root. The craze which has been given the name tuliopomania arose in the Netherlands about 1634, and attacked all classes like an epidemic. In No. 218 of the Tatler, Mr. Bickerstaff writes of an acquaintance of his, who valued a bed of these flowers, "not above twenty yards in length and two in breadth, more than he would the best hundred acres of land in England."

3326. Made, trained.

35 25. Physic, medicine.

35 28. Improper, unfitted.

IX. SIR ROGER'S ANCESTORS.

36. Motto: “A philosopher outside the schools." - Horace : Sat. II. ii. 3 (Spectator, No. 109).

36 22. Yeomen of the Guard, the bodyguard of the English sovereign, one hundred in number, who still wear the costume of the sixteenth century.

274. Tilt-yard, a yard for tilting or jousting. The tilt-yard referred to covered a portion of the present parade of St. James's.

37 18. The coffee-house, Jenny Man's "Tilt Yard Coffee-house," which stood where the paymaster-general's office now stands.

37 31. Go-cart, a framework moving on casters, designed to support children who are learning to walk.

38 2. Hasty-pudding, a batter, or pudding, made of flour or oatmeal.

38 2. White-pot consisted of milk or cream, eggs, sugar, bread, and some other ingredients, baked in a pot.

38 18.

To be sure, without doubt.

39 1. Sir Andrew Freeport has said. See Sir Andrew's remarks, pp. 112, 113.

39 16. Knight of this shire. The knight of the shire, in England, is one of the representatives in Parliament of a county, in distinction from the representatives of cities and boroughs.

39 27. Husbandman, manager, economist.

40. Motto:

X. COVERLEY GHOSTS.

"A shuddering on my spirit falls,

And e'en the silence' self appals." (Conington.)

VIRGIL: En. ii. 755 (Spectator, No. 110).

40 18. Language of the Psalms. Psalm cxlvii. 9: "He giveth to the beast his food, and to the young ravens which cry."

41 22. Mr. Locke in his chapter, etc. Locke's Essay concerning Human Understanding, bk. ii. chap. xxxiii. par. 10.

43 7. Lucretius. Titus Lucretius Carus was born in Italy about He left one work,- De Rerum Naturâ ("On the Nature of

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B.C. 95.
Things "), a philosophic and didactic poem in six books.

43 7-11. Lucretius . . . makes no doubt of the reality of apparitions. The following lines are from Johnson's translation of De Rerum Naturâ, bk. iv.:

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43 23. A story out of Josephus. Flavius Josephus, the most celebrated of Jewish historians, was born at Jerusalem, A.D. 37. His works,

which are in the Greek language, have been widely translated. The passage quoted (portions of which are omitted) may be found in his Antiquities of the Jews, bk. xvii. chap. xiii.

44 12. Impertinent, irrelevant.

XI. A COUNTRY SUNDAY.

44. Motto: "First honor the immortal gods, as it is laid down in the law."- Pythagoras: Car. Aur. 1 (Spectator, No. 112).

44 22. The seventh day. The Jewish Sabbath occurs on the seventh day of the week, the Christian Sabbath on the first. 45 7. Puts both the sexes upon appearing, i.e. makes both the sexes desirous of appearing.

45 11. Change, a colloquial term for Exchange; sometimes written 'Change.

45 33. Wakes them. Notice the antecedent of the pronoun. Everybody and every one were frequently treated as plural by older writers. 47 2. The clerk's place. The clerk is a parish officer, a layman, who leads in the reading of the responses in the Episcopal church service, and otherwise assists in it.

47 15. Tithe stealers. A tithe (a tenth) is the tenth part of the increase arising from the profits of land and stock, allotted to the clergy for their support. Almost all the tithes in England and Wales are commuted by law into rent charges.

47 27. Very hardly, with great difficulty.

47 29.

Men of five hundred a year, i.e. men having an income of five hundred pounds a year.

48. Motto: 66

XII. SIR ROGER IN LOVE.

Her image is imprinted in his heart."— Virgil: Æn.

iv. 4 (Spectator, No. 113).

48 15. By that custom, because of that custom.

49 32. With a murrain to her is equivalent to "Plague take her!" "Confound her!" Murrain is an infectious disease that attacks

cattle.

51 18. No country gentleman can approach her. The English gentleman of the first part of the eighteenth century was exceedingly fond of the chase, indulged in horse-racing, and frequently patronized bear-baitings, bull-baitings, and cock-fights. In the "Conclusion" of

the History of his own Time (published in 1723), Dr. Gilbert Burnet, — Bishop of Salisbury and tutor to the young Duke of Gloucester, makes the following remarks in regard to the English gentry: "They are, for the most part, the worst instructed, and the least knowing of any of their rank I ever went amongst. . . . After they have forgot their catechism, they acquire no more new knowledge but what they learn in plays and romances." Doubtless there were exceptions to this rule.

52 13. The sphinx. The sphinx was sent by Juno to ravage the country of Thebes. She propounded the following riddle, and the Thebans might not be delivered from her ravages until it was answered: “What animal is that which goes on four feet in the morning, on two at noon, and on three in the evening?" Edipus gave the answer, "Man," and solved the riddle.

The

53 7. Dum tacet hanc loquitur, even when silent he talks of her. 53 8. That whole epigram. Martial: Epig. I. lxviii. 1-6. last two lines of the epigram are not given.

XIII. THE SHAME OF POVERTY AND THE DREAD

OF IT.

53. Motto: “The shame of poverty and the dread of it."— Horace : Epis. I. xviii. 24 (Spectator, No. 114).

53 23.

Conversations. In this connection the word means inter

course with others, or relations with others.

54 12. Dipped, mortgaged.

54 13. Usury, interest. interest.

The word is now applied only to excessive Until comparatively recent times, the taking of money for the use of money was regarded as immoral. The Church condemned the practice.

54 14. Proud stomach. Stomach signifies pride, obstinacy, or stubbornness. The two words taken together mean stubborn pride. 54 27. Libertine, free from restraint, uncontrolled.

54 33. Personate. The word as used here evidently means to play the part of master of the estate; that is, to keep up appearances.

55 9, 15. Laertes... Irus. The writers of the eighteenth century frequently gave their characters classical names. In the Odyssey, Laertes is the father of the great Ulysses, and Irus is a beggar.

55 12. Four shillings in the pound. This was the land tax for the year 1711. In England the land tax, which was imposed upon the

income derived from land, was not made perpetual until the reign of George III. In the case mentioned, Laertes must pay the land tax on his whole estate, although the property was mortgaged.

55 19. Charges his estate, etc.

The statement indicates that each

child needs for his support the interest on fifteen hundred pounds.

56 12. Out of nature, unnatural, not in the order of nature.

56 14. Mr. Cowley.

London in 1618.

Abraham Cowley, the poet, was born in

56 17. The elegant author, etc.

Thomas Sprat, Bishop of Roch

ester, wrote a life of Cowley, which was published with an edition of the works of that poet in 1680.

56 21. Mr. Cowley's great vulgar. The expression occurs in these lines,

"Hence, ye profane! I hate you all;
Both the great vulgar, and the small.".

the first two lines of Cowley's paraphrase of Horace's ode, beginning: “Odi profanum." They may be found at the end of Cowley's essay, - Of Greatness. It is impossible to tell what Steele means by his remark.

57 6. Mechanic being. The statement in which this expression occurs is so careless that it is difficult to determine the exact meaning of these words.

57 12. So abstracted from the common relish of the world, i.e. so different from the way of thinking characteristic of people in general. 57 18. If e'er Ambition, etc. Cowley inserts these lines in his prose essay, Of Greatness. The first two lines are omitted. These are:

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"If ever I more riches did desire

Than cleanliness and quiet do require."

XIV. LABOR AND EXERCISE.

57. Motto: "Grant me a sound mind in a sound body."-Juvenal: Sat. x. 356 (Spectator, No. 115).

57 26. As it rises, because it rises.

58 5. Engine, instrument.

58 19.

Tone, state of health and vigor.

58 19. Humors. See note referring to p. 7, 1. 9.

58 26.

called.

Those spirits, the "animal spirits," as they are sometimes

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