completely orthodox, and the latter not. For the phrase believing in Christ is applied both by Origen and Jerom to the heretical Jewish christians. His not expressly saying that they were heretics in this place, on which you lay so much stress, can never prove that they were completely orthodox; since their heresy had nothing to do with the subject of which Jerom is here treating.

All the difference between these two descriptions of Jewish christians that Jerom can be supposed to allude to, is such a one as Origen made, of two sorts of Ebionites, viz. one who believed the miraculous conception, and the other who disbelieved it; or that of Justin, viz. of those who would hold communion with the gentile christians, and those who would not.

"that

"It must strike the learned reader," you say, the Nazarenes mentioned by St. Jerom in the passage to which I now refer, of his annotations on Isaiah, must have been a different people from those mentioned by him with such contempt in his epistle to St. Austin, and described by Epiphanius. The Nazarenes here mentioned by St. Jerom held the Scribes and Pharisees in detestation, their traditions in contempt, and the apostle St. Paul in high veneration." Now I see no intimation in this passage of there being any other kinds of Nazarenes, or Jewish christians, besides such as Paul found at Jerusalem in his last journey thither, the more intelligent of them being his friends, and rejoicing in the success of his preaching. But even his greatest enemies must have admitted that the knowledge of christianity was extended by his means; which is all that Jerom says of the Nazarenes in this place. As to the traditions of the Scribes and Pharisees, we

read of no Jewish christians who did not hold them in

contempt.

3. Allowing both that the Hebrews believing in Christ and the Nazarenes were different people, and that the former were completely orthodox, it will not follow that there was a church of them at Jerusalem; which is the thing that you contend for.

"which

"On these foundations," however, you say, a stronger arm than Dr. Priestley's shall not be able to tear up, stands the church of orthodox Jewish christians at Jerusalem, to which the assertors of the catholic faith will not scruple to appeal in proof of the antiquity of their doctrine, whatever offence the very mention of the orthodox church at Jerusalem may give to the enraged Heresiarch."

Alas! these new foundations, being like the former built upon the sand, are also completely swept away. I will add, that he must be a bolder man than he that rebuilt Jericho, who shall attempt to restore them.

But this is not the only passage in Jerom to which you appeal. You also say, that " he mentions Nazarenes who held the doctrine of our Lord's divinity. For by an exposition of Isaiah viii. 13, 14, which St. Jerom ascribes to them, it appears that they acknowledged in Christ the [the Lord of Hosts] of the Old Testament." For any thing like a shadow of a proof of this most extraordinary assertion, I a long time looked in vain, and thought the reference must have been misprinted; but at length, considering what kind of a reasoner I had to do with, I believe I discovered your real ideas on the subject.

The prophet says, (ch. viii. 13, 14.) Sanctify the Lord of Hosts himself, and let him be your fear, and

Jerom says, "the

let him be your dread; and he shall be for a sanctuary; but for a stone of stumbling, and for a rock of offence, to both the houses of Israel, for a gin and for a snare to the inhabitants of Jerusalem. In his commentary on this passage, Jerom Nazarenes (who so received Christ as not to abandon the observance of the old law) interpret these two houses of Sammai and Hillel, from which arose the Scribes and Pharisees, &c. and that these were the two houses which did not receive the Saviour, who was to them for a destruction and an offence*."

Jerom, however, does not make the inference that you do, viz. that because the Nazarenes thought that this prophecy referred to the times of Christ, and to his rejection by the Scribes and Pharisees, they believed Christ to be the Lord of Hosts. They only call him the Saviour, meaning, probably, a person speaking and acting by authority from God, who was in reality rejected by those who rejected his messenger, though a mere man. As our Lord himself says, Luke x. 6, He that despiseth you despiseth me; and he that despiseth me despiseth him that sent me. On this ground you might rank both the Nazarenes and all the modern professed unitarians with believers in the divinity of

Duas domus Nazarei (qui ita Christum recipiunt ut observationes legis veteris non amittant) duas familias interpretantur Samai et Hillel, ex quibus orti sunt scribæ et pharisæi, quorum suscepit scholam Axibas, quem magistrum Aquile proseliti autumant, et post eum Meir; cui successit Johannen, filius Zacharæi, et post eum Eliezer, et per ordinem Delphon, et rursum Joseph Galilæus, et usque ad captivitatem Hierusalem Josue. Samai igitur et Hillel, non multo prius quam dominus nasceretur orti sunt in Judæa, quorum prior dissipator interpretatur, sequens prophanus ; eo quod per traditiones et dEUTEçores suas, legis præcepta dissipaverint atque maculaverint. Et has esse duas domus, quæ salvatorem non receperint, qui factus sit eis in ruinam et in scandalum. Opera, vol. iv. p. 32.

Christ. You might even make them believers in the divinity of the apostles, and that of all the preachers of the gospel. But having no better evidence of the orthodoxy of the Nazarenes, you were obliged to make the best of this; which will prove a great deal too much.

I wonder, however, that this mode of interpreting scripture does not stagger even yourself. I thought that the most orthodox of the present day had believed that the person characterized by the title of the Lord of Hosts had been not the Son but the Father. If the Lord, i. e. Jehovah, of Hosis, which is no doubt synonymous to Jehovah absolutely so called, be the Son, it will be difficult to find the Father any where in the Old Testament.

Thus I have considered all the evidence, positive or presumptive, that you have produced for the existence of a church of orthodox Jewish christians at Jerusalem after the time of Adrian. I have particularly considered your five quotations from ancient writers, and do not find that so much as one of them is at all to your purpose.

Thus again ends this church of orthodox Jewish christians at Jerusalem, planted by Mosheim, and destroyed by the too copious watering of the Archdea. con of St. Alban's.

I am, &c.

LETTER V.

Of the Miraculous Conception.

REV. SIR,

YOUR Sermon on the Incarnation ought to be considered as making part of our controversy; and indeed it might with more propriety have been entitled a Discourse against myself, as you have contrived to introduce into it reflections on every opinion that I have at any time advanced, that you could think would make me appear in an obnoxious light. But for this I am not sorry; because the more those opinions are kept in view, the sooner will the horror they at first inspire go off. In time mankind will be less offended at them, and may come to approve what they now dislike. As to mere abuse, in which light only those reflections can be considered as they appear in this Sermon, I think my time, and even my ink, of too much value to be thrown away in answering it.

As to the miraculous conception, to which your Sermon chiefly relates, I do not pretend to make myself a party for or against it, having only endeavoured to supply materials for forming a right judgement in the case. But I cannot help observing that, instead of new light, you have thrown upon it a great mass of additional darkness, and of a deeper shade than any thing that has been produced by the christian fathers, at least till long after the council of Nice.

With respect to the importance of the doctrine, you say, that," as an article of the christian faith, it is evidently the foundation of the whole distinction between