sooner have admitted the devil into his society than Voltaire. He restored, to some extent, a few of the monasteries, suppressed by Joseph II., and paid great deference, but gave little power, to the priests. He went at regular hours to hear mass, said his prayers, confessed his sins, and religiously gave the preference to the pope's nuncio over all ambassadors. Francis was fond of the society of women, yet faithful to the marriagebed. He loved his obedient people, and delighted to see them. He gave all classes a free audience twice a-week; he attended to their petitions without distinction of persons; and he was fond, to the extreme of vanity, and perhaps it was his only vanity, of believing himself implicitly considered by them as their father, and in believing them, especially the Austrians, as children who enjoyed his most parental affection. Certainly no monarch was ever more loved than he was by his German subjects, who daily repeat anecdotes of the goodness of Vater Franz. During the cholera, the emperor when walking, accompanied by an aide-de-camp, near Schondbrun, met a bier carrying a body to the cemetry, but not followed by any one. The emperor asked why the corpse was abandoned?' It is, probably, that of some poor friendless person,' replied the aide-decamp. Well, then,' said the emperor, it is our duty to accompany it to the grave.' So saying, the emperor took off his hat, placed his arm within that of his aide-de-camp, and both, uncovered, followed the coffin to the cemetry, where Francis himself threw the first spadeful of dust over the body. This,' say the Viennese, with a thousand others which they tell of him, shew how sensible our good Vater Kaizer Franz was of human equality.' When he opened that magnificent promenade near the Prater, the au-garten, to the public, a noble lady said to him, Emperor, I can no longer walk among my equals in rank.' If I were confined to my equals in rank,' replied Francis, I must take my daily walks in the vaults of the Capucins,* but I prefer the Prater and au-garten, among my people.' The French considered Francis comme une sorte de roi fainéant, and the English may have also, to some extent, taken this opinion upon Gallic trust; but I have said that the late emperor was not an idle prince. No; Francis was laborious, active, and vigilant. He understood, not only all the languages, but all the dialects of his empire. He rose early, and often worked twelve hours a day."

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He seems to have dreaded nothing more constantly and intensely than innovation and change, or any measure and opinions that threatened to disturb the tranquillity of his reign. He was a great egotist too, or full of that importance which a thoroughly established belief in the divine right of kings induces; for, according to our author" If others, even the members of his own family, had in any way acquired popularity, it drove him mad; he, alone, would monopolize its possession.

*“In the vaults of the Capucins are deposited the bodies of the deceased imperial family: the hearts are placed in silver jars deposited in the church of St. Augustin, while the viscera are preserved in copper urns in the crypt of St. Stephen's."

"He loved accepted truths, which were often fallacies, and which he styled historical rights; dreaded doubts, either in respect to the established government or to the established religion. The very mention of representative governments terrified him. When he visited Milan, among others, an eminent professor was introduced to him, who was considered to have made some important discoveries in the constitution of the atmosphere. Startled by the word, Francis exclaimed, Constituzione ! constituzione! ah! e quella parola che ci ha fatto tanto male l' • Constitution! constitution! that word has subjected us to many evils!' When the deputies of Hungary were presented to him at Laybach, In your pursuit after ideal constitutions,' said the emperor, totus mundus stultizzat.' Francis, with all his amiable personal qualities, did not belong, as an administrator, to the character of the age. Politically speaking, he ought to have died before his grandmother, Maria Theresa, was born. The tempest of the first French revolution laid his judgment prostrate at the moment he ascended the throne; and, from that day until the hour he signed his last superstitious will, the dreaded evils of innovation influenced all his conclusions and all his actions. The last French revolution drove him to utter despair: Alles ist vertoren alles ist vertoren ! ' * he exclaimed, in the bitterness of his political despondency. After the reforming impulse given the empire by Joseph II., posterity may with reason curse their ancestors for submitting to the retrograding rule of a self-willed despotic emperor, in the person of a simple-mannered and benevolent man."

We do not from these volumes learn much of the present Emperor. The following particulars, however, are descriptive.

"The manufacturing industry of the empire seems to have engaged his attention at that period; and unless he has examined the subject on sound principles, I should fear that a predilection may have consequently been formed to maintain home fabrics at the expense of the general national wealth. The object of his labours has been the formation of a museum of national productions and manufactures: that is, the collecting and arranging specimens, first, of raw materials from the three kingdoms of nature; second, of manufacturing industry, and, third, of machines and models. Having devoted his time to this very industrious and useful, but not very difficult task, those employed have succeeded in forming the most interesting collection imaginable. Before his accession, it was supposed that his ideas of government were decidedly liberal,—that he disliked his father's prime minister too much for the latter to remain in power. The letter, written immediately after the death of Francis, by his successor (?), to Prince Metternich, at once disproved the supposition, that Ferdinand would depart willingly from the existing order of managing public affairs."

There is a very favourable character given of Metternich, considering him merely as a man and a private individual of high

*All is lost! all is lost!"

station. He is said even to be "liberal in everything, except in giving the people the power of governing themselves by representation." He is also said to be "religiously Catholic," yet "tolerant in regard to every other profession of faith."

To those who are fond of reading of the daring, the exploits, the generosity of celebrated highwaymen, or systematically organized banditti, we may recommend portions of these volumes which give details of the condition of the people who inhabit Transylvania and Hungary. For instance, the author describes the fortunes and the fate of a band, which about twenty-five years ago, spread terror over these countries, and which for a long time baffled every attempt to conquer or ensnare them. At length, though amounting in number to a hundred men, whose retreats were caverns of difficult access and strongly fortified, they were captured very adroitly and disposed of by simple, but decided measures. In consequence of a shepherd who came to Lobosh regularly from the mountains, to purchase quantities of wine, their retreat was discovered; and by threats, bribes, and opium mixed with his last supply for his employers, an unresisted capture was made-the whole band being thereupon summarily hanged on the mountain above the cavern. But though the fancy inclines to go back to past times for the subjects of romantic tales, yet be it observed that the provinces which have now been mentioned can at this day "claim a theme as good" as imagination requires. The story must close this paper.

"The chief of the bandits who are now so formidable in Hungary is called Schubri, or Sobri. Various accounts of his birth and character have been given from time to time. It was at first believed that he was of noble birth; and the heroism of his character, and his daring boldness, were the general theme of conversation at all the inns and litle towns of Hungary. It was then given out that he was one of the class of wandering shepherds, who have, certainly, produced more brigands than honest men. Schubri's audacious appearance, where he is least expected, exhibits him frequently in a most daring position. He enters towns by himself; dines at tables-d'hote; and, on leaving, says to the guests, I am off, and you will boast of having dined with Schubri!' Not long since, several noblemen dined at a table-d'hôte in Szarvaz, a stranger entered, sat down as a traveller at the table, amused the guests by his anecdotes and conversation, and, after dinner, bowed to the company, and said, on leaving the room, Gentlemen, it is Schubri whose company you have had. Adieu! till we meet again.' His band was at hand; and not long after, he entered the schloss of one of the nobles he had dined with, saying, I have occasion for two hundred ducats, and must have them at once, or I will instantly make your heir lord of this castle.' In June he had a most desperate engagement with a troop of hussars. He was wounded; but he fought his way with great bravery, and escaped with his men. He was lately, with three of his men, surrounded at night in a farm-yard near the Platten-See, by forty horsemen. His presence of mind and audacity saved him. He directed his companions to throw

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aside their arms and part of their clothes. He then, followed by them, ran with lighted lanterns to the outer entrance, and addressed the soldiers as if he belonged to the farm-house, saying, they had better station themselves immediately at the inner gate, to prevent the robbers escaping, as they were desperate, and should be at once surprised in the house, where they were then regaling themselves. The stratagem succeeded, and Schubri and his men were off before the soldiers even approached the house, in which all the inmates were surprised asleep, quite unconscious of what had passed. A few days after he robbed an estate belonging to the Archduke Charles, of every valuable article he could carry away. He is now said to have a completely organised troop of five hundred men, being reinforced by Bosnians, Pandaurs, and others. A comedian of Ratisbon, named Kapfen, has lately joined him; and his band, altogether, consists, not of starving peasants or serfs, but of men degraded by vices, that have rendered them desperate. He has established among them strict discipline; employs a treasurer; pays his men regularly; has a surgeon to dress their wounds; and gives prizes to those who excel in carbine-shooting and in gymnastic feats. He has subordinate officers, and is now said to be forming a troop of cavalry. He probably dreams of becoming a mighty conqueror. Robbing the rich, and never injuring, but, when possible, to assist the poor, is the principle he promulgates. It is said that not a single murder can be traced to him, and that he once ordered one of his gang to be shot for robbing a peasant. A few days ago, a positive account of his capture reached Vienna. His appearance terrifying the country near Hermanstadt, in Transylvania, was given in another account. In fact, he is a second Rob Roy."

ART. V. Travels in Crete. By ROBERT PASHLEY, Esq. Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. 2 vols. 8vo. London: MURRAY, 1837. It is but lately that we reviewed Captain Scott's Rambles in Egypt and Candia, or Crete, when we offered a few observations on the theory which the gallant author maintained as to the means of enlarging and strengthening British preponderance in the East by obtaining possession of the latter, and also regarding its present political condition. We also quoted from his pages some particulars concerning the principal harbours of the island, that their capabilities and fitness as ports for British shipping might be considered. Mr. Pashley's interesting and learned work now affords us an additional and fuller opportunity of scanning the country and people of Candia, of which we gladly avail ourselves.

· Mr. Pashley visited the island in question in 1834, occupying himself during the spring and summer months, of that very striking period of its history in those researches, which, whether we regard them as falling directly within the sphere of inquiry belonging to an adventurous or descriptive tourist-to a politician, a man of the world, or a scholar, he has conducted and the fruits of which he has narrated with uncommon ability and taste. In short, while

the author shines pre-eminently on account of his learning, his knowledge is so extensive and varied, his methods of communicating what he knows so agreeable, that this learning is divested of obscurity and every thing like pedantry. Nor are there many fields where scholarship and observation could be more appropriately united, than upon that which forms the subject of these volumes. Its ancient and modern condition are rife with themes for the accomplished traveller. The ancient part of its story, however, we need not outline; nor is it necessary that we trace its modern fate particularly -a slight glance, beginning with the commencement of the Greek revolution, and coming down to the close of 1833, being sufficient to stand in the place of an introduction to the extracts about to be made.

From the time that Crete came under the Mohammedan sway on the expulsion of the Venetians, the island has been in a deplorable condition, chiefly owing to the base government and characters that ruled over it. The sublime porte appointed a pasha, who of course generally resembled too closely the vilest specimens of that fraternity; or, what was worse, the sort of janissaries that surrounded him, many of them renegades from the Greeks, were among the most depraved and turbulent miscreants that ever existed, obliging the pashas to act just as seemed to them proper. Their power was so unlimited, that it was their practice to prevent any one of their number from being brought to justice, though guilty of the most revolting offences. It is easy to understand how the Christian population would be treated by this perjured and unprincipled band.

Belonging to the Christian portion of the inhabitants there was one tribe, who alone withstood the oppressors, and bravely preserved independence-by name, the Sfakians. These mountaineers obtain at the author's hand very minute and interesting descriptions -for he seems to have regarded them with an especial concern. He says they greatly resemble the Highlanders of Scotland, going back two hundred years, in regard to habits and devoted valour.

This interesting race, at the breaking out of the Greek revolution, took the lead in the cause of their fellow Christians, and mustering those of the same faith under their banners, they, in less than a twelvemonth, drove the Mohammedans into fortified places. After various turns of fortune, in consequence of the powerful aid furnished to their enemies by the viceroy of Egypt, and after enduring incredible privations and cruelty, the three allied powers, upon the issue of the battle of Navarino, gave up the island to their former enemy-Mohammed Ali. This was a measure which proved most unwelcome to both parties, and has reduced the whole to a more abject state than before; for he who grinds the Egyptians, cannot be expected to spare his discontented and lately acquired