catholica, quam Manuale vocant, edita auctoritate D. Eustachii Parisiensis episcopi." 1552.

Lastly, besides all these, which contain under such various titles the same offices, there is one other book, which seems to me to be that which Lyndwood explains (though I cannot but think erroneously) to be the Manual, intended in the Archbishop's constitution. Whether parishes were bound under that statute to furnish also the Processional, which is not specifically named, either in the same volume with the Manual, or separately in another, is not the point I am enquiring into, and admits of dispute: for it certainly was not necessarily nor usually included in it. Lyndwood says, after the word "Benedicendorum" in the passage cited p. lxxvj. "Et hic, in hoc loco, Manualis nuncupatione, puto etiam contineri ea quæ sunt usitata in processionibus ecclesiasticis quandocunque fiendis; ut sic etiam Liber Processionalis dicatur Manuale, licet hic de eo non fiat mentio specialis."

But the "Sacerdotale" does answer to these requisitions in it are not only the contents of the Manual, or Ritual, but also of the Processional, and some other books besides. One is now lying before me, me," Sacerdotale secundum usum S. R. ecclesiæ." Venetiis. 1558. This contains (the full table would occupy many pages) several treatises and prefaces at the beginning, followed by the offices of the sacraments and occasional rites, with disquisitions and rules and resolutions of difficult cases then the various benedictions: a full Processional: a calendar and computus and explanations: a treatise on the chanting and church-music: and lastly, exorcisms and popular sermons on the great festivals. In short, as it is in the title of the book, and how different from the Manual! "In quo non solum om

nium sacramentorum quæ a sacerdotibus fieri possunt, officia verum etiam resolutiones omnium dubiorum ad ea pertinentium, et excommunicationum canones, cum brevi illarum et absoluta declaratione ex sacris doctoribus collecta, multaque alia sacerdotibus valde utilia atque necessaria continentur.”3

HA

CHAPTER VI.

AVING now gone through and attempted to explain the list of service books ordered in the constitution of Archbishop Winchelsey, our next step is to notice those which are mentioned in the other statutes which I cited. And among these the "Breviarium" claims the first place.

35

I am called upon to make some remarks upon the Breviary in another part of these volumes: here I shall repeat that the word itself occurs for the first time in Micrologus, an author of about A. D. 1080. Some say that it was so called as containing not merely an arrangement but an abbreviation of the Divine Offices: probably both reasons may have had their influence on the name. However this may be, the Breviary in its full and settled state, say from the

twelfth and thirteenth centuries, contained the whole offices of the canonical Hours throughout the year: of the great festivals, the saints-days, the sundays, and the week-days. These were arranged under their respective days, with rubrics directing to certain prayers, hymns, or psalms which occurred frequently, or to the psalter which formed a portion of the volume. The rubrics of breviaries in manuscript will be found to vary much in their fulness as they happen to have been written for the use of churches or monasteries of which the Ordinals had been drawn up. Thus some would have but very few others again as many in comparison. Not that we are to suppose, by any means, that the existence of an Ordinal always led to the omission of rubrics in the Breviary: for the Ordinal itself might be more or less complete, and both might continue to give, with relation to certain parts of the Office, what we may call, duplicate directions.

The first edition which was printed of the Sarum Breviary was at Venice. "Venetiis per Raynaldum de Nouimagio. M. cccc. LXXXIII." in folio. The last, I believe, at Paris, in 12mo. 1556, of which the second volume, Pars Estivalis, is dated 1557. Soon afterwards the Breviaries of other churches began, for convenience sake, to be printed in four volumes, divided into "Pars Hiemalis," " Verna," Verna," "Estiva," and "Autumnalis." 36 But the Breviaries of the English Church never exceeded two volumes: the Hiemalis and Estivalis. If in one, always, if I mistake not, in

36 In each of these parts, and so also of the Sarum Breviaries if in two volumes, are repeated the Psalter, the Canon if included,

the Commune Sanctorum, &c. Indeed otherwise, the separate volumes would be useless.

folio: in two, they ranged from small folio, through 4to. and 8vo. sizes, to the duodecimo. I speak of them as we now would, not of their signatures, which commonly ran in eights.

Here, as I am upon the size of the Breviary, seems to be the proper place to speak of the "Portiforium :" with its various English names, of Porteau, Portuary, Portuis, Portuasse, Porthoos, and Portfory. There can be no doubt that the printed Breviary in folio of the Use of Sarum is of the highest rarity. Such books naturally would be so they were intended for the public use of churches, and in almost every case having been purchased by them, would have been less likely to escape the severe edicts which so frequently were aimed not merely at their mutilation, but total destruction. Neither Herbert nor Gough mentions an edition in folio, and therefore we must conclude knew not of the exist

ence of any one. This might account somewhat for the error of the latter, where he says, that the Portiforium "like the Breviary, was a commodious portable abridgment of the service." Such certainly are all the editions less than the folio, although it must be remembered that those in small folio (so-called) or thick 4to. are sufficiently bulky.

But Gough quotes Du Cange, who says nothing of the sort for which he is appealed to. The one lays down that the printed Portiforium was a portable book, the other that it was so called from having perhaps originally been so. He says, "Vocis etymon ab eo quod foras facile portari possit accersendum opiHere I fully agree with this very learned

nor."

937

37 Glossarium. Verb. Portiforium.

writer, and that the word, as time went on, was changed from its original signification, until it came to be nothing more or less than a synonym of Breviary.

Portiforium, or, as sometimes spelt, Portiphorium, appears to have been adopted only in England. At least, in the catalogue of Breviaries given by Zaccaria,3 in which he says he has added to the already long list compiled by Fabricius,39 no such title is quoted of any foreign Use. The authorities also of Du Cange are all English: his first, Ingulphus, is remarkable, as it shews that as soon as the name of Breviary is to be found abroad, so early also is the title Portiforium at home.40 The book is often spoken of in works of the xv th and xvith centuries, is not an unfrequent item11 in

41

38 Bibl. Ritualis. Tom. 1. p. 121-134.

39 Bibliotheca med. et inf. Latinit. Tom. 1. p. 274.

40 Ingulphus, Abbot of Croyland, was born A. D. 1030, and died in 1109. His words are, from the Historia Croylandensis, "Restituit monasterio nostro unum Portiforium de usu nostræ ecclesiæ, et unum Missale, &c."

41 I think it worth mentioning that in the complete list of service books, once belonging to the royal chapel at Windsor, the word "Breviarium" does not occur: but "Portiforium" five times: among which is, " item unum magnum portiphorium, in duobus voluminibus." Dugdale. Monasticon. Vol. vi. p. 1363.

In the Will of Bishop Langley,

dated 1436, he gives "Domino Ricardo Corston- unum Portiforium" soon after, in the same Will, "Thomæ Jobur, clericounum Portiforium parvum." Catalogi veteres. (Surtees Society.) p. 120. Contrasted with this is the book mentioned in the inventory of the Priory of Durham, anno 1446. "Item unum Portiforium magnum." Wills and Inventories, p. 91. And, "Item aliud Portiforium magnum et grossum." Catalogi veteres, p. 135.

Here I may mention with gratitude the services which this Society (the Surtees) has rendered to every one interested in ritual and liturgical pursuits, by their excellent publications, "The Durham Ritual:""Rites of Dur