Spherical AstronomyCambridge University Press, 31 paź 1985 - 520 This is an introductory textbook on spherical and positional astronomy. It is entirely suitable for use by students with no prior knowledge of classical astronomy. At the same time, it is sufficiently comprehensive to make it a useful background reference book for anyone engaged in practical astronomy. The first three chapters sketch essential background: mathematical techniques and coordinate systems. Successive chapters then give treatments of refraction, aberration, stellar parallex, precession, nutation and proper motion. An entire chapter is devoted to astrographic plate measurements. The gravitational two-body problem is solved and applied to solar system dynamics. Novel areas include a full treatment of binary star orbits and two chapters on developments in radio astronomy. Worked examples and problems to be solved by the reader ensure that this is a valuable textbook. |
Spis treści
Basic formulae | 1 |
13 Spherical polar coordinates | 6 |
14 Spherical trigonometry basic formulae | 8 |
15 Terrestrial latitude and longitude | 12 |
16 Right ascension and declination | 14 |
17 The displacement of a star on the celestial sphere | 16 |
The celestial sphere | 22 |
22 The altazimuth system | 23 |
115 Pulsar timing | 271 |
116 The redshift in general relativity | 272 |
117 Systematic effects in proper motion and radial velocity | 276 |
118 The cosmological redshift | 279 |
Mean and apparent coordinates | 284 |
122 The annual and secular variations | 286 |
123 A stars true place | 288 |
124 A stars apparent place | 290 |
23 Hour angle and declination | 25 |
24 Sidereal time and right ascension | 30 |
25 The ecliptic and ecliptic coordinates | 32 |
26 Apparent and mean solar time | 35 |
27 Galactic coordinates | 40 |
28 Setting a telescope | 43 |
The reference frame | 48 |
32 Precession nutation and proper motion | 49 |
33 The origin of the reference frame | 58 |
34 Selective review of special relativity | 62 |
35 General relativity | 70 |
36 General relativistic treatment of parallax aberration and light deflection | 75 |
Geocentric coordinates | 82 |
43 Refraction in a radially symmetric atmosphere | 87 |
44 The refraction constants and refraction tables | 93 |
45 Geocentric coordinates of the observer | 96 |
46 Geocentric parallax | 101 |
47 The effect of geocentric parallax on right ascension and declination | 106 |
48 Diurnal aberration | 109 |
Direct measurements of right ascension and declination | 113 |
52 Errors of the meridian circle | 114 |
53 The removal of instrumental effects | 117 |
54 Reduction to the apparent place | 122 |
55 Polar motion | 124 |
56 The Danjon astrolabe and the photographic zenith tube | 128 |
Twobody orbital motion | 137 |
62 Keplers equation for a bound orbit | 139 |
63 Keplers three laws | 143 |
64 The solution of Keplers equation | 144 |
65 The equation of the centre | 147 |
66 Components of a planets velocity | 148 |
67 Elliptic and hyperbolic orbits | 149 |
68 Comparison of general relativity with Newtonian theory | 151 |
69 The Kepler solution in general relativity | 153 |
610 The relativistic advance of perihelion | 156 |
Planetary and satellite orbits | 162 |
72 Calculation of an ephemeris | 165 |
73 Planetary masses | 167 |
74 Planetary perturbations | 169 |
75 The orbit of the moon | 171 |
76 Calculation of osculating elements | 176 |
77 Preliminary orbit determination | 178 |
Heliocentric and barycentric coordinates | 184 |
83 Annual parallax | 187 |
84 Annual aberration | 189 |
85 Low precision formulae for parallax and aberration | 190 |
86 Planetary aberration | 193 |
87 General relativistic light deflection | 196 |
88 The direction of the null geodesic | 200 |
89 Relativistic derivation of the apparent place of a star | 202 |
810 Summary | 204 |
Precession and nutation | 208 |
93 Planetary precession | 211 |
94 General precession | 214 |
95 Rigorous formulae | 217 |
96 Rotation matrices | 220 |
97 Approximate formulae | 222 |
98 Nutation | 225 |
99 The effect of nutation on a stars coordinates | 230 |
Time | 236 |
102 Sidereal and solar time | 240 |
103 Ephemeris and universal time | 242 |
104 Modern dynamical timescales | 245 |
105 The Julian and the Besselian year | 249 |
106 Ephemeris transit | 251 |
107 Proper and coordinate time | 253 |
108 The computation of lighttime radar delays | 254 |
Proper motion and radial velocity | 259 |
112 Intrinsic changes in proper motion | 262 |
113 Precessional changes in proper motion | 265 |
114 Barycentric radial velocity | 268 |
125 Vector derivation of a stars apparent place | 295 |
126 The apparent place of a planet | 299 |
127 Star catalogues | 303 |
Astrographic plate measurements | 307 |
132 Standard coordinates | 310 |
133 Centring error | 313 |
134 Refraction and annual aberration | 315 |
135 The plate constants | 319 |
136 Principles of plate reduction | 322 |
137 The method of dependences | 325 |
138 Direct use of rectangular coordinates | 328 |
Stellar distances and movements | 333 |
142 Measurement of parallax and proper motion | 339 |
143 Distances of nearby stars | 342 |
144 The solar motion | 346 |
145 Statistical parallax | 350 |
146 Galactic coordinates | 353 |
147 Oorts constants | 356 |
148 The effect of galactic rotation on proper motions | 358 |
Elements of radio astronomy | 362 |
152 Radio interferometry | 366 |
153 A radio transit instrument | 370 |
154 Phase ambiguity | 372 |
155 Northsouth interferometer | 374 |
156 The interferometer of general orientation | 378 |
157 Polar motion | 380 |
158 Aperture synthesis | 382 |
159 Rotational synthesis | 385 |
Radio astrometry | 389 |
162 Twelvehour connected interferometry | 390 |
163 Very long baseline interferometry | 392 |
164 Source directions and baseline vectors | 397 |
165 Media effects | 400 |
166 Relativistic effects | 405 |
167 The radio and stellar reference frames | 409 |
Planetary phenomena and surface coordinates | 415 |
172 The apparent motion of a superior planet | 418 |
173 Stationary points | 420 |
174 Planetary phases | 422 |
175 Planetographic coordinates | 425 |
176 Planetographic coordinates of a point on the disc | 429 |
177 Heliographk coordinates | 430 |
178 Heliographic coordinates of a sunspot | 433 |
179 Selenographk coordinates | 434 |
Eclipses and occupations | 439 |
182 Conditions for a lunar eclipse | 441 |
183 Conditions for a solar eclipse | 443 |
184 Ecliptic limits | 444 |
185 Frequency and recurrence of eclipses | 448 |
186 Besselian elements of a solar eclipse | 450 |
187 Solar eclipse calculations | 453 |
188 Eclipse magnitudes | 457 |
189 Occultations by the moon | 459 |
Binary stars | 465 |
192 Orbital elements of a binary system | 467 |
193 The ThieleInnes method | 470 |
194 The LehmannFilhes method | 474 |
195 The masses of visual binaries | 478 |
196 Spectroscopic binary masses | 481 |
197 The binary pulsar | 484 |
Tensor methods | 491 |
A2 Tensors | 493 |
A3 The metrical tensor | 496 |
A4 Geodesies | 498 |
A5 Curved spacetimes | 499 |
Astronomical constants | 502 |
B2 Planetary data | 503 |
Answers to the numerical problems | 506 |
References | 509 |
| 511 | |
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Kluczowe wyrazy i wyrażenia
angular apparent place applied approximation arc seconds ascension and declination astrometry Astronomical Almanac axes barycentric baseline binary calculated celestial pole celestial sphere centre circle arc components computed considered constant coordinate system correction corresponding d₁ defined denote derived determined direction displacement earth's eccentricity ecliptic coordinates effects ephemeris equator and equinox equatorial coordinates expressed formula galactic geodesic given gives gravitational heliocentric hour angle interferometer interval latitude longitude magnitude mass mean meridian method metric moon moon's nutation observer observer's orbital elements parallax parameter perihelion phase planet planetary plate polar motion position vector precession precessional proper motion radial velocity radio radius reference stars refraction relative relativistic result right ascension right-hand side rotation semimajor axis sidereal solar system spectroscopic binary spherical triangle standard coordinates standard epoch star's stellar sun's time-scale unit vector variation yields zenith distance