conduct. Speaking of those who died for this plot, Fox says (Intro-
ductory Chapter to History of James II."), "that which is most cer-
tain in this affair is, that they had committed no overt act indicating
the imagining the king's death, even according to the most strained
construction of the statute of Edward III., much less was any such
act legally proved against them; and the conspiring to levy war was
not treason, except by a recent statute of Charles II., the prosecutions
upon which were expressly limited to a certain time, which in these
cases had elapsed; so that it is impossible not to assent to the opinion
of those who have ever stigmatised the condemnation and execution
of Russell as a most flagrant violation of law and justice." The firm
and noble conduct of Lady Russell, who attended her husband during
his trial to take notes and give him assistance, deserves the greatest
admiration. The bitterness of their parting is described in the most
pathetic terms, and a lasting grief is shown in her subsequent corres-
pondence. She died at Southampton House, in September 1723, at
the advanced age of eighty-six.
We have not mentioned the charge made against Lord Russell, in
common with Algernon Sidney, and many others of less repute, of
having received bribes from the French government. That he did
receive money appears certain, unless the authority of Barillon can be
overthrown, but that it was as a bribe to serve French interests we
believe to be quite untrue. The character of both Russell and Sidney
is wholly at variance with such an act. As a politician, Russell
appears uniformly disinterested; he was zealous and energetic, though
not conspicuous for ability, the high public estimation in which he was
held being founded upon his sense, his judgment, and his integrity.
The reader who wishes to inquire further into the subject must refer
to the more lengthened biographies and the authorities there referred
to; he will do well also to look at Macaulay's History,' and especially
at the more calm and judicial investigation of Hallam in the second
volume of his Constitutional History.'
•
Lord Russell's son was created Duke of Bedford; one of his
daughters was married to the Duke of Devonshire, and another to the
Duke of Rutland. An act for annulling his attainder, which passed
in the first year of William and Mary, recites that "he was by undue
and illegal return of jurors, having been refused his lawful challenge
to the said jurors for want of freehold, and, by partial and unjust
constructions of law, wrongfully convicted, attainted, and executed for
high treason." After the executions which followed the Rye House
Plot, the country party had little influence during the remainder of
Charles's reign.

RUSSELL, WILLIAM, LL.D., the son of poor parents, was born in the county of Selkirk in 1741, and educated, very imperfectly, in the country and in Edinburgh. He served a regular apprenticeship as a printer, and, while working as a journeyman in Edinburgh, edited a collection of modern poetry, and executed a translation of a tragedy of Crébillon, which was submitted to Garrick, but rejected. In 1767 he went to London to seek his fortune, but for some time found nothing better than a place as corrector of the press for Strachan the printer. While so employed he contributed to periodicals, and published unsuccessfully several poetical and other volumes, among which was a 'History of America.' In 1779 appeared the first two volumes of the popular compilation by which he is now known, The History of Modern Europe.' The third, fourth, and fifth volumes, bringing down the narrative to 1763, were published in 1784. In 1787 he married, and took up his residence on a farm in Dumfriesshire, where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1793 he published the first two volumes of a History of Ancient Europe;' and he had also begun, in terms of an engagement with Mr. Cadell, to compose a 'History of England from the Accession of George III.' These unfinished works however, as well as several tragedies and comedies, were stopped by his death, which took place on the 25th of December 1793.

RUSSELL, WILLIAM HOWARD, who has earned celebrity by his picturesque and vivid descriptions of the operations of the armies in the Crimea, was born in Dublin in 1821, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. While here, in 1841, an uncle, who was engaged as a reporter on the Times' newspaper, proposed to him to write an account of the Longford election: this he executed most successfully. In the following year he came to London, in hopes of being engaged as a reporter; but failing at the time, he entered himself at Cambridge University, and supported himself by writing for various periodical works, among others for the 'Sporting Magazine.' After a short residence in Cambridge, he obtained the appointment of mathematical master in Kensington grammar-school. In 1845 however, when the monster-meetings for the repeal of the Union were taking place in Ireland, he was applied to by the managers of the "Times' to attend and to write the descriptive portions of them, the speeches being reported by others; and he did this with a vividness, an energy, an accuracy, and a fearless honesty, that won him great applause. When the trial of O'Connell took place in Dublin, Mr. Russell was sent as reporter; and brought over the verdict, given at twelve o'clock on Saturday night, so as to publish it in the Times' on Monday morning. When the Daily News' was started in 1845, he was led to expect an engagement upon it offering him superior pecuniary advantages, and he resigned his connection with the Times;' but as this expectation was disappointed he entered himself at the Temple, and almost immediately made an arrangement with the Morning

Chronicle' as reporter, and in this capacity visited Ireland to investigate the consequences of the distress occasioned by the potato blight in 1846. In 1847 he returned to the Times,' for which he reported the trials of Smith O'Brien and his associates at Clonmel, the Kossuth demonstrations, the Queen's visits to Belgium and Ireland, ships launches, and many other things for which his picturesque and ready pen was adapted. On the sailing of the expedition to the Crimea, he was deputed by the Times' to accompany it in order to report its proceedings, and he proceeded thither with the first detachment. He soon distinguished himself by his intrepidity in taking up the most dangerous positions so as to enable him to see and describe the military events; he was present at the battle of the Alma; had more than one escape from shot, and more than a full share of the discomforts experienced by the troops, under which he more than once succumbed, and was dangerously ill. The most striking characteristics of his reports however were the quick-sightedness with which he discerned all the defects of arrangement, and the dauntless honesty with which he exposed them. His letters excited so much attention that, contrary to the almost uniform custom of the 'Times,' the name of the reporter became known, and was recognised in the paper. He returned to England, after visiting Moscow and describing the coronation of the czar. His letters, with some modification, have been published under the titles of The War, from the Landing at Gallipoli to the Death of Lord Raglan,' 1855; and 'The War, from the Death of Lord Raglan to the Peace at Paris, 1856,' in 2 post 8vo volumes; and he has since published The Expedition to the Crimea, with Maps and Plans,' issued in monthly parts. In 1856 he was created LL.D. of Trinity College, Dublin. [See SUPPLEMENT.] RUTHERFORD, DANIEL, was born at Edinburgh in November 1749, and was educated at the university of his native city. In 1772 he took his degree of M.D., and it was in the thesis which he printed upon this occasion, entitled 'De Aere Mephitico,' that he announced the discovery for which he is chiefly remembered, of the gas which has since been called azote or nitrogen; for Rutherford merely indicated its existence as a peculiar air, and neither gave it any name nor explained its properties. The same discovery was also made about the same time by Dr. Priestley, and was announced by him in his paper On the Different Kinds of Air,' which obtained the Copley medal, and was published in the Philosophical Transactions' for 1772. Dr. Rutherford was admitted a Fellow of the Edinburgh College of Physicians in 1777, and in 1786 he was appointed professor of botany in the university. He died on the 15th of November 1819. RUTHERFORTH, THOMAS, D.D., was born in the parish of Papworth Everard, Cambridgeshire, in the year 1712. Having taken his degree and obtained a fellowship in St. John's College, Cambridge, he was appointed Regius Professor of Divinity in the university, and created D.D. He was afterwards elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and obtained the preferments of the rectory of Barley in Hertfordshire, Shenfield in Essex, and the archdeaconry of Essex. He died in October 1771.

Besides single sermons and charges to the clergy, Dr. Rutherforth is the author of the following works:-'Ordo Institutionum Physicarum, in privatis suis Lectionibus,' sm. 4to, Camb., 1743; Essay on the Nature and Obligations of Virtue,' 8vo, Lond., 1744; 'A System of Natural Philosophy, being a Course of Lectures on Mechanics, Optics, Hydrostatics, and Astronomy,' 2 vols. 4to, Camb., 1748; A Letter to Dr. Middleton, in Defence of Bishop Sherlock on Prophecy,' 8vo, 1750; A Discourse on Miracles,' 8vo, 1751; Institutes of Natural Law, being the substance of a Course of Lectures on Grotius De Jure Belli et Pacis, read in St. John's College, Cambridge,' 2 vols. 8vo, Lond., 1754-56. A list of his sermons, tracts, and charges is given in Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica.'

RUTILIUS LUPUS, a Roman rhetorician, who was a contemporary of Quinctilian (Quinct., Inst. Orat.,' iii., 1, p. 150, Bipont), but of whose life we have no particulars. We possess a small treatise of his on rhetoric, entitled 'De Figuris Sententiarum et Elocutionis,' which we learn from Quinctilian (ix. 2, p. 152) was taken from a work of a contemporary of the name of Gorgias, in four books. The treatise of Rutilius does not appear to have come down to us in the same state in which he wrote it. It is now divided into two books, whereas Quinctilian says that it was only in one. It is several times quoted by Quinctilian, and is still valuable for the quotations which it contains from writers now lost.

The work of Rutilius was originally published by Roscius Ferrariensis, 8vo, Venet., 1519; and afterwards by Ruhnken, 8vo, Lug. Bat., 1768, the latter of which was republished by Frotscher, 8vo, Lips., 1831. There is also an edition by F. Jacob, 8vo, Lub., 1837.

RUTILIUS, NUMATIA'NUS, CLAUDIUS, a Roman poet at the beginning of the 5th century of the Christian era, was a native of Gaul, and held at Rome the high offices of magister officiorum or palatii, and præfectus urbi. Having occasion to return to his native country, he gave an account of his voyage, in a poem entitled Itine rarium,' written in elegiac verse, and consisting of two books, of which the greater part of the latter is lost. Rutilius made the voyage in a small vessel, which put into shore during the night and sailed again in the morning. He describes with much beauty, and in the genuine spirit of poetry, the towns, ruins, and various objects of nature and art which he saw, and deeply laments the ravages which had been

He was a

life ever possessed more amiable qualities than he did.
tender husband, a kind father, and a sincere friend. He frequently
straitened his own circumstances to alleviate the sorrows of others;
for his heart was always open to receive the solicitations of distress."
Ryland introduced chalk-engraving (lines composed of dots) into
England, and in the latter years of his life devoted himself exclusively
to engraving in this style, in which he had no equal, but chiefly, except
a few drawings by the old masters, after the works of Angelica Kauff-
mann, a circumstance which is to be regretted, as the works of that
lady have little to recommend them to the lovers of art. Ryland
engraved twenty-four prints after Angelica, and one of these, Edgar
and Elfrida,' a large plate, which was finished by Sharp for the benefit
of Mrs. Ryland, is one of his principal works. 'King John ratifying
the Magna Charta,' a large plate after Mortimer, and in a similar style,
was generally bought as a companion to it. Ryland left this plate
also unfinished, and it was completed by Bartolozzi, likewise for the
benefit of his widow. It is his best plate in this style; but the best
of these chalk engravings have a very inferior effect to etchings, or line
and mezzotinto engravings; the style was, however, like the insipid
drawings of Cipriani, much in vogue in the time of Ryland and
Bartolozzi.

As an etcher, or where the needle and graver are combined, Ryland was also excellent. The prints which he engraved in France were executed in this style, and Watelet terms his execution in this style most picturesque, and adds that one would suppose his etchings to be the work of a painter. The chalk manner is exactly in its place in imitations of chalk drawings, of which there are no better examples than Ryland's own in the fine Collection of Drawings published by Charles Rogers, as the two of St. Francis, after Carlo Maratti and Guercino, and many others. This work is entitled 'A Collection of Prints in imitation of Drawings; to which are annexed Lives of their Authors, with explanatory and critical Notes, by Charles Rogers,' &c., 2 vols. folio, London, 1778; containing in all 116 prints, some of considerable size, of which 57 are by Ryland, besides the admirable mezzotinto portrait of Mr. Rogers at the commencement of the work. RYMER, THOMAS, the learned editor of the great collection of documents relating to the transactions of England with foreign powers, popularly known as Rymer's Foedera,' was one of the many sons of Ralph Rymer, of the neighbourhood of Northallerton, who had renin his office of Sequestrator, and becoming implicated in the northern insurrection of 1663, was thereupon executed. Thomas was born in 1638 or 1639, and educated under an excellent schoolmaster at the grammar-school of Northallerton, where he was a class-fellow with the learned Dr. George Hickes. He was removed to Sidney College, Cambridge, and was entered of Gray's-inn in 1666.

Strutt, whose work was published only two years after Ryland's execution, seems to have abstained, from delicacy probably towards his widow, from a more particular notice of the disgraceful termination to his brother engraver's otherwise successful career. As this case is not known and as Ryland persisted in his innocence to the last, it may be here briefly related as the facts appeared on the trial:Ryland appears to have been a discounter of bills, and that he was otherwise commercially engaged as a printseller, has been already noticed. He had once failed in this business, but he afterwards honourably repaid all his creditors in full, though not bound to do so by law. In the spring of 1783 the agents and servants of the East India Company in London appear to have detected several forgeries of their bills, and suspicion attached to Ryland, apparently in more than one case. He received however intimation of his approaching arrest, and by the advice of his wife concealed himself, whereupon the East India Company immediately offered a reward for his detection. He had concealed himself in the house of a shoemaker at Stepney, under the name of Jackson: having however given the man some shoes to mend, the shoemaker discovered the real name of his lodger, and gave notice to the police. When Ryland found that he was discovered, in a fit of despair he attempted to cut his throat: the attempt failed, but he seriously injured himself. A true bill was found against him by the grand jury, June 5, and he was tried at the Old Bailey July 26, before Judge Buller. The specific charge against him was for forging and uttering knowing to be forged a bill of 210. on the East India Company. The case for the prosecution was this: Ryland had uttered or negociated two bills on the East India Company for 210l. and of the same date, the original bill in May 1782, and the forged bill in November of the same year. The two bills were so much alike that none could swear which was the true bill, except by two small holes through which a needle and thread had passed; and, what was of chief importance, the paper-maker gave evidence to the paper of the other bill being made after the date of the bill. The first bill had beendered himself obnoxious to the Royalists in the Commonwealth times fairly negociated, but the party from whom Ryland asserted that he had received the second, a Mr. Hagglestone, was nowhere to be found. These facts and the circumstances of his flight and attempted suicide were urged against him by the counsel for the prosecution. Ryland made his own defence, but owing to the soreness of his throat from his recent attempt, it was written, and read by the clerk of the court: the following were its concluding words, as reported in the 'Morning Herald' of July 28:-"The prosecution has endeavoured to substantiate my guilt by my flight; but let them figure to themselves the fears, the dread, the horrors, of an honest mind, pursued by officers of justice, to take my life, if I could not prove my innocence; let them reflect on the tears, the entreaties and prayers of a fond, loving, and beloved wife, and then conclude my guilt from my flight. They have also presumed to drag into evidence my attempt on my own life. I confess the attempt with shame, horror, and remorse; driven into a state of insanity, how then will they, how can they, torture insanity into a proof of my guilt! Two bills, one a good one, one a bad one, have been attempted to be proved in my possession; supposing that to be true, can any man say either is the forged one? Mr. Holt, from his infirmity, may easily make a mistake; and where then is any forgery? I cannot think that the court and jury will sacrifice my life to presumption, and, where there is a possibility of innocence, take it away on groundless suspicions." He was found guilty of uttering the bill knowing it to be forged.

After the verdict was pronounced, which he bore with the greatest calmness, he merely observed-"I dare not challenge the justness of my verdict: I am however conscious of my innocence; and I hope that my life will be preserved by the royal clemency of my sovereign, on whose bounty it has long subsisted." He heard his sentence pronounced without being moved, and retired from the court as if unconcerned in the proceedings. He was executed at Tyburn on the 29th of August, about twelve o'clock, in company with five other convicts, four of whom were executed for highway robbery and burglary, the fifth for forgery. The execution was delayed some time by a violent thunder-storm. A white handkerchief was bandaged round the cap of Ryland. The curiosity of the public was so great to witness the execution of this unfortunate man, that as much as ten guineas were paid for a single room which commanded a view of the barbarous and disgusting exhibition: so great a concourse of people had not met for a similar purpose since the execution of Dr. Dodd six years previously. Character and probability were much in favour of Ryland's innocence, though circumstantial evidence was against him. He was wealthy, according to his own account. Besides the salary of 200l. per annum as engraver to the king, he exercised a very lucrative profession, possessed a great stock in trade, and had a large property in the Liverpool water-works; and many witnesses bore testimony to his high character. Strutt says of him-" He was a man respected and beloved by all that were acquainted with him; for few men in private

He does not appear to have attained any eminence in the law. He rather devoted himself to polite literature, till he was named the historiographer royal, and appointed editor of the 'Foedera.' His first publication is a play, published in 1677, entitled 'Edgar, or the English Monarch.' This was followed in the next year by his letter to Fleetwood Shepherd, 'The Tragedies of the Last Age considered and examined by the Practice of the Ancients and by the Common Sense of all Ages. In 1683 appeared his translation of the Life of Nicias, by Plutarch, which is found in the collection of the 'Lives translated into English by several Hands.' In 1684 he published a tract on the antiquity, power, and decay of Parliament, which was reprinted in 1714, on occasion of the expulsion of Richard Steele, Esq., the member for Stockbridge. In 1693 he published ‘A short View of Tragedy; its Original Excellency and Corruption: with some Reflections on Shakspere and other practitioners for the Stage.' This is the work in which he attacks some of Shakspere's tragedies in a manner ludicrously absurd. In 1694 appeared his translation of M. Rapin's Reflections on Aristotle's Treatise of Poesie.' There are other minor tracts by him, among which is probably to be reckoned the Life of Thomas Hobbes,' printed 'apud Eleutherium Anglicum sub signo Veritatis, 1681.'

On December 23, 1692, he was made historiographer royal, a post which had been held by Shadwell and Dryden. The salary was 2001. per annum. There was at that time a scheme for publishing a corpus of the documents which remain connected with the transactions between England and other states. It was intended that it should be a large and comprehensive work, honourable to the English nation, and useful to the historical inquirers, not only of England but of all other countries. The patrons of this magnificent design were Montagu, who was afterwards Earl of Halifax, and Lord Somers. The execution of it was committed to Rymer. His duties were twofold: first, to collect the instruments themselves, which were to be found chiefly in the chronicles and in the depositaries of public records, particularly the Tower of London and the Chapter-House at Westminster; secondly, to print accurate copies of them. The first volume appeared in 1703, and it was followed by others in quick succession, the later volumes being carried through the press by Sanderson, who had assisted Rymer almost from the beginning.

The work did not disappoint the expectations of the public. It entirely changed the face of the histories of our own country, as may be seen by Rapin's History, and it was hailed with great satisfaction by all the historical writers of Europe. Large as the work was, there have been three editions of it. A fourth was undertaken by the

219

RYSBRACK, PETER.

Commissioners on the Public Records, in which it was proposed to
incorporate other documents, which had been discovered since the
time of Rymer. This edition extends only to the close of the reign of
Edward III. There are in the British Museum a great number of
transcripts of documents made under Rymer's direction not used in
his work.
Notwithstanding his appointment of historiographer, and whatever
remuneration he might receive for his labours on the 'Federa,'
Rymer became exceedingly poor in the latter part of his life. He died
December 14, 1713, in Arundel-street, in the Strand, and was buried
in the church of St. Clement Danes.
RYSBRACK, RYSBRAECK, or RYSBRECHTS, PETER, was born
at Antwerp, in 1657, and studied landscape painting under Francis
Milé, whom he accompanied to Paris. He followed the style of Poussin,
in imitating whom he was pre-eminently successful. Notwithstanding
large offers and flattering encouragement to remain in France, he
returned to his native city, and in 1713 was made director of the
Academy there. The landscapes of Rysbrack are distinguished by
grandeur of style, which, though founded on an imitation of the admir-
able productions of Nicholas Poussin, possess sufficient originality to
secure him from the imputation of plagiarism. Indeed he painted in
the spirit rather than copied the works of that great artist, though
there is a want of variety in his pictures, which places them, in the
estimation of connoisseurs, far below those of Poussin. Rysbrack's
colouring is harmonious, his touch is bold and free, and he possessed
great facility of execution. He died in 1716.
The date of the birth and the birth-
RYSBRACK, MICHAEL
place of this distinguished Flemish sculptor are differently given by
different writers; but Charles Rogers, the publisher of the Century
of Drawings,' &c., who was well acquainted with him, states that he
was born at Antwerp, June 24, 1693. He was the son of the landscape-
painter Peter Rysbrack, who, after he had given his son some instruction
in design, placed him in 1706 with the sculptor Michael Vander Vorst,
with whom he remained six years.

In 1720 Rysbrack came to London, and distinguished himself for his small models in clay. He was the first sculptor who was extensively employed in England, and he spread a general taste for the art over the country by his fine monumental works. His progress in London was at first slow, and his first work which attracted notice was a bust of the Earl of Nottingham. He was for some time engaged by Gibbs, who contracted with the original parties for monuments, for which he on his part contracted with Rysbrack, greatly to his own advantage. For instance, Gibbs received from Lord Oxford 100l. each for the statues on Prior's monument in the south transept (or Poet's Corner) in Westminster Abbey, while he gave Rysbrack only 351. each. Rysbrack however soon became aware of his own merit, and shook off all dependence on Gibbs. Engagements crowded upon him, and there was not a work of sculpture of any consequence undertaken in England that was not intrusted to Rysbrack. When men found, says Walpole, that there was a man capable of furnishing statues, the taste for monuments was much improved and greatly spread.

Rysbrack, unlike most of the artists of his age, studied exclusively nature and the antique; he had no respect for the works of his great countryman Rubens, and those of Rembrandt he would not look at, in which he was of course actuated wholly by the feelings of a sculptor, form and character being his exclusive study. He was a most industrious sculptor: fine works are to be seen by him in many parts of England, but especially in Westminster Abbey, at Blenheim, at Stourhead, and at Bristol. In few sculptors' workshops has there been more activity than there was in those of Rysbrack in Vere street, Oxford-street, during about forty years of the half century that he dwelt in England, though latterly, through his successful rivals Scheemaker and Roubiliac, his occupation sensibly diminished.

Rysbrack's busts were very numerous, and include those of many distinguished characters. His first great public work was the bronze equestrian statue of William III., which was made for the city of Bristol, and erected in Queen's-square in 1733. Scheemaker also competed for this statue, and his model was thought so excellent that he was presented with 50%., though it was rejected for the design of

SAAD-ED-DEEN.

The

Rysbrack, who received 3000l. for it: Walpole says 18002
monument to Sir Isaac Newton in Westminster Abbey, which wa
exposed in 1781, was executed by Rysbrack from a design by Keut
One to Mrs. Oldfield, in the cloisters, put up the year before, was
In 1735 he finished a colossal statue of George II for the parade
apparently his first independent monument in the abbey.
of Greenwich Hospital, at the expense of Sir John Jennings, the then
governor: it was cut out of a single block of marble weighing eleven
tons, which had been captured from the French by Sir George Rooke
Exchange, London. He obtained however most reputation by Lis
He made also the statue of George II., which was in the old Royal
monument to John, Duke of Marlborough, and his duchess in the
chapel at Blenheim. They are represented with their two sons, who
died young, supported by Fame and History; in the lower part is
basso-rilievo of the surrender of Marshal Tallard: the style is however
very far removed from the purity and severity of monumental sculpture
of a high order. At Blenheim also, in the library, is a beautiful marble
statue of Queen Anne: it was erected in 1726. In Christchurch College
Oxford, there is a statue of Locke by Rysbrack, executed in 1757. lis
college contains also some busts of distinguished members by Rysbrack
Besides what have been already mentioned there are the following
monuments by him in Westminster Abbey:-to Admiral Vernon, and
Richard Kane, governor of Minorca, in the north transept; to James,
Earl Stanhope, in the north aisle; to John Friend, M.D.; and John
John Gay, Nicholas Rowe, John Milton, and Ben Jonson, in the south
Methuen, in the south aisle; to Sir Godfrey Kneller, in the nave; to
transept, or Poet's Corner; and one to Daniel Pulteney in the
cloisters.

The erection of Shakespere's monument by Scheemaker, in West-
minster Abbey, is said to have greatly obscured the reputation of
Rysbrack; but it only stimulated the industrious sculptor to make
still greater exertions. This rivalry was the cause of his making his
his masterpiece, the Hercules, at Stourhead, the seat of Sir Richard
Palladio, Inigo Jones, and Fiammingo, at Chiswick; and subsequently
of the English gymnasium or amphitheatre for boxing, an institution
Colt Hoare. This Hercules is a species of historical figure, a record
their career by being hanged. The figure was made for Henry Hoare,
which was put an end to, as the principal gymnasiasts generally ended
Esq., who built a temple expressly for it. It is of the heroic size,
seven feet high, and cost Rysbrack three years' labour. The head is
different English frequenters of this gymnastic amphitheatre. The
copied from the Farnese Hercules; the limbs are taken from several
arms,' says Walpole, were Broughton's; the breast a celebrated coach-
man's, a bruiser; and the legs were those of Ellis the painter, s
great frequenter of that gymnasium.'

There are many other statues by Rysbrack-as a Flora from the antique, at Stourhead; the Duke of Somerset, at Cambridge, presented by his daughters the Marchioness of Granby and Lady Guernsey; Charles Duke of Somerset and his Duchess, in Salisbury Cathedral; British Museum; Lady Folkestone, Coleshill, Berks; Lady Besborough, Sir Hans Sloane, in the botanical garden at Chelsea, and his bust in the Derby; the second, third, and fourth Dukes of Beaufort, at Badmin ton, Gloucestershire; Dr. Radcliffe, at Oxford; John Willet, Esq., Merly House, Dorsetshire; a statue of Charles I., for George Selwyn; and the following busts:-Pope, Gibbs, Sir Robert Walpole, Duke and Duchess of Argyle, Lord Bolingbroke, Wooton the landscape painter, Martin Folkes, Ben Jonson, Butler, Milton, Cromwell, the heads in were executed for the Elysian Fields at Stowe: he made also a good the Hermitage at Richmond, and those of the English Worthies which bust of himself. Notwithstanding his industry, Rysbrack was not rich, and when at the age of seventy he gave up his profession, he lections of prints, pictures, drawings, marbles, casts, models, &c, inmade a sale of his principal effects-his remaining works and his col were conceived and executed in the true taste of the great Italian cluding a large collection of his own drawings, which, says Walpole, was in making such drawings in bistre, and many were sold at two masters. The chief amusement of the last three years of his life auctions of his effects which took place after his death. He died January 8, 1770.

SAAD-ED-DEEN (KHOJA SAAD-ED-DEEN MOHAMMED EFFENDI), the
most celebrated of the Turkish historiographers, was born in the
Hassan-Jan, his father, a
early part of the 16th century of our era.
Persian by birth, held a post in the household of Sultan Selim I., and
was highly esteemed by that ferocious monarch, whom he attended in
his last moments. His son Mohammed received his education among
the pages of the imperial palace, and having devoted himself to the
study of Moslem theology and jurisprudence, became a muderris, or
professor in the college attached to the great mosque of St. Sophia.
The talents and learning which he displayed in this capacity gave him
high celebrity, and he was appointed by Selim II., in 1573, khoja, or
preceptor to his son Mourad, the heir apparent, who then held the
government of Magnesia. The death of Selim, in December 1574,

S

called Mourad to the throne; and Saad-ed-deen was nominated unlimited influence over his imperial pupil, who had recourse to his cadhilesker, or military judge; but he continued to retain almost advice in matters of government so constantly as to excite the jealousy of the vizirs; and an attempt was made to ruin him by representing the erection of an astronomical observatory, which the sultan had founded at his instigation near Top-khana, as an evil omen for the stability of the empire. But though the observatory was demolished by the superstitious fears of Mourad, the favour with which he regarded Saad-ed-deen was unimpaired; and Mohammed IIL, who succeeded in 1595, continued to entrust the confidential adviser of his father with the management of the most secret diplomatic relations of the empire. The Khoja-Effendi (as Saad-ed-deen is fre