passage for Rome, Barrideévros, being baptized, or sinking in the midst of the Adriatic sea. Bell. II., he says that they left the city as people would swim away from, Bartı Couévns, a sinking ship. Bell. III. 9, 3, he says that the inhabitants of Joppa, being driven from the city by the Romans, and forced to betake themselves to the shipping, were tossed about by the roughness of the sea, till at last, the wave high raised, Barriosv, baptized, or sunk them. Bell. I. 22, 2, speaking of the death of Aristobulus who was drowned by order of Herod, he says that he was sent by night to Jericho, and there perished, Barrouévos, being baptized in a pool. In Ant. XV. 3, 3, there is an allusion to the same transaction, where it is said that they kept press. ing him down, and, Barrilovres, baptizing him till he was quite suffocated. This baptism must of course have been immersion. Drowning could not have been effected by either wetting, washing, or sprinkling. Indeed, wherever baptizo occurs in this author, the connection invariably determines the signification to be plunging; and the authority of Josephus will go far towards settling the meaning of the word in the New Testament: for, being contemporary with the apostles, and a native Jew, he must have understood and spoken Greek in the same manner they did.

Strabo, Lib. 6, speaking of a lake near Agrigentum in Sicily, says: Things that elsewhere will not float, do not, Barrilera, baptize, or sink in the waters of this lake, but swim like wood. Lib. 12, of a certain river in Cappadocia, he says: If one shoots an arrow into it, the force of the water resists it so much, that it will scarcely, Barrisola, baptize, or sink. Lib. 16, The bitumen, he says, floats on the surface of the lake Sirbon, because of the nature of the water, which does not admit of diving, nor can any one who enters it, Barrisola, baptize, or sink, but is borne up. Lib. 14, he says of Alexander's soldiers, that they marched a

whole day through the water, Barrioμévwv, baptized, or immersed up to the waist. The meaning of the word as used by Strabo in these instances, is unquestionable.

Polybius, 16. 80, The foot soldiers passed through the water with difficulty, Barrouévos, being baptized or immersed up to the breast. Lib. 5. 47, he speaks of the cavalry being baptized or immersed, Barrilouévo, in the marshes. These examples, and several other similar ones that might be produced from the same author, are likewise indisputable.

Plutarch, Sulla, 21, speaking of the battle of Orchomenus, says that many weapons of the Barbarians, such as bows, helmets, and swords, were in his time, to be found EußeßaπTIOμévas, baptized, or buried in the marshes.

In Alexand. 67, speaking of Alexander's bachanalian procession in Carmania, he says: 'In the whole company there was not to be seen a buckler, a helmet, or spear: but all the way, the soldiers, Barrilovres, dipping with cups, flagons, and goblets, out of large casks and urns, drank to each other; some, as they were marching along, Prof. Stuart and others as they were seated at tables.' observes that bapto only is used to denote dipping up, or dipping out. Neither bapto nor baptizo, unless in composition with ava, or in connection with a preposition, can ex

But either verb will ex

press dipping up, or dipping out. press dipping; and this example shows clearly that baptizo is capable of being applied in precisely the same manner, and would answer the purpose equally as well as bapto, in the cases he has ranged under that signification. Baptizo is used to denote the dipping of a bucket; e. g. The scholiast on Eurip. Hippol. 123, As when one Barrilew, baptizes, dips a bucket into a fountain, to fill it.'

6

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, in his Life of Homer, p. 297, furnishes an example of the word, which Prof. Stuart

6

**

notes as an instance of the signification to bathe or smear. This example occurs in a remark on Il. 16. 333, where Homer, describing the death of Cleobulus by the hand of Ajax, says: He smote him in the neck with his hilted sword, and the whole sword became warm with blood. Upon this Dionysius remarks, 'that the poet expresses himself with great emphasis, representing the sword as being so baptized, BaTTideévros, as even to become warm. Prof. Stuart admits that baptizo is here capable of being rendered dipped, but thinks it an improbable sense. 'If the writer,' he asks, ' had intended to convey this idea, would he not have written, "the sword being so baptized into blood?" I might ask, on the other hand, Had the writer intended to convey the idea of bathing, would he not have written at length, 'the sword being so bathed with blood?' Whatever be the meaning of the verb here, its regimen is to be supplied out of the passage on which the writer is commenting; but why the ellipsis should be supposed to be less compatible with the idea of immersion, than with that of bathing, I confess I have not the penetration to discover. tion, however, will settle the question. scribing a contest between two foes. nist in his arms, and the latter struggling to disengage himself, Ajax terminates the contest by plunging his sword into his neck. Now it might be said without exaggeration, that the dirk, plunged up to the hilt in his neck, or throat, and of course surrounded with blood, was immersed in it; it might naturally be supposed that it would, in this situation, soon become warm;† but, that it should become heated merely by the small quantity of blood cleaving to it after it

A moment's reflecHomer is here deAjax has his antago

and

* Kai γαρ ἐν τουτῷ παρέχει μείζονα ἔμφασιν, ὡς βαπτισθέντος οὕτω τοῦ ξίφους, ὡς τε θερμανθῆναι.

+ This is precisely the same idea that is expressed by Horace, Serm. 2. 3, 136, In matris jugulo ferrum tepefecit.

was withdrawn from the wound, is quite incredible. It is not, then, the condition of the sword as bathed or smeared with blood after being withdrawn from the wound; but as actually immersed in it, that Dionysius describes by baptizo.

Baptizo is also used metaphorically, in a variety of connections, in all which cases, Prof. Stuart assigns the signifi cation to overwhelm. But that the word in figurative use, is to be accepted in its ordinary sense, may be made perfectly clear, by an analysis of the figure in its various appli. cations. Take, for example, the expression, baptized in sleep, a figure which, by the way, is as common with us as it was with the ancients. The imagination conceives of sleep as an influence, or an element, which is sometimes supposed to fall upon us, as, Gen. 15: 12, a deep sleep fell upon Abram; Odyss. 10. 31, sleep came upon me, sus ÜTVOS

λude: sometimes we are said to fall into it, as, Soph. Philoct. 826, sis UTVOV TECεiv, to fall into sleep, or, as we say, to fall asleep ; Acts 20: 9, καταφέρεσθαι εἰς ὕπνον, Β. ὕπνῳ, to sink to sleep. So likewise we are said to be baptized or plunged into sleep, βαπτισθῆναι εἰς ὕπνον s. ὕπνῳ ; and to be pressed down into sleep, ßeßapnμévnv έs üπvov, Anacr. Ode on the Vintage. In conformity with this idea, we speak of deep sleep; of being buried in sleep; and of rising up from, or out of sleep, ἀπὸ, 5. ἐξ ὕπνου.

Again, take the expression, baptized in wine; still the figure justifies the same interpretation of the verb; for, that the idea of immersion is involved, may be proved to demonstration. The ancients, who used the figure, will of course be allowed to explain it. Clement of Alexandria, Paed. 2. 2, speaking of drunkenness, says: The soul, or mind, is inundated by excessive drinking: for the flood of wine is like the devouring sea, in which the body being ingulfed like a ship, it sinks into the depth of uncleanness, being covered with the waves of wine,' The immersion, how

ever, was perhaps oftener referred to the mind, than the body; as in Xenophen, Conv. c. 2, 'If,' says he,' we pour in wine excessively, the reason is suffocated, just as seeds sown in the earth are drowned by being overwatered.' So Basil, Homily on Temperance, Grief, like excessive drinking, sinks [Gr. baptizes] the mind.' So also, Homer, Odyss. 9, 362, paraphrased by Pope

He said, and greedy grasped the heady bowl,
Thrice drained, and poured the deluge on his soul;
His sense lay covered with the dozy fume,
While thus my fraudful speech I reassume.

These remarks must, I think, make it sufficiently apparent, that, when the ancients applied baptizo to drunkenness, sleep, etc. the figure conceived in the mind, was that of immersion. The reader will now take the following examples.

Evenus, in Anthol. 11. 49, 'Bacchus, Barrie, plunges, one into a sleep similar to that of death :' in other words, drunkenness sinks one into a death-like sleep.

Clemens Alex. Paed. 2. 2, He is a sluggard, who, instead of watching unto wisdom, is, by drunkenness, BarTIHóuevos, baptized, plunged, into sleep.

Heliodorus, 4. 17, When midnight, Bárov, had plunged the city in sleep.' Virgil, in the same manner, speaks of a city buried in sleep and wine.

Josephus, Ant. 10. 9, 4, says that Ishmael, who was sent by the king of the Ammonites to kill Gedaliah, seized his opportunity when he saw him, by excessive drinking, Beßarrioμévov, baptized, sunk into insensibility and sleep.

Philo Judaeus, II. p. 478, I know some who, when they easily become intoxicated, before they are entirely sunk, Barridoval, viz. into insensibility.

Lucian, III. p. 81, He is like one who is dizzy, and BeBarrioμévy, baptized, or sunk, viz. into insensibility, by drinking.