amination of classical usage, we had no less than three examples of this verb from Aratus, exhibiting precisely the same construction as the passage in question; and in every one of them, Prof. Stuart, without hesitation, rendered it to dip. If, then, the genitive construction is, in classic use, compatible with this signification, why should it be supposed to militate against it here? The truth is, the remark will not bear the test of examination. It is neither justified by the usage of the language, nor reconcilable with the principles of interpretation which Prof. Stuart himself acknowledges in other parts of the discussion. So far from bapto here signifying to wet, such a version of the passage has never been suggested by any lexicographer or commentator that I have seen. This verb as obviously means to dip, in this place, as in any other whatever.

John 13: 26, He it is to whom I shall give the sop, when I have dipped it, ẞálas; and when he had dipped, uBalas, the sop, i. e. into the sauce, or gravy, he gave to Judas Iscariot.

it

Matt. 26: 23, He that dippeth, ußátas, his hand with me in the dish. Mark 14: 20, It is one of the twelve that dippeth, iußarróuevos, with me into the dish.

6

2. This word also, in one instance, signifies to dye. Rev. 19: 13, A vesture dyed, ßeßauμévov, with blood,' i. e. a purple, or scarlet robe, which was anciently the distinguishing badge of a general.

βάπτειν ὠκεανοῖο,ῥόου εσπερίνιο,—ποταμοῖο, to dip in the ocean, the western flood, the river. Sometimes the preposition is supplied; as, Esop, Fab. 34, casting his net kara Toù daros into the water. Eurip. Orest. 1594, he plunged the sword into his flesh, low σapkos Bate. The Greek scholiast, in commenting on the expression Eloi Kar' ovpεos, Od. 6. 103, observes that it has the Attic syntax; and compares κατὰ σπλάγχνων ἔβαψε ξίφος, he plunged the sword into his bowels. Buttman, Gramm. p. 364, note, says, in reference to this construction of the genitive case, that "in the ancient language, the genitive served to express every species of general relation, where the more immediate one was obvious of itself."

We have now examined every example of bapto, which Prof. Stuart has cited; and we come unavoidably to the result, that, in the classics, the Septuagint, and New Testament, it means primarily to dip, to plunge; and secondarily, to dye. The other meanings which Prof. Stuart has assigned, are entirely destitute of proof; for every example he has produced, may be naturally and fairly referred to one or the other of these two. The rite of Baptism, however, is never designated by this verb, but uniformly by the derivative, baptizo, which we come next to examine.

βαπτίζω.

Classical Usage. Barrilw, baptizo, in classical use, signified to dip, to plunge, to sink. This, on fair examination, will be seen to be its only meaning.

Orpheus, Argon. 514, When the sun, Barrilero, had baptized himself into the waves of the ocean, and the moon, decked in a robe of light, led on her starry train.' The meaning of the word here cannot be mistaken. ancients supposed the sun, at its setting, to plunge into the ocean; and this is expressed both by bapto, and baptizo.

The

Pindar, Pyth. 2. 139, describing the impotent malice of his enemies, compares himself to the cork upon a net in the sea, which, on account of its buoyancy, will not sink: 'As when a net is cast into the sea, the cork swims above, so am I, áßάTTIOTOs, unbaptized, i. e. unplunged.' The Greek scholiast, commenting on this passage, says: 'Like the cork of a net in the sea, où Barrilouai, I am not baptized. As the cork, où dúvε, does not sink, so I am unbaptized. The cork remains unbaptized, and swims on the surface of the sea; in like manner I am unbaptized.' Wetting, washing, and sprinkling, are all out of the question here. The connection in which the word stands in the text, and the man.

ner in which it is used by the scholiast in the commentary, admit of no other meaning but immersion. This sense, Prof. Stuart concedes, is too obvious here to admit of any doubt.

Hippocrates, p. 254, speaking of the application of a blister, says: After, Balas, dipping it in oil of roses and Egyptian ointment, let it be applied during the day, and if it prove too painful, Barrigen, baptize it again in breast milk and Egyptian ointment.' Here the dipping of the blister is first expressed by bapto, and then by baptizo; which shows that the two words are, in such situations, equivalent and interchangeable.

The same author, p. 340, compares a peculiar kind of breathing in patients to the manner of a person's fetching his breath, after coming out from under the water: 'He breathed as persons do, after ßeßártiodai, being baptized,' i. e. after being immersed under the water. Suppose that we should read it, he breathed as persons do, after being wet, washed, sprinkled:' where would then be the force or propriety of the comparison? Immersion is the only possible meaning here.

Again, p. 532,Shall I not laugh at the man who BarTilovra, baptizes his ship by over-loading it, and then complains of the sea for ingulfing it with its cargo ?' We see here, that to baptize a ship, is neither to wet, wash, nor sprinkle it; but to sink it, so that it becomes ingulfed or embosomed in the deep, καταβυθισε.

Diodorus Siculus, 11. 18, 'The admiral's ship, Barrodeions, being baptized, or sunk, the armament was thrown into great confusion.' Some editions read, Bubideeions, ingulfed, sunk in the deep. Lib. 1. 36, Most of the land animals that are overtaken by the river, (i e. in case of a sudden swell), Barrióμsva, being baptized or sunk, perish.' Lib. 16. 80, The river rushing down with a violent cur

rent, Barrie, baptized many, (i. e. of the soldiers), and bore them away, as they were swimming with their arms.'

Aristotle, De Mirabil. Ausc. speaks of a saying among the Phoenicians, that there are certain places beyond the pillars of Hercules, which, when it is ebb tide, are not baptized, un Barrierbar, but at full tide, are inundated, overflowed. Prof. Stuart thinks, that because the land is not actually taken and put into the water, but the water brought over it, baptizo must here have a different shade of meaning, and chooses to render it overwhelm. This would answer in a free translation; but it is not the meaning of the word. Baptizo has strictly the same signification here, that it has every where else; nor has it, in such situations, any more latitude of application, than is frequently true of the correspondent term in English: for, though immersion strictly implies that the thing immersed is put into the immersing substance; yet, as Mr. Carson very justly observes, when the same effect is produced without the usual manner of the operation, the name of the operation is often catachrestically given to the result.*

Heraclides Ponticus, Allegor. p. 495, says: When a piece of iron is taken red hot from the fire, and Barrilera, baptized, plunged into water, the heat, being quenched by the peculiar nature of the water, ceases.

Lucian, in his Dialogue of Timon the man-hater, makes him say: If I should see any one floating towards me

*It is said that Ulysses, while clinging to a rock in the sea, was again plunged in the watery deep, ußalε TOνT, by the refluent surge coming over him. The disciples were said to enter into the cloud, cioeλleiv eis rìv vepéλnv, as it overshadowed them, Luke 9: 34. It is said of the Persian soldiers, that the latchets of their sandals sunk into their feet, ciadóovro sis módas, though strictly speaking, the flesh swelled and rose above them, Xen. Anab. 4, 5, 14. Would Prof. Stuart, in these several instances, deny to the verbs their usual meaning?

upon the rapid torrent, and he should, with outstretched hands, beseech me to assist him, I would thrust him from me, Barrilovra, baptizing him until he would rise no more.' Plunging, sinking, is the only meaning that is admissible

here.

Plutarch, Paralel. Graec. Rom. p. 545, speaks of a Roman general, who, when he was just dying of his wounds, set up a trophy, on which, Barricas, baptizing, dipping, his hand into the blood, he wrote an inscription.

Vol. VI. 633, Baptize, Báπridov, yourself into the sea. Vol. X. 118, Then Barrilwv, baptizing himself into the lake Copais. The same author, in his life of Theseus, quotes the Sybiline verse, Thou mayest be baptized, Bartin, O bladder, but it is not thy fate to sink.' This example, though not noticed by Prof. Stuart, has been often triumphantly adduced, as though it were conclusive proof that baptizo means something less than immersion. The oracle declares that the bladder may be baptized, but will not sink, i. e. it may be forced under the water, so as to be immersed; yet, instead of sinking, the force is no sooner removed, than it rises again to the surface. Immersion, so far from being an incongruous meaning here, is indeed the only sense that suits the connection. The meaning of the oracle is, that although Athens might be temporarily plunged in calamities, it should not, however, be destroyed.

Epictetus, III. 69,' As you would not wish, sailing in a large ship adorned and abounding with gold, to be baptized βαπτίζεσθαι, so, etc. Here the sinking of a ship is called baptism.

Josephus, Ant. 9, 10, 2, speaking of the storm that overtook Jonah in his flight to Tarshish, says that the mariners were unwilling to throw him overboard, until the ship was just going, Barrilsada, to be baptized, to sink. In the history of his own life, he speaks of the ship in which he took