Bos, bõvis, makes the nominat. and accus. plur. boves, gen. bum, dat. and ablat. būbus, and less frequently bōbus. Sus makes the dat. and ablat. plur. subus, which is a contraction of the less frequent form suibus.

CHAPTER XVI.

GREK FORMS IN WORDS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.

[§ 70.] A GREAT number of Greek words, especially proper names, belongs to the third declension; and as their genitive terminates in oç (ɛws, ovç), they follow the third declension in their own language also. Among the terminations of the nominative mentioned above, some belong exclusively to Greek words, viz., ma, i, y, ān, în, ōn, ÿn, ēr, ÿr, ys, eus, yx, inx, ynx, and the plurals in e; but there are also Greek words with other terminations, most of which, however, are quite treated as Latin words, for which reason the termination on is generally Latinized into o (see above, § 56), and the Greek forms are used by Latin writers, especially the poets, only in some cases.

1. In the genitive singular, the poets frequently use the Greek termination os instead of the Latin is, especially in words in is which usually make their genitive idis, whether simple or derivative (see § 245), e. g., Daphnidos, Phasidos, Atlantidos, Erymanthidos, Nereidos; so also in nouns in as and ys; as, Pallados, Tethyos; and in eus; as, Pelēõs, Theseos (Ovid, Metam., viii., 268), although the Latin termination eï or contracted ei (according to the second declension), as in Thesei, Terei, is more commonly used. (See above, Chap. XII., 4.)

But in prose the Greek termination of the genitive is seldom used. Substantives in is derived from verbs in particular, such as basis, ellipsis, mathesis, poësis, make their genitive like the nominative, and not baseos, matheseos, &c., which forms are found only in unclassic writers. here in reality a blending of two forms of declension. According to Priscian (6, p. 695, Putsch.), the regular genitive is Jupiteris, or Jupitris. On the other hand, the genitive Jovis, as well as the other oblique cases, are to be traced to a nominative Jovis, which occasionally occurs, and of which Varro makes mention. (L. L., vii., 38.) 'The stem of this appears to be Jov, or rather Jou, which, with the Latin deus, the Eolic Aɛus, the common form Zɛús, the Oriental Ja, Jao, Jehovah, &c., points to one and the same origin. (Compare Müller, Etrusker, vol. ii., p. 43. Buttmann. Mythologus, vol. ii., p. 74.)]-Am. Ed.

(See Vitruv., X., 15. Spartian. Ael. Verus, 3; Sever., 3.) In the few words in y the genit. in yos is used for the sake of euphony, e. g., misuos. Pan, the shepherds' god, admits the Greek genit. Panos in prose, to distinguish the word from panis, bread.*

The feminines in o, however, such as echo, Calypso, Dido, Io, Sappho, have usually the Greck genitive in ûs ; as, echus, Didus, Sapphus, the Latin termination onis being less common. Their dative, accusative, and ablative end in o, and the Latin terminations oni, onem, one. are but rarely used.

sion in

em.

a

[§ 71.] 2. The Greek accusative of the third decleris very often used by the Latin poets instead of Thus, Horace uses only heroa, Cyclopa, Memnona, Agamemnona, Helicona, Chremeta, and not Cyclozem, Agamemnonem, &c. Among the prose writers, Cicero most studiously avoids the Greek termination, except in aër, aether, and Pan, of which he makes the accusative aëra, aethera,† and Pana (for the reason mentioned above). In all other instances the Greek accusative in a must be looked upon, in Cicero, as an exception. It occurs much more frequently in Nepos, Livy, Cururus, and the authors of what is called the Silver Age, though principally in proper names and along with the common Latin termination em, e. g., Babylona, Eleusina, Lacedaemona, Marathona, Parmeniona, Sidona, Timoleonta, Troezena, also Periclea, Stratoclea, and similar names ending in the nominative in cles. In like manner, words in is and ys admit, even in prose, the Greek forms in and yn, together with the Latin im and ym, but Cicero uses them only by way of exception; Livy and Curtius have them more frequently, e. g., Nabin, Agin, Halyn, Tigrin. The accus. Eleusin, instead of Eleusinem (a), must be traced to the form Eleusis, gen. is, which, however, is not well attested. For the accusative of words in eus, which later writers usually make ea; as, Persea, Demetrium Phalerea, see above, Chap. XII., 4.

*[But by no means to the exclusion of Panis. (Consult Schneider, L. G., vol. iii., p. 285.)]—Am. Ed.

+[These two accusative forms, aëra and ethera, appear the more remarkable in Cicero, when we compare them with his own language on another occasion: "aër; Græcum illud quidem, sed receptum jam tamen usu a nostris: tritum est enim pro Latino. æther; mutuemur hoc quoque verbum, dicaturque tam æther Latine quam dicitur aer." (Cic., N. D., ii., 36, 91, seqq.)]-Am. Ed.

Proper names 11. es, which in Greek follow the first declension (gen. ov), and in Latin the third (gen. is) (see Chap. IX., 3), have in the accusative the termination ēn along with that in em, e. g., Aeschinen, Achillen, and Ulixen (inasmuch as these names are not formed from Αχιλλεύς and Οδυσσεύς, but from the less common Αχίλλης and Οδύσσης, ον), and especially barbarian names, such as Mithridaten, Phraaten, Xerxen, Araxen, Euphraten. The termination en for em is, moreover, found in those compounds which in Greek follow the third declension, but in the accusative admit of ŋv and n (contracted from ea); but en is used much less frequently. Instances of this kind are, Sophoclen, in Cic., De Off., i., 40; Hippocraten and Epicyden, in Livy. Some words are in Greek declined in two ways, either after the first or after the third declension, such Θαλῆς, Χρέμης, gen. ου and ητος; in Latin they may have the shorter form and yet follow the third declension (e. g., the ablat. Thale), and in the accusative they admit also of the termination en, e. g., Chremetem and Chremen, Thalem or Thaletem and Thalen.

[§ 72.] 3. The vocative singular is in most · Greek words like the nominative; but those ending in s form a distinct vocative by rejecting that consonant, both in Greek and Latin. Thus, the vocative of words in is, ys, eus: Daphni, Phylli, Thai, Coty, Tiphy, Orpheu, Perseu. Words in is, idis, however, make the vocative just as often like the nominative; as, Bacchis, Mysis, Thais. Nouns in as, antis, make their vocative in Greek ăv and ā, but the latter only is used in Latin, e. g., Atla, Calcha.

Proper names in es, gen. is, have the vocative of the first declension in ē, together with the regular one. This is the case with those which in Greek follow the first declension (e. g., Carneade, Simonide, and Achille, see above), and with those which, although they follow the third in all other respects, yet admit of the accusative in nv. Thus, we sometimes find Damocle, Pericle, Sophocle, Socrate.

[§ 73.] 4. The plural of those Greek proper names, which by the forms of their accusative and vocative sing. show their tendency to follow the first declension, is sometimes formed after that declension. Thus, we find in Cicero, De Orat., ii., 23, the rom. Naucratae; and Orat., 9, the accus. Thucydidas.

5. The Greek termination of the nom. plur. ĕs, instead of the Latin ĕs, is not uncommon in poetry, e. g., Arcades, Atlantides, Erinnyĕs; but the metre must decide. The termination is, Latin is, occurs even in the nominative of the names of towns Trallis and Sardis,* though principally in the latter. Horace, Epist., i., 11, 2, says: Croesi regia Sardis.

In the nominative plural the neuters in os have the Greek termination e; as, cete, mele, and the plural Tempe, τὰ Τέμπη.

Note. No other cases are formed from these neuters in oç, and in the singular, too, they occur only in the nom. and accus., and we must, therefore, use the Latin forms cetus and melum (according to the second declension). So, also, chaos, gen. chai, abk, chao. See 87.

6. In the genitive plural only a few words retain the Greek termination on (wv), and that generally only in titles of books, e. g., metamorphoseon, epigrammatōn.

Note.-Curtius, iv., 50 (13), makes the genitive Maleon, from Maλɛɛis, or Maleis (sing. Maλicus), entirely in the Greek fashion, for the Latin name is Malienses.

7. In the dative plural the Greek termination si, or sin, is used very rarely, and only by poets. Ovid, e. g., has Lemniasi and Troasin, from Lemniades and Troades. In prose writers there are very few examples that can be relied upon; such as ethesi, from τà non.t

[§ 74.] 8. The accusative plural in as is admissible in all words which have this termination in Greek. It is, however, seldom used in prose, though in common nouns it occurs more frequently than the accusative singular in ă; e. g., harpagonas, phalangas, pyramidas, and even in Cicero we find aspidas, cantharidas. He also uses the proper names Aethiopas, Arcadas, and Cyclopas, and Livy always has the accusat. Macedonas. It is surprising to find that the same termination is now and then given also to barbarian names of nations, e. g., Allobrogas in Cæsar, and Lingonas, Nemetas, Ordovicas, Brigantas, Siluras, and Vangionas in Tacitus.

[In Greek we find, at one time, Tpúλλɛiç and Zúpdɛis; at another, Τράλλις and Σάρδις. The former are nominatives plural in the Attic dia lect, the latter in the Ionic. (Consult Maittaire, Dial. L. G., p. 145, ed. Sturz.)]-Am. Ed.

+[According to Pliny, as quoted by Charisius (p. 38), Varro often made use of these datives in si or sin, but probably only with Greek characters. Pliny adduces as an instance the form schemasin, for schematis, and in a fragment of the same Varro, in Nonius (iv., 377), we have "in ethesin Te rentius palmam poscit." Quintilian, also, has allowed himself to say, "ut Ovidius lascivire in Metamorphosesi solet" (iv., i., 77.)]—Am. Ed.

CHAPTER XVII.

GENDER OF WORDS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.-MASCULINES.

[§ 75.] MASCULINE are those which end in o, or, os, and er, and those in es which increase in the genitive, espe cially those in es, itis; e. g., sermo, error, sudor, flos, mos, venter, stipes.

Exceptions in o.-Words ending in do, go, and io, are feminine; e. g., consuetudo, formido, grando, imago, oratio, dictio, lectio, auditio, communio, &c.; also caro, and the Greek words echo and Argo (the ship of the Argonauts). The following, however, are masculine: in do, the words cardo and ordo, together with udo and cudo, or cudon; in go: ligo, margo, and harpago; and all words in io which are not abstract nouns derived from verbs and adjectives, but common names of things, such as pugio (a dagger), scipio (a staff), septentrio (north pole), titio (a fire-brand); several names of animals, as, curculio,* papilio, scorpio, stellio, vespertilio, and a few others of rare occurrence; and, lastly, those formed from numerals, such as unio, binio or duplio, ternio, quaternio, quinio, senio, &c. Unio, in the sense of a particular pearl (margarita), is likewise masculine; but when it signifies unity (unitas), and is used in an abstract sense, it is feminine; but it is only in ecclesiastical writers that it has this meaning.

Note.-Cupido, desire, therefore is feminine, but masculine when it is the name of the god of Love. Poets, however, sometimes use it as a masculine, even in the former signification, and Horace does so always; as, pravus cupido, falsus cupido. Margo may have either gender, but the masculine is more frequent, as was remarked above.

[§ 76.] Exceptions in or.-The following words in or, oris, are neuter: ador, aequor, marmor, and cor, cordis. Arbor is feminine, according to the general rule. (See § 39.)

Exceptions in os.-Cos, dos, and the Greek eōs are feminine. Os, ossis, and os, oris, and the Greek words chaos, ethos, epos, melos, are neuter.

Exceptions in er.—A great many words in er are neu

Also spelle gurgulio; it is masculine in its two significations of " air pipe" and "wo d worm.'