So

post ad Tarentum Quaestor, that is, in castra, ad Capuam, ad Tarentum. ad is also used to denote the approach of a fleet to a maritime town; e. g., Caes., Bell. Civ., iii., 100, Laelius cum classe ad Brundisium venit.

What has been said above in reference to islands applies not only to those which have towns of the same name, such as Delos, Rhodus, Samos, Corcyra, but to others, also, as in Cicero: Ithacae vivere otiose; in Nepos, Conon plurimum Cypri vixit, Iphicrates in Thracia, Timotheus Lesbi; Pausaniam cum classe Cyprum atque Hellespontum miserunt; so, also, Chersonesum colonos mittere, Chersonesi habitare; but Cicero, de Divin., i., 25, says, in Cyprum redire. The larger islands; as, Sardinia, Britannia, Creta, Euboea, Sicilia, are subject to the same rules as names of countries; and the few exceptions which occur cannot be taken into account; e. g., Cic, p. Leg. Man., 12, inde Sardiniam cum classe venit; Liv., xxxii., 16, Euboeam trajecerunt; Flor., iii., 10, Britanniam transit; and some others.

Names of countries, also, are not unfrequently used in the accusative without the preposition in when motion is expressed. This is most frequently the case with Aegyptus (once even in Cic., de Nat. Deor., iii., 22), and other Greek names of countries in us; as, Epirus, Peloponnesus, Chersonesus, Bosporus, perhaps owing to their resemblance to names of towns; but also with others; e. g., Caes., Bell. Gall., iii., 7, Illyricum profectus; Bell. Civ., iii., 41, Macedoniam pervenit; Liv., x., 37, Etruriam transducto exercitu; xxx., 24, Africam transiturus. All these expressions, however, are only exceptions, rarely used by the earlier writers, and somewhat more frequently by the later ones. Even names of nations, when used for those of countries, are construed in this way by Tacitus, Ann., xii., 32, ductus inde Cangos exercitus; xii., 15, Ipse praeceps Iberos ad patrium regnum pervadit. The genitive of names of countries in answer to the question where? is much more rare, and is confined to Aegypti in Caesar, Bell. Civ., iii., 106; Chersonesi in Nep., Milt., 1; Florus, i., 18, 11, uses Lacaniae in the same way; in Sallust the combination Romae Numidiaeque is easily accounted for.*

The grammatical explanation of this genitive, however, is connected with difficulties. Formerly grammarians accounted for it by the ellipsis in loco; modern comparative philology has called in the aid of the locative singular in i of the Sanscrit language, which is akin to the Latin. (See Bopp, Vergleich. Grammatik, p. 229.) This would account for the ae in the first declension, the ancient form being ai (see § 45), and for the i in some nouns of the third declension; e. g., Tiburi, Carthagini, ruri. (See § 62, foll) The use of the accusative to denote "motion to," and of the ablative to denote the place where or whence, is perfectly in accordance with the syntactical system of the Latin language; and this accounts for the fact of later writers, especially Justin, frequently putting names of towns of the second declension in the ablative to denote the place where; e. g., Abydo, Corintho, Liv., v., 52, in monte Albano Lavinioque, for et Lavinii.t

[399] Note 2.-With regard to adjectives and nouns of apposition joined with names of towns, the following rules must be observed. When a name of a town is qualified by an adjective, the answer to the question where? is not expressed by the genitive, but by the preposition in with the ablative; e. g., Čic., ad Att., xi., 16, in ipsa Alexandria; Plin., Hist. Nat., xiv., 3, in Narbonensis provinciae Alba Helvia; and, consequently, not Albae Longae, but rather the simple ablative Alba Longa; as in Virgil, Aen., vi., 766. In Cicero, however, we find Teani Apuli (p. Cluent., 9), in the Apulian Teanum. When a name of a town answers to the question where?

According to the remark made above, Aegypti, Chersonesi, Lucaniae, &c., are all datives, answering to the Sanscrit locative, and not genitives. -TRANSL.

† According to what was said above, these are not exceptions; Abydo, Corintho, being datives, and not ablatives.-TRANSL.

in the ablative, the addition of an adjective produces no change; e. g., Cic., ad Att., xvi., 6, Malo vel cum timore domi esse, quam sine timore Athenis tuis; Liv., i., 18, Numa Pompilius Curibus Sabinis habitabat; ibid., xxviii., 17, Carthagine nova reliquit; and hence the reading in the epitome of the same book should be Carthagini nova, and not novae. In answer to the questions whither? and whence? the accus. and ablat. are used both with and without prepositions; e. g., Ovid, Heroid., ii., 83, Aliquis doctas jam nunc eat, inquit, Athenas; Cic., in Verr., i., 19, quae ipsa Samo sublata sunt; but Propert., iii., 20, magnum iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas; and Martial, xiii., 107, de vitifera venisse Vienna.

When the words urbs, oppidum, locus, &c., follow the names of towns as appositions, they generally take a preposition; e. g., Demaratus Corinthius se contulit Tarquinios, in urbem Etruriae florentissimam; Cic., in Verr., v., 51, Cleomenes dicit, sese in terram esse egressum, ut Pachyno, e terrestri praesidio, milites colligeret. In answer to the question where? however, the simple ablative may be used, but never the genitive; e. g., Cic., p. Arch., 3, Archias Antiochiae natus est, celebri quondam urbe et copiosa; p. Rab. Post. 10, Deliciarum causa et voluptatis cives Romanos Neapoli, in celeberrimo oppido, cum mitella saepe vidimus. When these words, with their prepositions, precede the names of towns, the latter are invariably put in the same case; e. g., ad urbem Ancyram, ex urbe Roma, ex oppido Thermis, in oppido Athenis; Nep., Cim., 3, in oppido Citio; Tac., Ann., xi., 21, in oppido Adrumeto. Exceptions are rare; Vitruv., Praef., lib. x., nobili Graecorum et ampla civitate Ephesi; and in Cic., ad Att., v., 18, Cassius in oppido Antiochiae cum omni exercitu est, where Antiochiae depends upon oppido, just as we say "in the town of Antioch."

[ 400.] Note 3.-The words domus and rus are treated like the names of towns, consequently domum (also domos in the plur.) and rus, home, into the country; domo and rure, from home, from the country; domi, ruri (more frequent than rure), at home, in the country. But although the rule requires, e. g., domo abesse, to be absent from home, Livy uses esse ab domo; and besides domi se tenere, to keep at home, we also find domo se tenere.* (See the comment. on Nep., Epam., 10.) Domi also takes the genitives meae, tuae, nostrae, vestrae, and alienae; but if any other adjective is joined with it, a preposition must be used; e. g., in illa domo, in domo publica, in privata domo. When the name of the possessor is added in the genitive, both forms, domi and in domo, are used; e. g., domi or in domo Caesaris or ipsius. In the case of domum and domo, the rule is, on the whole, the same; we say, e. g., domum meam venit, nihil domum suam intulit, domos suas invitant, domo sua egredi; but in domum meretriciam induci; in domum veterem remigrare e nova; Livy, in domum Maelii tela inferuntur; Cicero, e domo Caesaris multa ad te delata sunt; Cicero, however, very commonly says, domum alicujus venire, convenire, domos omnium concursare. Humus, bellum, and militia are, to some extent, construed in a similar way, their genitivest being used to denote the place where? humi, on the ground (but not humum, (I throw) upon the ground, and rarely humo, from the ground, prepositions being required to express these relations; hence humo is often used as an ablative of place for humi); belli and militiae, always in combination with, or in opposition to, domi: belli domique, or domi bellique, domi militiaeque, at home and in the camp; nec ducem belli, nec principem domi desideramus; nihil domi, nihil militiae gestum. But we also find in bello, in war. Viciniae for in vicinia, occurs in Terence in such con. nexions, as, hic, huc, viciniae, where, however, the genitive might be regarded as dependant upon the adverb (see § 434), but Plautus (Bacch., ii. 2, 27) uses it without the adverb; proximae viciniae habitat. Foras (out through the door) and foris (out at the door) have become adverbs, but the one is properly an accusat., and the other an ablat.

* [These are all locative cases. Consult note on page 287.]-Am. Ed + [Or, more correctly, locatives.]-Am. Ed.

BB

[§ 401.] The poets may express by the accusative any locality answering to the question whither? as in Virgil, Italiam fato profugus Lavinaque venit litora; Speluncam Dido dux et Trojanus eandem deveniunt; Ovid, Verbe refers aures non pervenientia nostras.

[§ 402.] 10. In exclamations the accusative of the person or thing wondered at is used, either with the interjections o, heu, eheu, or without them. The accusative may be explained by supplying some verb of emotion or declaration; e. g., Heu me miserum ! O wretched man that I am! heu dementiam existimantium! O the folly of those who believe, &c.! or without heu: me miserum! Beatos quondam duces Romanos! exclaims Corbulo in Tacit., Ann., xi., 20; Cic., in Verr., v. 25, Huncine hominem hancine impudentiam, judices! hanc audaciam! and in an ironical sense, p. Coel., 26, In balneis delituerunt: testes egregios! de Orat., iii., 2, O fallacem hominum spem fragilemque fortunam et inanes nostras contentiones!

Vae

[ 403.] Note 1.-With these as with all other interjections the vocative also is used, when the person or thing itself is invoked; e. g., Cic., Philip., xiii., 17, o miser, quum re, tum hoc ipso quod non sentis, quam miser sis! and hei are usually joined with the dative; as, vae misero mihi! vae victis! hei mihi, qualis erat!

Note 2.-Ecce and en (Greek v, ví) are preferred with the nominative; as, Ecce tuae litterae! Ecce nova turba atque rixa! En ego! En memoria mortui sodalis! en metus vivorum existimationis! Ecce with the accusative occurs only in comedy, in the expression ecce me! and in the contracted forms eccum, eccos, eccillum, eccillam, eccistam.

[§ 404.] 11. The following prepositions govern the accusative ad, apud, ante, adversus and adversum, cis and citra, circa and circum, circiter, contra, erga, extra, infra, inter, intra, juxta, ob, penes, per, pone, post, praeter, prope, propter, secundum, supra, trans, versus, ultra, and in and sub when joined with verbs of motion. Respecting super and subter, see § 220.

CHAPTER LXXII.

DATIVE CASE.

[§ 405.] 1. THE dative is the case of reference, or, if we compare it with the accusative, the case denoting the remoter object; for as the accusative serves to denote the effect or that which is acted upon, in contrast to the agent or active subject, so the dative denotes that with reference to which the subject acts, or in reference to which

it possesses this or that quality; e. g., scribo vobis hunc librum, I write this book (the agent and effect, or cause and effect), for you (with reference to you, for your advantage); prosum tibi, I am useful to you (in reference to you).* Hence the dative is used.

(a) With all transitive verbs, besides the accusative, either expressed or understood, to denote the person in reference to whom or for whom a thing is done; e. g., date panem pauperibus, commendo tibi liberos meos, mitto tibi librum, rex mihi domum aedificavit; in the following sentences the accusative is understood, or its place is supplied by the sentences which follow: suadeo tibi, persuadeo tibi, nuntiavit imperatori, promisit militibus.

This

rule implies that the person for whose benefit or loss anything is done is expressed by the dative (dativus commodi et incommodi); e. g., Pisistratus sibi, non patriae, Megarenses vicit, Justin; Non scholae, sed vitae discimus, Senec., Epist., 106.

66

[§ 406.] (b) With intransitive verbs, which, though they usually do not govern any case, may yet express that the action is done with reference to something or somebody. We mention here, especially, vacare, nubere, and supplicare. Vaco signifies "I am free," hence, vaco alicui rei, I have leisure for a thing, or occupy myself with it; as, vaco philosophiae. Nubo originally signifies "I cover;" and as, according to an ancient custom, the bride on her wedding-day covered her face, she was said nubere alicui viro, "to cover herself for a man,' " that is, "to marry." (In the passive, however, we find nupta cum viro.) Supplico signifies "I am a suppliant" (supplex); hence, supplico alicui, I implore a person. Homo non sibi se soli natum meminerit, sed patriae, sed suis, Cic., De Fin., ii., 14.

Civitas Romana inter bellorum strepitum parum olim vacabat liberalibus disciplinis. Sueton., De Grammat. Plures in Asia mulieres singulis viris solent nubere, Cic. Neque Caesari solum, sed etiam amicis ejus omnibus pro te, sicut adhuc feci, libentissime supplicabo. Cic., Ad Fam., vi., 14.

[§ 407.] Note 1.-Suadeo tibi hanc rem, has nothing that is strange to us, as we use the same construction in English. Persuadeo denotes the com* [Some grammarians have called the dative the acquisitive case, as being used after any verb, denoting that anything is done to, or for any person. (Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. i., p. 0.)]-Am. Ed.

pletion of suadeo, and must be noticed here because its construction differs from that of our verb "to persuade." We use the passive form "I am persuaded," but in Latin we must say hoc (or any other neuter pronoun) mihi persuadetur, as the construction is managed in such a way as to make the clause which follows the subject; persuadetur mihi, persuasum mihi est, mihi persuasum habeo (this occurs only in Caes., Bell. Gall., iii., 2) esse aliquid, but also de aliqua re. Persuadeo te has been found in a fragment of Cicero, p. Tull., § 39, ed. Peyron, but is otherwise altogether unclassical; it explains, however, the personal participle persuasus which occurs now and then.*

Mihi quidem nunquam persuaderi potuit, animos, dum in corporibus essent mortalibus, vivere, quum exissent ex his, emori, Cic., Cat. Maj., 22.

[§ 408.] Note 2.-The free application of the dative, or what is termed the dativus commodi et incommodi, enabled the Romans to speak with great nicety and conciseness. Compare, for example, the following passages, whose number might be greatly increased: Cic., in Verr., ii., 8 (Verres) hunc hominem Veneri absolvit, sibi condemnat, to the loss of Venus (whose temple was to have received a bequest) he acquits him, but for his own benefit he condemns him; Terent., Adelph., i., 2, 35, quod peccat, Demea, mihi peccat. In Plautus (Capt., iv., 2, 86), a person answers to the impertinent remark esurire mihi videris: mihi quidem esurio, non tibi; i. e., it does not concern you. The dative of personal pronouns is very often used where it is superfluous as far as the meaning is concerned, but it always conveys the expression of a lively feeling, and is therefore termed dativus ethicus; e. g., Liv., Praef., Ad illa mihi pro se quisque acriter intendat animum; Horat., Epist., i., 3, 15, Quid mihi Celsus agit? What is my old friend Celsus doing? In some cases the pronoun gives to the expression an almost personal shade of meaning; Sallust, Cat., 52, hic mihi quisquam misericordiam nominat! Let no one talk to me of mercy! Cic., Philip., iii., 4, hic mihi etiam Q. Fufius pacis commoda commemorat! The following phrases, also, should be observed: quid tibi vis? what do you want? quid sibi iste vult? what does he want? quid vult sibi haec oratio? what does this speech mean? quid haec sibi dona volunt? what is the meaning of these presents? or what is their object?

[§ 409.] 2. The dative is joined with all adjectives (and adverbs) whose meaning is incomplete, unless a person or an object is mentioned for or against whom, for whose benefit or loss the quality exists. Of this kind are those which express utility or injury, pleasantness or unpleasantness, inclination or disinclination, ease or difficulty, suitableness or unsuitableness, similarity or dissimilarity, equality or inequality.

Adjectives expressing a friendly or hostile disposition towards a person, may take the prepositions in, erga, adversus, instead of the dative; and utilis, inutilis, aptus, ineptus generally take the preposition ad to express the thing for which anything is useful or fit; e. g., homo ad nullam rem utilis; locus aptus ad insidias; but the person to or for whom a thing is useful or fit, is always expressed by the dative.

* [ Opinio mali, quo viso, et persuaso, aegritudo insequitur necessario. (Cic., Tusc., 3, 29.)--Cum animus auditoris persuasus videtur esse ab iis, qui ante contra dixerunt. (Auct. ad Heren., 1, 6.)]-Am. Ed.