in which case the general rule remairs in force, as in rũo, rũi, dirũi); video, visum; moveo, motum, mõtus, mõturus.* Seven dissyllable perfects, however, and nine dissyllable supines, together with their compounds, make their penultima short; viz., bibi, dědi, fidi (from findo), stēti, stiti, tuli, and scidi (from scindo), and dătum, rătum, sătum, itum, lītum, citum, quitum, situm, and rútum. Sisto makes its supine statum, whence stătus, a, um, and the compounds adstitum, destitum, restitum. 2. Perfects which are formed by reduplication, as tundo, tútŭdi; cano, cecini; pello, pepuli, have the first two syllables short; but the second sometimes becomes long by position, as in mordeo, momordi; tendo, tětendi. Pedo and cædo are the only two words which retain the long vowel in the syllable which forms the root, pepēdi, cecidi; whereas cado, in accordance with the rule, has cecidi.‡ 3. The perfect posui and the supine positum have the o short, although in pono it is long. With regard to Declensio, we must notice the exception that the words lar, pār, sāl, andēs shorten their vowel throu_hout their deciension: sălis, pedis, &c. [ 19.] In the formation of new words by Derivation, there are several exceptions to the above rule. The following words make the short vowel long: măcer, măcero; legere, lex, lēgis, lēgare; rēgo, rex, rēgis, rēgula; tego, tēgula; secus, sēcius; sēdeo, sēdes; sēro, sēmen, sēmentis; lino, litera (if we do not prefer littera); stips, stipis, stipendium; suspicor, suspicio; persono, persōna; voco, vox, vocis; and homo, húmanus. The following words have a short vowel, although it is long in the root: läbare, from läh; nătare, p. 1056), those verbs which change a short vowel in the root, or present tense, into a long e in the perfect, had originally a reduplication; thus, věnio, věvěni, věēni, vēni, vidi, fügi, four, It must be borne in mind, however, that the remarks here made do not apply to such preterites as lūsi, rīsi, misi, &c., from ludo, rideo, mitto, &c., the preterites in these verbs having been formed by the insertion of s, as ludsi, ridsi, mittsi, and the consonant or consonants before the s having been subsequently dropped for the sake of euphony. (Pritchard, Origin of Celtic Nations, p. 151.)]—Am. Ed. * [The long syllables in visum, mötum, flētum, &c., are owing to a change from earlier forms; thus, visum comes from vidsum; motum, from movitum, through the intermediate moîtum; fletum, from flēvitum, fleitum, &c. But rutum, &c., are formed by syncope, and therefore continue short.]-Am. Ed. + [The seven dissyllable perfects are, in reality, no exceptions at all, but are all reduplicating tenses, some of which have dropped the first syllable, instead of contracting the first two into one. (Anthon's Lat. Pros., p. 32, not.)]-Am. Ed. [The first syllable in reduplicating preterites is short, as a matter of course, since it consists of a short prefix. The second syllable follows the quantity of the verbal root. Hence arise the two exceptions mentioned in the text, namely, cado and pedo, where the first syllable of the verbal root is long. The early form of the perfect of cado must have been cecadi. (Consult Priscian, x., 4, p. 489, ed. Putsch. Pott, Etymol, Forsch., vol. i., p. 19, seqq. Kühner, Gr. Gr., vol. i., p. 84, se19. Bopp, Vergleich. Gram., p. 697, seqq.)]-Am. Ed. [Struve thinks that the old form of pono was posno, thus accounting for the s in the perfect and supine, this letter having been dropped ir. the present. (Ueber die Lat. Declin., &c., p. 283.)]— Am. Ed. from nāre; păciscor, from paz, pacis; ambitus and ambitio, from ambire, ambi tum; dicax, from dicere; fides and perfidus, from fido and fidus (and we regu larly find infidus); molestus, from moles; nota and notare, from nōtus; ōdium, from ōdi; sopor, from sōpire; dux, ducis, and redux, reducis, from duco; lucerna, from luceo; status, statio, stabilis, stabulum inust be derived from sisto, unless we suppose that they are likewise shortened from statum (from stare). [ 20.] The Terminations, or final syllables, by means of which an adjective is formed from a verb or a substantive, are of a different kind. Among these, alis, aris, arius, aceus, anus, ivus, and osus have a long vowel; but idus, icus, and icius a short one; e. g., letālis, vulgāris, montānus, œstīvus, vinōsus, avidus, bellicus, patricius. A long i, however, occurs in amicus, apricus, pudicus, anticus, and posticus, and in the substantives mendicus and umbilicus. The terminations ilis and bilis have the i short when they make derivatives from verbs, but long when from substantives; e. g., facilis, docilis, and amabilis, but civilis, hostilis, puerilis, senilis, &c. The i in the termination inus may be long or short: it is long in adjectives derived from names of animals and places, as anserinus, asinīnus, equinus, lupīnus, Caudinus, Latinus, and a few others, such as divinus, genuinus, clandestinus, intestinus, marinus, peregrinus, and vicinus; it is short in most adjectives which express time, as crastinus, diutinus, pristinus, serotinus, hornotīnus, perendinus, and in those which indicate a material or substance, as adamantinus, bombycīnus, crystallinus, elephantīnus, cedrinus, faginus, oleaginus. Some adjectives expressive of time, however, have the i long, viz., matutīnus, vespertinus, and repentīnus. [§ 21.] (b) Compounded words retain the quantity of the vowels of their elements: thus, from ăvus and nepos we make abăvus and abněpos; from prāvus, deprāvo; from probus, improbus; from.jūs (jūris), perjurus; from lego (I read), perlego; and from lego (I despatch), ablego, delego, collega. Even when the vowel is changed, its quantity remains the same: e. g., laedo, illido; caedo, incido; aequus, iniquus; fauces, suffoco; claudo, recludo; fucio, efficio; cado, incido; ratus, irritus; rego, erigo; lego, eligo. We may, therefore, infer from compounded words the quantity of those of which they consist; e. g., from adōro, admiror, and abutor we conclude that oro, miror, and utor have the first syllable long; and from commoror and desuper that the first syllable in moror and super is short, which is not always accurately distinguished in pronunciation, because these syllables have the accent. (See Chap. IV.) We shall mention here, by way of example, a few more compounds from which the quantity of the vowels in their elements may be inferred. We shall choose such as cannot be mentioned in any of the subsequent lists, and present them in the third person singular of the present tense We have a long vowel in exhalat, conclamat, allãtrat, delībat, constipat, evitat, irritat, deplorat, enōdat, compōtat, refūtat, obdúrat, and communit; and a short one in exărat, compărat, enătat, irrigat, alligat, perfricat, erudit, expõlit, devărat, comprobat, computat, recubat, and suppudet. But there are some exceptions, and the following compounded words change the long vowel into a short one: dejero and pejero, from jūro; causidicus, fatidicus, maledicus, veridicus, from dicere; agnitus and tognitus, from notus; innub(us), -a, and pronŭb(us), -a, from nŭbo.* The case is eversed in imbecillus from băculus. [22.] In respect to Composition with Prepositions, it is to be remarked that prepositions of one syllable which end in a vowel are long, and those which end in a consonant are short: děduco, aboleo, pĕrimo. Tra (formed from trans), as in trado, traduco, is long; but the o (for ob) in omitto and operior is short. Pro, in Greek words, is short, as in propheta; but prologus, propola, and prōpino form exceptions. In Latin words pro is long; e. g., prōdo, promitto; but in many it is short; profugio, profugus, pronepos, profiteor, profari, profanus, profestus, profecto, proficiscor, profundus, protervus, procella, and a few others, the derivation of which is doubtful, as proceres, propitius, properare; in some the quantity is undecided. Se and di (for dis) are long; the only exceptions are dirimo and disertus. Re is short; it is long only in the impersonal verb refert: in all other cases where it appears long, the consonant which follows it must be doubled (in verse), as in reppuli, repperi, rettuli, rettudi, reccido, redduco, relligio, relliquiæ; the four perfects, reppuli, repperi, rettuli, and rettudi, appear to have been pronounced and spelled in this way, even in prose. In the same manner, reddo, reddere, arose from do. The termination a in prepositions of two syllables is long, as in contradico; all the others are short, as antefero, praetĕreo. [§ 23.] When the first word of a composition is not a preposition, it is necessary to determine the quantity of the final vowel (a, e, i, o, u, y) of the first word. 1. a is long, as in quare and quapropter, except in quasi. 2. e is mostly short, as in calefacio (notice especially neque, nequeo, nefas, nefastus, nefarius, nefandus), but long in nequam, nequidquam, nequaquam, and nemo (which is contracted from ne and hemo, the ancient form for homo); also in sedecim and the pronouns mêmet, mecum, tecum, and sēcum; în veneficus, videlicet,ý vēcors, and vēsanus. 3. i is short, e. g., significo, sacrilegus, cornicen, tubicen, omnipotens, undique; but long in compounded pronouns, as quilibet, utrique, in ibidem, ubique, utrobique, ilicet, and scilicet; also in the compounds of dies, as biduum, triduum, meridies; and, lastly, in all those compounds of which the parts may be separated, such as lucrifacio, agricultura, siquis, because the i at the end of the first word is naturally long, and remains so. 4. o is short, hodie, duodecim, sacrosanctus, but long in compounds with contro, intro, retro, and quando (quandoquidem alone forms an exception); it is long in alioqui, ceteroqui, utroque, and in those *[The second syllable in connubium is naturally short, but it is occa sionally lengthened by the poets in the arsis of the foot. Compare Virg., En., i., 73, with iii., 319.]-Am. Ed. [The re in refert comes, according to some, from the dative rei; ac cording to others, from the ablative re, of the noun res, and the verb fero. Verrius Flaccus, the ancient grammarian, as cited by Festus, was in favour of the dative. Reisig, on the contrary, maintains that refert comes from the ablative re and the verb fert, and makes refert mea, for example, equivalent to re fert mea," it brings (something) to bear in my case." (Reisig, Vorlesungen, p. 640, ed. Haase. Benary, Römische Lautlehre, vol. i., p. 37. Hartung, über die Casus, p. 84. Schmid, de Pronom., p. 79.) Key, on the other hand, is in favour of the accusative, and considers refert mea as originally rem fert meam, and, as an omitted m leaves a long vowel, he accounts in this way for the long vowels in re and me. (Key, Alphabet, p. 78.)]-Am. Ed. [The classification here given is faulty and confused. In reccido, redluco, relligio, and relliquie the explanation is this, that the ancient form af re was red, and this final d, in three of the words given, changes to another consonant by the principle of assimi.ation. On the other hand, reppuli, repperi, rettuli, and rettudi are all deduced from perfects of redupli cation. (Anthon's Lat. Pros., ed. 1842, p. 129; Journal of Education, vol. i p. 95.)]-Am. Ed. [Compare Journal of Education, vol. i., p. 95.]—Am. Ed. Greek words in which the o represents the Greek w, as in geōmetria. 5. u and y are short, as in quadrupes, Polyphemus. 4. In regard to the quantity of Final Syllables, the following special rules must be observed: A. MONOSYLLABIC WORDS. [§ 24.] 1. All monosyllables ending in a vowel are long, except the particles which are attached to other words: que, vě, cě, ně, tě (tutě), psě (reapsě), and ptě, (suoptě). Note.-Ne, the interrogative particle, is always short, and is attached to other words as an enclitic, as in videsne, dost thou see? or dost thou not see? In the ordinary pronunciation it was still more shortened by throwing off the vowel, as in credon' tibi hoc nunc ? and, in case of an s preceding, this letter was likewise dropped, as ain' tu? for aisne tu? satin' recte? satin' salvae? for satisne recte? satisne salvae? The conjunction nē (lest, or that not) is long. Respecting ne, as an inseparable negative particle in compositions, see above, § 23. 2. Among the monosyllables ending in a consonant, the substantives are long, as sōl, vīr, für, jūs; and all those are short which are not substantives, as ut, ět, něc, în, ăn, ăd, quid, sed, quis, quot. The following substantives, however, are short: cor, fel, měl, vir, and ōs (gen. ossis), and probably, also, mas, a male being, and vas, a surety, since they have the a short in the genitive: măris, vădis. Some words, on the other hand, are long, although they are not substantives; as en, non, quin, sin, crās, plus, cur, and pār, with its compounds, and also the adverbs in ic or uc, as sic, hic, huc. The monosyllabic forms of declension and conjugation follow the general rules about the quantity of final syllables, and dās, fles, and scis, accordingly, are long, while dăt, flet, and scit are short; hīs, quōs, quās are long, like the terminations ōs and as in declension. So, also, the ablative singular hōc and hāc. The nominative hic and the neuter hoc, on the other hand, although the vowel is naturally short, are commonly used as long, because the pronunciation was hice and hocc (as a compensation for the ancient form hice, hoce). The abridged imperatives retain the quantity of the root, so that dic and duc are long, while făc and fer are short. * Note. We formerly thought, with other grammarians, that fac was long, and that we ought to read face in those passages in which it is found short. (See Heinsius and Burmann on Ovid, Heroid., ii., 98.) But there is no satisfactory evidence for fac being long, and the instances quoted by Vossius (Aristarch., ii., 29) have now been altered for other reasons. * [Compare Anthon's Lat. Pros., p. 82, not ]—Am. Ed. B. FINAL SYLLABLES IN WORDS OF TWO OR MORE SYLLABLES. [§ 25.] 1. Such as terminate in a Vowel. A is short in nouns, except in the ablative singular of the first declension and in the vocative of Greek proper names in as which belong to the first or third declension, e. g., Æneā, Pallā. A is long in verbs and indeclinable words, such as amā, frustrā, erga, antea, and postei (except when separated into post ea), except ità, quiă, eiă, and the imperative pută in the sense of "for example.' In the indeclinable numerals, as triginta and quadraginta, the a is sometimes long and sometimes short. E is short, as in patrě, currě, nempè; but long in the ablative of the fifth declension and in the imperative of the second conjugation; the poets, however, and especially the comic ones, sometimes shorten the imperative of the words cave, habe, jube, mane, tace, vale, and vide. Adverbs in e, formed from adjectives of the second declension, are likewise long, as docte, recte: also, ferè, ferme, and ohe (but bene and malé are always short, and inferne and superne sometimes), and Greek words of the first declension terminating in e, as crambē, Circe, and Greek plurals, as Tempe and cetē. [§ 26.] I is long. It is short only in the vocative of Greek words in is, e. g., Alexi, in the Greek dative in i, which, however, occurs seldom, as in Palladi, Tethyi, and in nisi, quasi, and cui, when it is used as a dissyllable. The i is common or doubtful in mihi, sibi, ibi and ubĭ; in compounds we commonly find ibidem, and always ubique, whereas in ubivis and ubinam the i is always short. În uti, for ut, the i is long, but in the compounds utinam and utique short. O is common in the present tense of all the conjugations, and in the nominative of the third declension, as in sermo, virgo; the Greek words in o (w, Gen. ovç), however, remain long in Latin, as Iō, Didō. But o is long in the second declension, as in lecto, and in adverbs formed from * [Compare Anthon's Lat. Pros., p. 67, not.]-Am. Ed. + [The apparent anomaly in cave is easily explained by the supposition that anciently two forms of the verb were in use, one belonging to the second, and the other to the third conjugation, just as we find both ferveo and fervo; fulgeo and fulgo; oleo and olo, &c. (Struve, über die Lat. Decl., &c., p. 189.) With regard, however, to habě, jubě, maně, tace, &c., the evidence of their employment seems very doubtful. The question will be found discussed by Ramsay (Lat. Pros., p. 44, seqq )\—Am. Ed. |