(perf. exist); insisto, tread upon; obsisto and resisto, resist; persisto, per sist. Those compounded with dissyllabic prepositions may make the perfect in steti, e. g., circumstěti in Suet., Cues., 82; Tacit., Ann., xiii., 52. Sterto, stertui (no supine), snore; the perf. sterti rests on the authority of the old reading in Öv., Her., viii., 21. Verto, verti, versum, turn.

Adverto and converto, turn towards; animadverto (animum adverto), turn attention to; averto, turn from; everto, destroy; perverto and subverto,

overturn.

Deverto, turn in to a house of entertainment; praeverto, anticipate and reverto, turn back; are used in the present, imperfect, and future as deponents more commonly than as actives.

Fido, fisus sum, fidere, trust.

So confido, confide; diffido, distrust; which have rarely confidi, diffidi, in the perfect.

CHAPTER XLVIII.

[§ 190.] 3. VERBS IN "BO" AND “PO.”

Regular are:

Glubo (glupsi), gluptum (at least, degluptum is found), glubere, peel.

Nubo, cover, am married (applied only to the female), participle nupta, one who is married.

Obnubo, cover over.

Scribo, write.

Describo, copy; adscribo, inscribo, praescribo, &c.

Carpo, pluck.

Concerpo and discerpo, tear asunder; decerpo, gather.

Repo, creep.

Arrëpo, creep up to; irrepo, obrepo, subrepo, prorepo.

Scalpo, grave with a pointed tool, or scratch with the fin

ger.

Sculpo, work with the chisel.

Exculpo, cut out; insculpo, engrave. Serpo, creep.

The supine has not yet been found. Inserpo, proserpo.

[§ 191.] The following are irregular: The compounds of cubare, to lie, which take an m with a change of meaning; those which do not change the simple cubare denote "to lie;" the compounds of the 3d Conjugation commonly signify "to lay one's self down." Accumba, -cubui, -cubitum, recline at table; incumbo, lean upon, apply to something; procumbo, lie down; succumbo, fall under; occumbo (suppl. mortem), die.

Bibo, bibi, bibitum, drink.

Ebibo, imbibo.

Lambo, lambi (lambitum, Priscian), lambere, lick.
Rumpo, rūpi, ruptum, break, tear.

Abrumpo, break off; erumpo, break out; corrumpo, destroy; interrumpo, interrupt; irrumpo, break in; perrumpo, break through; prorumpo, break forth.

Scabo, scabi, scabere, scratch with the finger.
Strepo, strepui, strepitum, make a noise.

66

CHAPTER XLIX.

[§ 192.] 4. VERBS WITH A PALATAL LETTER, “G, C, CT, H, QU," AND GU" (IN WHICH "U" IS NOT CONSIDER ED AS A VOWEL), BEFORE “o."

Regular are:

Cingo, cinxi, cinctum, cingere, gird, surround.

Accingo, in the passive, or me, has the same meaning; discingo, ungird, and others.

From fligo, which rarely occurs, are formed:

Affligo, strike to the ground; confligo, fight; infligo, strike upon. Pro fligo belongs to the first conjugation.

Frigo (supine regular, frictum, rarely frixum), roast, parch.

Jungo, join.

Adjungo and conjungo, join to, with; disjungo and sejungo, separate. subjungo, annex.

Lingo, lick. (Hence ligūrio or ligurrio.)

Mungo, blow the nose (rare); emungo.
Plango, beat, lament.

Rego, rule, guide.

Arrigo, arrexi, arrectum, and erigo, raise on high; corrigo, amend; dirigo, direct; porrigo, stretch out. Pergo (for perrigo), perrexi, perrectum, go on; surgo (for surrigo), surrexi, surrectum, rise; and hence assurgo, consurgo, exurgo, insurgo.

Sūgo, suck, exugo.

Těgo, cover.

Contego and obtego, cover up; detego and retego, uncover; protego, pro

tect.

Tingo or tinguo, dip, dye.

Ungo or unguo, anoint.

Perungo strengthens the meaning inungo, anoint.

Stinguo, put out (has no perfect or supine, and is of rare occurrence).

Compounds: extinguo and restinguo, -inxi, -inctum; so distinguo and instinguo, though from a different root, the Greek ori. Only the par ticiple instinctus is used in the sense of "spurred on, inspired," and no other tense is found (otherwise instigare is used).

Trăho, draw.

Pertrăho strengthens the meaning; attraho, contrahe, detraho, extraho, protraho, retraho; subtraho, withdraw secretly.

Věho, carry (active); frequent., vecto, -as.

Advěho, carry to; inveho, carry or bring in. The passive of this verb vehor, vectus sum, vehi, is best rendered by a neuter verb of motion. So circumvěhor, travel round; praetervĕhor, sail past; invěhor, inveigh against. These verbs, therefore, are classed among the deponents.

Dico, say.

Addico, adjudge; contradico, edico, indico; interdico, forbid; praedico. Duco, guide, lead, draw.

Abduco, adduco, circumduco; conduco, hire; deduco, diduco, educo, induco, introduco, obduco, perduco, produco, reduco; seduco, lead aside; subduco, traduco.

Coquo, coxi, coctum, dress.

Concoquo, digest; decoquo, boil down, squander.

§ 193.] Irregular in the Supine, throwing out n, or assuming x. Fingo, finxi, fictum, feign.

Confingo, the same; affingo, falsely ascribe; effingo, imitate; refingo, fashion anew.

Mingo (a more common form of the present is meio), minxi, mictum, make water.

Pingo, pinxi, pictum, paint.

Depingo, represent by painting; appingo, expingo.

Stringo, strinxi, strictum, squeeze together.

Astringo, draw close; constringo, draw together; destringo, draw out; distringo, draw asunder; obstringo, bind by obligation; perstringo, ridi

cule.

Figo, fixi, fixum, fasten.

Affigo, affix; transfigo, pierce through.

Verbs in cto, in which t only strengthens the form of the

Present.

Flecto, flexi, flexum, bend. Comp. inflecto.
Necto, nexi and nexui, nexum, bind.

Pecto,pexi, pexum, comb.

Plecto, without perfect and supine, from the Greek πλńσσw, strike; usually only in the passive, plector, am punished, smart for. Another plecto, from the Greek tλékw, twist, is obsolete as an active, but forms the foundation of the deponents: amplector, complector; participle amplexus, complexus.

Of ango, anxi, torment; and ningo, ninxi, snow, no supine is found.

Of clango, ring loudly, neither perfect nor supine; ac cording to analogy, the former would be clanxi.

[§ 194.] The following are irregular in the formation of the Perfect:

(a) Taking a Reduplication.

Parco, peperci, parsum, spare; parsi is rare, and an archaism; parcitum is uncertain.

The distinction is commonly made, that, in the sense of sparing life, health, peperci, parcitum, in that of sparing money, parsi, parsum, are used; but the distinction cannot be carried out, for the sense is, in fact, the same, viz., to consume as little as possible of anything. Parco or comparco, -parsi or -persi, -parsum, to accumulate by saving, with the ac cus., occurs, indeed, in comedy; but this use of the word is very rare, and does not seem to have been common in ordinary life, where other expressions were used, such as pecuniam facere, or in futuros usus colligere, and parco retained its dative and its ordinary meaning.

Pungo, pupugi, punctum, pierce.

The compounds have in the perfect punxi; as, compungo, dispungo, and interpungo, distinguish with points.

Tango, tetigi, tactum, touch.

Attingo and contingo, -tigi, tactum, touch; contingit, contigit; obtingit, obtigit (as impersonals), it falls to the lot; usually in a good sense. Pango, in the sense of strike, drive in, panxi, (obsolete pegi), panctum; in the sense of bargain, pepigi, pactum. In this sense paciscor is employed in the present. The compounds have pēgi, pactum; as, compingo, fasten together; im pingo. So, also, oppango, oppēgi, strike upon. Of depango and repango, the perfect and supine are found in the classics.

[§ 195.] (b) Without changing the Characteristic Letter Ago, ēgi, actum, agere, drive.

Cogo (coago), coegi, coactum, drive together, force; perăgo, carry through; abigo, drive away adigo, exigo, redigo, subigo, transigo. Prodigo, -egi (without supine), squander; ambigo, am irresolute, doubt, and satago (satis ago), am busy, are both without perfect and supine. Dego, degi (rare), no supine, spend (vitam, aetatem). Frango, fregi fractum, break.

Confringo and perfringo strengthen the meaning; effringo and refringo, break open

Lego, legi, lectum, read. (But lego, as, send off.)

So perlego, praelego, with those changing ĕ into i; as, colligo, deligo, eligo, and seligo, are conjugated. But diligo, intelligo (obsolete intellego), and negligo (obsolete neglego), have -exi in the perfect. The perfects intellegi and neglēgi are uncertain or unclassical.

Ico or icio, ici, ictum, strike, in connexion with foedus. Priscian (p. 877 and 886) mentions both forms, but

nothing can be decided, as icit only occurs in the pres ent, and iciunt in Tacitus (Ann., xi., 9) is only a wrong conjecture for faciunt. Otherwise ferio is used in the present instead,

Vinco, vici, victum, conquer.

Convinco, persuade; devinco, overcome; evinco, carry a point, estab lish by argument.

Linquo, liqui, leave (no supine), chiefly used in poetry. The compounds relinquo, derelinquo, delinquo, have lictum in the supine [§ 196.] (c) Perfect si, Supine sum.

Mergo, mersi, mersum, dip.

Emergo, demergo, and immergo, submergo.

Spargo, sparsi, sparsum, scatter.

Aspergo, conspergo, and respergo, -ersi, -ersum, besprinkle; expergo, sprinkle abroad.

Tergo, tersi, tersum, wipe. (See above, § 177.)

Vergo, vergere, incline towards, without perfect and su pine.

CHAPTER L.

[§ 197.] 5. VERBS WHICH HAVE "L, M, N, R” BEFORE “O”

Regular verbs in mo.

Como, compsi, comptum, comere, adorn.

Dēmo, take away.

Promo, bring out.

Deprōmo, expromo, the same in signification.

Sumo, take.

Absumo and consumo, consume; assumo, desumo.

Temno, temnere, despise (poetical).

Contemno, contempsi, contemptum, the same meaning.

Irregular.

[§ 198.] (a) Conjugated according to the Analogy of the Second Conjugation.

Alo, alui, alitum (or altum), alere, nourish.

Altus occurs in Cicero and Sallust; afterward alitus becomes the common form, as in Livy and Val. Maximus. See Garatoni on Cic., p. Planc., 33.

Colo, colui, cultum, till.

Excolo and percolo strengthen the meaning; inculo, inhabit a country. Consulo, consului, consultum, ask advice.

Molo, molui, molitum, grind.