the perfect densi is mentioned by the grammarians, and the existence of a supine is attested by the adjective den sus. [§ 178.] 2. Verbs which make the Perfect in si, but have no Supine. Algeo, alsi, algere, shiver with cold. The supine ит, cold. wanting, but from it is derived the adjective alsus, a, Fulgeo, fulsi, fulgere, shine, am bright. (Fulgĕre is poet ical.) Turgeo, tursi (rare), swell. Urgeo or urguco, ursi, press. 3. Verbs with the Perfect in si and the Supine in tum. Indulgeo, indulsi, indultum, indulge. Torqueo, torsi, tortum, twist. Compounds: contorqueo, twist together; distorqueo, twist away; extorqueo, wrest out or from. 4. Verbs with the Perfect in xi and the Supine in tum. Augeo, auxi, auctum, increase. Luceo, luxi, lucere, shine; has no supine. Lūgeo, luxi, lugere, mourn; has no supine. Frigeo, frixi, frigere, am cold; has no supine. [§ 179.] 5. Verbs with the Perfect in i and the Supine in sum. Prandeo, prandi, pransum, dine. The participle pransus has an active signification: one who has dined. Sedeo, sēdi, sessum, sit. Assideo (assides), sit by; desideo, sit down; circumsedeo or circumsideo, surround; insideo, sit upon; supersedeo, do without; possideo, possess; dissideo, dissent; praesideo, preside; resideo, settle down. The last three have no supine. Video, vidi, visum, see. Invideo (invides), envy, alicui; pervideo, see through; praevideo, foresee; provideo, provide. Strideo, strīdi, without supine. In poetry stridere. 6. Verbs with a Reduplication in the Perfect, Mordeo, momordi, morsum, bite. Pendeo, pependi, pensum, am suspended, Dependeo, depend, and impendeo, soar above, am impending, lose the reduplication. Spondeo, spospondi, sponsum, vow. Despondeo, despondi, promise; respondeo, respondi, answer, are likewise without the reduplication. Sordev, am dirty (sordidus). Splendeo, am splendid (splendidus). Stupeo, am startled, astonished (stupidus). Torpeo, am torpid. Tumeo, swell, am swollen (tumidus). Vireo, am green, or flourish. Besides these, there is a number of similar verbs which are derived from adjectives, and occur more rarely, and chiefly in the form of inchoatives, for the Latin language has great freedom in the formation of these intransitive verbs, and in that of inchoatives either with or without a primary form. Compare Chap. LII. The following are really irregular verbs, and follow the analogy of the third conjugation: [§ 177.] 1. Verbs which make the Perfect in si and the Supine in sum. Ardeo, arsi, arsum, ardere, burn. Compounds: adhaereo, cohaereo, inhaereo. Jubeo, jussi, jussum, command. Măneo, mansi, mansum, remain. (But mano, as, flow.) Permaneo (permănes), wait; remaneo, remain behind. Mulceo, mulsi, mulsum, stroke, caress. The compounds demulceo and permulceo strengthen the meaning. The participle permulsus is certain, but demulctus and permulctus like wise occur. Mulgeo, mulsi, mulsum, milk. Participle comp. emulsus. The derivative nouns mulctus, ūs, the milk ing, mulctra, and mulctrale, show that formerly mulctum also existed. Rideo, risi, risum, laugh. Compounds: arrideo (arrīdes), smile upon or please: derideo and irrideo, laugh at, scorn; subrideo, smile. Suadeo, suasi, suasum, advise. Dissuadeo, dissuade; persuadeo, persuade; but, like suadeo, with the dative. Tergeo, tersi, tersum, tergere, wipe; is used also as a verb of the third conjugation: tergo, tersi, tersum, tergere. Cicero uses tergo more frequently as a verb of the third conjugation, whereas the compounds abstergeo, detergeo, extergeo, incline more towards the second (abstergebo, Cic., ad Q. Frat., ii., 10), although in these com pounds, too, the forms of the third are not uncommon. Of denseo, the ancient and poetical form for denso, den sare condense (see Bentley on Horace, Carm., i., 28, 19), the perfect densi is mentioned by the grammarians, and the existence of a supine is attested by the adjective den sus. [§ 178.] 2. Verbs which make the Perfect in si, but have no Supine. Algeo, alsi, algere, shiver with cold. The supine is wanting, but from it is derived the adjective alsus, a, um, cold. Fulgeo, fulsi, fulgere, shine, am bright. (Fulgere is poetical.) Turgeo, tursi (rare), swell. Urgeo or urguco, ursi, press. 3. Verbs with the Perfect in si and the Supine in tum. Indulgeo, indulsi, indultum, indulge. Torqueo, torsi, tortum, twist. Compounds: contorqueo, twist together; distorqueo, twist away; extorqueo, wrest out or from. 4. Verbs with the Perfect in xi and the Supine in tum. Augeo, auxi, auctum, increase. Luceo, luxi, lucere, shine; has no supine. Lūgeo, luxi, lugere, mourn; has no supine. Frigeo, frixi, frigere, am cold; has no supine. [§ 179.] 5. Verbs with the Perfect in i and the Supine in sum. Prandeo, prandi, pransum, dine. The participle pransus has an active signification: one who has dined. Sedeo, sēdi, sessum, sit. Assideo (assides), sit by; desideo, sit down; circumsedeo or circumsideo, surround; insideo, sit upon; supersedeo, do without; possideo, possess; dissideo, dissent; praesideo, preside; resideo, settle down. The last three have no supine. Video, vīdi, visum, see. Invideo (invides), envy, alicui; pervideo, see through; praevideo, foresee; provideo, provide. Strīdeo, strīdi, without supine. In poetry stridĕre. 6. Verbs with a Reduplication in the Perfect, Mordeo, momordi, morsum, bite. Pendeo, pependi, pensum, am suspended, Dependeo, depend, and impendeo, soar above, am impending, lose the reduplication. Spondeo, spospondi, sponsum, vow. Despondeo, despondi, promise; respondeo, respondi, answer, are likewise without the reduplication. Tondeo, totondi, tonsum, shear. The compounds lose the reduplication; as, attondeo, detondeo Caneo, am gray (canus). Clueo (also in the passive clueor, and after the third con jugation, cluo, cluĕre), am called, is obsolete. Flaveo, am yellow (flavus). Foeteo, stink (foetidus). Hebeo, am dull, stupid (hebes). Humeo, am damp (humidus). Liveo, am pale or envious (lividus). (Mineo) immineo, to be imminent, threatening. Promi neo, am prominent. Maerco, mourn (maestus). Polleo, am strong. Renideo, shine, smile. Scăteo, gush forth (Scatĕre in Lucretius). Squaleo, am dirty (squalidus). Vegeo, am gay (vegětus). Cieo, ciere, is the same word as the rare and obsolete cro, cire, stir up; both make the perfect civi, according to the fourth conjugation; in the supine they differ in quantity, cieo making citum, and cio, citum. Note. In the compounds, too, e. g., concieo, excien, the forms of the second and fourth conjugation cannot be separated; but we must observe that, in the signification of "to call," the forms of the fourth are preferred, e. g., imperf. cibam, cirem; infinit. ciri; the participles concitus and excitus signify excited;" whereas excitus means "called out." Percieo and incieo retain the signification of "to excite," hence percitus and incitus; but accire, to call towards, summon or invite (of which the present indicative does not occur), has only accitus. Derived from citum are: cito, quick; the frequentative citare, and hence excito, incito, and suscito. [§ 181.] 8. Semideponents. (See above, § 148.) Audeo, ausus sum, venture. (Partic. future ausurus.) The ancient future subjunctive (see § 162) ausim, ausis, ausit, ausint, is a remnant of the obsolete perfect ausi. The participle ausus and its compound inausus are used in poetical language with a passive signifi cation. Gaudeo, gavisus sum, rejoice. (Partic. fut. gavisurus.) Soleo, solitus sum, am accustomed (to do something). The impersonal compound assolet signifies "it usually happens." In the list of verbs of this conjugation it seems to be still more necessary than in the preceding one to include those verbs which, according to Chapter XL., form their perfect and supine regularly. We divide them into sev eral classes according to the characteristic letter which precedes the in the present, agreeably to the method which has long since been adopted in Greek grammars. [§ 182.] 1. Verbs which have a Vowel before o, including those in vo. The following have the Perfect and Supine regular : Acuo, acui, acutum, sharpen. Exacuo and peracuo, strengthen the meaning; praeacuo, sharpen at the end. Arguo, accuse, convict of (perf. passive in the latter sense usually convictus, from convincere). Argūtus, as an adjective, signifies "clear." Coarguo, the same; redarguo, refute a charge. Imbuo, to dip, imbue. Induo, put on; exuo, strip off. Luo (participle luiturus), pay, atone for. Abluo and eluo, wash off; polluo, defile; diluo, refute, are derived from another luo (lavo), and all make the supine in lūtum. Minuo, lessen. Comminuo, deminuo, diminuo, imminuo, strengthen the meaning. 'Nuo, nod, does not occur; from it are formed) Abnuo, refuse; annuo, assent; innuo, allude, or refer to; renuo, decline; all of which have no supine; abnuo alone has a participle future, abnuiturus. Ruo (supine ruitum, ruiturus, at least is derived from it : rutum occurs only in compounds, and is otherwise obsolete), fall. Diruo, dirui, dirutum, destroy; obruo, overwhelm; proruo, rush for ward. Corruo, fall down; and irruo, rush on, have no supine. Spuo, spit. Conspuo, spit on; despuo, reject with disgust. Statuo, establish. Constituo and instituo, institute; restituo, re-establish; substituo, es tablish instead of; destituo, abandon. |