Livy, xxxvii., 45; dabitis milia talentum per duodecim annos, i. e., one thou sand talents each year: Curtius, v., 19; singulis vestrum milia denarium darı jussi, where mille is an incorrect reading; comp. Liv., xxii., 36. This use of the plural, which occurs in other words also; as, asses, librae, jugera, with the ellipsis of singuli, ae, a, has been established by J. Fr. Gronovius on Livy, iv., 15, and xxix., 15; and by Bentley on Horace, Serm., ii., 3, 156.

From these distributives are derived adjectives in arius, which indicate of how many units or equal parts a thing consists, whence they are termed partiaria, e. g., numerus binarius, a number consisting of two units, i. e., two; scrobes ternarii, holes of three feet; versus senarius, a verse of six feet; nummus denarius, a coin of ten units, that is, asses; senex octogenarius, an old man of eighty; rosa centenaria, a rose with one hundred leaves; cohors quingenaria, of 500 men. The word numerus is most frequently combined with these adjectives, to supply the place of the substantives unio, binio, ternio, which are not based on very good authority. (See § 75.) Singularis and milliarius are more commonly used instead of singularius, millenarius.

CHAPTER XXXI.

IV. MULTIPLICATIVE NUMERALS.

[§ 120.] MULTIPLICATIVES answer to the question, "How many fold?" (quotuplex?) They are, simplex, duplex, triplex, quadruplex, quincuplex, septemplex, decemplex, centuplex. These are the only ones that can be shown to have been in use. Sixfold does not occur in Latin; it might be sexu-plex or seplex, but not sextuplex, as some grammarians assert. Octuplex is attested by the derivative octuplicatus, and novemplex by the analogy of septemplex. (Modern writers use, also, undecimplex, duodecimplex, sedecimplex, vicecuplex, triceuplex, quadragecuplex, quinquagecuplex, sexagecuplex, septuagecuplex, octogecuplex, nonagecuplex, ducentuplex, trecentuplex, quadringentuplex, quingentuplex, octingentuplex, &c., and millecuplex.)*

It will not be out of place here to add the Latin expressions for fractions, which are always denoted by pars:

*[Such forms as undecimplex, duodecimplex, &c., violate analogy, and though employed by modern writers, as the text states, are nevertheless decidedly objectionable. Instead, moreover, of vicecuplex, tricecuplex, &c., the forms vicuplex, tricuplex, &c., would have the advantage of being analogous with those of the same class known to exist. (Journal of Education, vol. 1., p. 96.]—Am. Ed.

is dimidia pars, tertia pars, quarta pars, quinta, sexta, septima pars, &c. In cases where the number of the parts into which a thing is divided exceeds the number of parts mentioned only by one, as in,,, the fractions are expressed in Latin simply by duae, tres, quattuor partes, that is, two out of three, three out of four, and four out of five parts: may be expressed by octava pars, or by dimidia quarta. In all other cases fractions are expressed as in English:, duae septimae;, tres septimae, &c., or the fraction is broken up into its parts, e. g., by pars dimidia (2) et tertia (3); and 1 by tertia et septima.

CHAPTER XXXII.

V. PROPORTIONAL NUMERALS.

[§ 121.] PROPORTIONAL numerals express how many times more one thing is than another, but they cannot be used throughout. They answer to the question quotuplus? They are, simplus, a, um; duplus, triplus, quadruplus, quinquiplus (probably sexuplus), septuplus, octuplus (perhaps nonuplus), decuplus, centuplus; and, according to the same analogy, we might form ducentuplus, and so on, as in the multiplicatives above. But they are almost universally found only in the neuter.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

V I. NUMERAL ADVERB S.

[§ 122.] 1. The numeral adverbs answer to the question, "How many times?" (quotiens?) to which totiens is the demonstrative and aliquotiens the indefinite. The form in ns is the original, and prevailed in the best periods of the language; subsequently the termination es was preferred in numerals, but ens still remained in the words just mentioned.

1. semel.
2. bis.

3. ter.

4. quater.

5. quinquies.

6. sexies.

7. septies.
8. octies.
9. novies,
10. decies.
11. undecies.
12. duodecies

50. quinquagies. 60. sexagies. 70. septuagies. 80. octogies. 90. nonagies. 100. centies. 200. ducenties. 300. trecenties. 400. quadringenties. 500. quingenties, &c. 800. octingenties, &c. 1,000. millies. 2,000. bis millies.

3,000. ter millies, &c. 100,000. centies millies. 1,000,000. millies millies.

With regard to the intermediate numbers, 21, 22, 23, &c., the method above adopted is the usual one, but we may also say vicies semel and vicies et semel, though not semel vicies; for bis vicies, for example, would mean twice twenty, i. e., forty.

[§ 123.] 2. The numeral adverbs terminating either in um or o, and derived from the ordinals, or, rather, the ordinals themselves in the acc. or ablat. singular neuter gender, are used in answer to the question "of what number?" or "what in number ?" (the Latin quotum ? or quoto? cannot be proved to have been used in this way); e. g., primum or primo, for the first time, or first; secundum or secundo, tertium or tertio, &c., decimum, undecimum, duodecimum, tertium decimum, duodevicesimum. The ancients themselves were in doubt as to whether the termination um or o was preferable (see Gellius, x., 1); but, according to the majority of the passages in classical writers, we must prefer um; the form secundum alone is less common; and instead of it we find iterum, a second time, and secundo, secondly, for which, however, deinde is more frequently used. The difference between primum and primo is this, that the signification "for the first time" is common to both, but that of "first" belongs exclusively to primum, while primo has the additional meaning of "at first."

[ 124.] Note.-It may not be superfluous to notice here some substanives compounded with numerals thus, from annus are formed bi«nnium,

triennium, quadriennium, sexennium, septuennium (more correct than septen nium), decennium, a period of two, three, four, six, &c., years. From dies we have biduum, triduum, quatriduum, a time of two, three, four days. From viri are formed duoviri, tresviri, quattuorviri, quinqueviri, se- or sex-viri, septemviri, decemviri, quindecemviri, all of which compounds, if they may be so called, denote a commission consisting of a certain number of men, appointed for certain purposes. A member of such a commission is called duumvir, triumvir, from which is formed the plural triumviri, which, properly speaking, is ungrammatical, and, in fact, still wants the sanction of a good authority. In inscriptions triumviri does not occur, and duomviri only once (Gruter, p. 43, No. 5): the ordinary mode of writing it was II viri, III viri. Printed books, without the authority of MSS., are not decisive. To these words we may add the three, bimus, trimus, and quadrimus; i. e., a child of two, three, four years.

CHAPTER XXXIV.

PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.

[§ 125.] 1. PRONOUNS are words which supply the place of a substantive; such as, I, thou, we, and in Latin, ego, tu, nos, &c. These words are in themselves substantives, and require nothing to complete their meaning; hence they are called pronouns substantive (pronomina substantiva), but more commonly personal pronouns, pronomina personalia.

Note.-Sui is a pronoun of the third person, but not in the same way that ego and tu are pronouns of the first and second persons. For the third person (he, she, it) is not expressed in Latin in the nominative, and is implied in the third person of the verb; but if it is to be expressed, a demonstrative pronoun, commonly ille, is used. The other cases of the English pronoun of the third person are expressed by the oblique cases of is, ea, id, the nominative of which belongs to the demonstrative pronouns. Thus we say, pudet me mei, tui, ejus; laudo me, te, eum. Sui, sibi, se, is the pronoun of the third person in a reflective sense; as, laudat se, he praises himself, in which proposition the object is the same as the subject. The use of this reflective pronoun in Latin is somewhat more extensive than in our language; for sui, sibi, se, and the possessive suus, sua, suum, are used not only when the subject to which they refer occurs in the same sentence, but also when in a dependent sentence the subject of the prin cipal or governing sentence is referred to; e. g., putat hoc sibi nocere, he thinks that this injures him (instead of himself). The beginner must observe that wherever he may add "self" to the pronoun of the third person, he has to use the reflective pronouns and the possessive suus, sua, suum; e. g., Gaius contemnebat divitias, quod se felicem reddere non possent, because they could not make him (i. e., himself, and not any other person) happy; but quod eum felicem reddere non possent would mean, because they could not make him (some other person, e. g., his friend) happy.

[§ 126.] 2. Besides these there is a number of words which are adjectives, inasmuch as they have three distinct forms for the three genders, and their meaning is not complete without a substantive either expressed or under

stood. But their inflection differs so widely from what are commonly called adjectives, and they are so frequently used instead of a substantive, that they are not unjustly termed pronouns. They are:

1. The adjunctive: ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self.

2. The demonstrative: hic, haec, hoc; iste, ista, istud, ille, illa, illud; is, ea, id, and the compound idem, eadem, idem.

3. The relative: qui, quae, quod, and the compounds quicunque and quisquis.

4. The two interrogatives: viz., the substantive interrogative, quis, quid? and the adjective interrogative, qui, quae, quod?

5. The indefinite pronouns : aliquis, aliqua, aliquid and aliquod; quidam, quaedam, quiddam and quoddam; aliquispiam, or, abridged, quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam and quodpiam; quisquam, neuter quidquam; quivis, quilibet, and quisque, and all the compounds of qui or quis.

Respecting the use of these pronouns, see Chapter LXXXIV., C. The following observations are intended to develop only the fundamental principles.

[127.] Note 1.-SIGNIFICATION OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. -Hic, this, is used of objects which are nearest to the speaker, whereas more distant objects are referred to by ille. The person nearest of all to the speaker is the speaker himself, whence hic homo is often the same as ego (see some passages in Heindorf on Horace, Sat., i., 9, 47); and in this respect hic is called the pronoun of the first person. Iste points to the person to whom I am speaking, and to the things appertaining to him. Thus, iste liber, ista vestis, istud negotium, are equivalent to thy book, thy dress, thy business; and iste is, for this reason, called the pronoun of the second person.* Ille, that, is the pronoun of the third person; that is, it points to the person of whom I am speaking to some one, hence ille liber means the book of which we are speaking (Compare, on these points, 291.) Is is used: 1. To point to something preceding, and is somewhat less emphatic than "the person mentioned before ;" and, 2. As a sort of logical conjunction, when followed by qui, is qui answers to the English "he who." Idem, the same, expresses the unity or identity of a subject with two predicates; e. g., Cicero did this thing, and he did that also, would be expressed in Latin, idem illud perfecit, hence idem may sometimes answer to our "also;" e. g., Cicero was an orator, and also a philosopher: Cicero orator erat idemque (et idem) philosophus.

[$128.] Note 2.-THE COMPOUNDED RELATIVES.-They are formed by means of the suffix cunque, which, however, is sometimes separated from its pronoun by some intervening word. It arose from the relative adverb cum (also spelled quum) and the suffix que, expressive of universality (as in

*[So completely was this the meaning of the pronoun iste, that it has descended to the derivative costi in the modern Italian; and a lawsuit as to the place where a bill was payable once turned upon the meaning of this adverb. Journal of Education, vol. i., p. 97.]—Am, Ed.