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that whatever we do in pursuance of this our liberty, we should do it in full assurance of faith, nothing doubting that it is permitted us.' v. 5. let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind. v. 23. whatever is not of faith, is sin. Secondly, that we should give no just cause of offence to a weak brother, v. 20, 21. for meat destroy not the work of God: all things indeed are pure, but it is evil for that man who eateth with offence. 1 Cor. viii. 13. if meat make my brother to offend, I will eat no flesh while the world standeth, lest I make my brother to offend; which resolution, however, must be considered as an effect of the extraordinary love which the apostle bore his brethren, rather than a religious obligation binding on every believer to abstain from flesh for ever, in case a weak brother should think vegetable food alone lawful. ix. 19-22. though I be free from all men, yet have I made myself servant unto all, that I might gain the more; unto the Jews I became as a Jew...... to them that are under the law, as under the law...... to them that are without law, as without law; being not without law to God, but under the law to Christ...... to the weak became I as weak....I am made all things to all men. X. 23. all things are lawful for me, but all things are not expedient. Gal. v. 13. for, brethren, ye have been called unto liberty; only use not liberty for an occasion to the flesh; but by love serve one another. 2 Pet. ii. 19. while they promise themselves liberty, they themselves are the servants of corruption. 1 Cor. viii. 9. take heed lest by any means this liberty of yours become a stumbling-block to them that are weak.

This appears to have been the sole motive for the command given to the churches, Acts xv. 28, 29. to abstain from blood, and from things strangled; namely, lest the Jews who were not yet sufficiently established in the faith should take offence. For that the abstinence from blood was purely ceremonial, is evident from the reason assigned

'In religion whatever we do under the gospel, we ought to be thereof persuaded without scruple; and are justified by the faith we have, not by the work we do: Rom. xiv. 5. let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind. A Treatise of Civil Power, &c. Prose Works, III. 341.

Lev. xvii. 11. the life of the flesh is in the blood, and I have given it to you upon the altar to make an atonement for your souls. Thus the eating of fat was forbidden by the law, vii. 23, &c. yet no one infers from hence that the use of fat is unlawful, this prohibition applying only to the sacrificial times: Acts x. 13, &c.

No regard, however, is to be paid to the scruples of the malicious or obstinate. Gal. ii. 4, 5. and that because of false brethren unawares brought in, who came in privily to spy out our liberty which we have in Christ Jesus, that they might bring us into bondage; to whom we gave place by subjection, no, not for an hour; that the truth of the gospel might continue with you. 1 Cor. xiv. 38. if any man be ignorant, let him be ignorant. Christ was not deterred by the fear of giving offence to the Pharisees, from defending the practice of his disciples in eating bread with unwashen hands, Matt. xv. 2, 3. and plucking the ears of corn, which it was considered unlawful to do on the sabbath-day, Luke vi. 1, &c. Nor would he have suffered a woman of condition to anoint his feet with precious ointment, and to wipe them with her hair, still less would he have vindicated and praised the action, John xii. 3, &c. neither would he have availed himself of the good offices and kindness of the women who ministered unto him whithersoever he went, if it were necessary on all occasions to satisfy the unreasonable scruples of malicious or envious persons. Nay, we must withstand the opinions of the brethren themselves, if they are influenced by motives unworthy of the gospel. Gal. ii. 11, &c. when Peter was come to Antioch, I withstood him to the face, because he was to be blamed. Nor ought the weak believer to judge rashly of the liberty of a Christian brother whose faith is stronger than his own, but rather to give himself up to be instructed with the more willingness. Rom. xiv. 13. let us not therefore judge one another any more.

Neither this reason, therefore, nor a pretended consideration for the weaker brethren, afford a sufficient warrant for those edicts of the magistrate which constrain believers, or deprive them in any respect of their

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religious liberty. For so the apostle argues 1 Cor. ix. 19. though I be free from all men, yet have I made myself servant unto all; I was not made so by others, but became so of my own accord; free from all men, and consequently from the magistrate, in these matters at least. When the magistrate takes away this liberty, he takes away the gospel itself; he deprives the good and the bad indiscriminately of their privilege of free judgement, contrary to the spirit of the well known precept, Matt. xiii. 29, 30. lest while ye gather up the tares ye root up also the wheat with them: let both grow together until the harvest.*

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I have shown that the civil power hath neither right, nor can do right, by forcing religious things: I will now show the wrong it doth, by violating the fundamental principle of the gospel, the new birthright of every true believer, Christian liberty.' A Treatise of Civil Power, &c. Prose Works, III. 337. Prose Works, III. 337. Liberty, which is inseparable from Christian religion.' Ibid. 352.

3 None more cautious of giving scandal than St. Paul. Yet while he made himself servant to all, that he might gain the more, he made himself so of his own accord, was not made so by outward force, testifying at the same time that he was free from all men.' Ibid. III. 342.

On earth

Who against faith and conscience can be heard

Infallible? Paradise Lost, XII. 528.

Seeing then that in matters of religion, as hath been proved, none can judge or determine here on earth, no not church-governors themselves against the consciences of other believers, my inference is, or rather not mine, but our Saviour's own, that in those matters they neither can command or use constraint, lest they run rashly on a pernicious consequence, forewarned in that parable, Matt. xiii. from the 29th to the S1st verse, lest while ye gather up the tares ye root up also the wheat with them: let both grow together until the harvest ; and in the time of harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather ye together first the tares, &c.' A Treatise of Civil Power, &c. III. 323.

CHAP. XXVIII.

OF THE

EXTERNAL SEALING OF THE COVENANT OF GRACE.

THE MANIFESTATION OF THE COVENANT OF GRACE, under the law and the gospel respectively, has been considered; we are now to speak of the SEALING OF THAT COVENANT, or rather of its representation under certain outward signs.

This representation, like the covenant itself and its manifestation, is common both to the law and the gospel: under the former it consisted in CIRCUMCISION and the PASSOVER; under the latter it consists in BAPTISM and the SUPPER OF THE LORD. These ceremonies, particularly the two latter, are generally known by the name of SACRAMENTS.

A Sacrament is a visible sign ordained by God, whereby he sets his seal on believers in token of his saving grace, or of the satisfaction of Christ; and whereby we on our part testify our faith and obedience to God with a sincere heart and a grateful remembrance.

Respecting CIRCUMCISION, compare Gen. xvii. 10, &c. this is my covenant which ye shall keep between me and you, and thy seed after thee; every man child among you shall be circumcised; and ye shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin; and it shall be a token of the covenant between me and you. Rom. iv. 11, 12. he received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the righteousness of faith which he had yet being uncircumcised; that he might be the father of all them that believe, though they be not circumcised, that righteousness might be imputed unto them also; and the father

of circumcision to them who are not of the circumcision only, but who also walk in the steps of that faith of our father Abraham, which he had being yet uncircumcised. Deut. x. 16. circumcise the foreskin of your heart, and be no more stiff-necked. xxx. 6. Jehovah thy God will circumcise thine heart, and the heart of thy seed, to love Jehovah thy God—. Jer. iv. 4. circumcise yourselves to Jehovah, and take away the foreskins of your heart. Sometimes, by a similar figure, it signifies sanctification even under the gospel. Col. ii. 11. in whom also ye are circumcised with the circumcision made without hands, in putting off the body of the sins of the flesh by the circumcision of Christ.

Subsequently, however, to the giving of the law circumcision seems to have typified the covenant of works. Rom. iv. 12. the father of circumcision to them who are not of the circumcision only. ii. 25. for circumcision verily profiteth, if thou keep the law; but if thou be a breaker of the law, thy circumcision is made uncircumcision. Gal. v. 3. I testify again to every man that is circumcised, that he is a debtor to do the whole law. Hence it is said to have been given by Moses, John vii. 22, 23.

Respecting the PASSOVER, compare Exod. xii. 3, &c. in the tenth day of this month they shall take to them every man a lamb, according to the house of their fathers, a lamb for an house, &c. v. 13. the blood shall be to you for a token upon the houses where ye are, and when I see the blood I will pass over you, and the plague shall not be upon you to destroy you, when I smite the land of Egypt. v. 15. seven days shall ye eat unleavened bread; even the first day ye shall put away leaven out of your houses.

The passover typified the sacrifice of Christ, and the efficacy of the sprinkling of his blood for the salvation of such as celebrated the feast with purity of heart. John i. 29. John seeth Jesus coming unto him, and saith, Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world. xix. 36. these things were done that the scripture should be fulfilled, 4 bone of him shall not be broken. 1 Cor. v. 7. purge out there

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