EGIALEUS, son of Adrastus, by Amphithea, daughter of Pronax, and a member of the expedition led by the Epigoni against Thebes. He was the only leader slain in this war, as his father had been the only one that survived the previous contest. (Vid. Epigoni.) Compare the scholiast, ad Pina. Pyth. 8, 68.

EGIDES, a patronymic of Theseus. (Homer, Il. 1, 265.)

EGILA, a town in Laconia, where Ceres had a temple. Aristomenes, the Messenian leader, endeavoured on one occasion to seize a party of Laconian females who were celebrating here the rites of the goddess. The attempt failed, through the courageous resistance of the women, and Aristomenes himself was taken prisoner. He was released, however, the same night, by Archidamea, the priestess of Ceres, who had before this cherished an affection for him. She pretended that he had burned off his bonds, by moving himself up towards the fire, and remaining near enough to have them consumed. (Paus. 4, 17.)

Sinner, ad loc.)-III. The earliest name for the coun- money for the purposes of commerce, and used regu try along the northern shore of the Peloponnesus.lar measures, a tradition which, though no doubt un(Vid. Achaia, III.) true, still points very clearly to their early commercial habits. (Strabo, 375.-Elian, Var. Hist. 12, 10.Vid. Phidon.) It is more than probable, that their commercial relations caused the people of Egina to be increased by colonies from abroad, and Strabo expressly mentions Cretans among the foreign inhabitants who had settled there. After the return of the Heraclidæ, this island received a Dorian colony from Epidaurus (Pausan. 2, 29.-Tzetz. ad Lyc. 176), and from this period the Dorians gradually gained the ascendency in it, until at last it became entirely Doric, both in language and form of government. Egina, for a time, was the maritime rival of Athens, and the competition eventually terminated in open hostilities, in which the Athenians were only able to obtain advantages by the aid of the Corinthians, and by means of intestine divisions among their opponents. (Herod. 8, 46, and 5, 83.) When Darius sent deputies into Greece to demand earth and water, the people of Egina, partly from hatred towards the Athenians, and partly from a wish to protect their extensive commerce along the coasts of the Persian monarchy, gave these tokens of submission. (Herod. 6, 49.) For this conduct they were punished by the Spartans. In the war with Xerxes, therefore, they sided with their countrymen, and acted so brave a part in the battle of Salamis as to be able to contest the prize of valour with the Athenians themselves, and to bear it off, as well by the universal suffrages of the confederate Greeks (Herod. 8, 93), as by the declaration of the Pythian oracle. (Id. ibid. 122: compare Plut. Vit. Themist.) After the termination of the Persian war, however, the strength of Athens proved too great for them. Their fleet of seventy sail was annihilated in a sea-fight by Pericles, and many of the inhabitants were driven from the island, while the remainder were reduced to the condition of tributaries. The fugitives settled at Thyrea in Cynuria, under the protection of Sparta (Thucyd. 1, 105, and 108.-Id. 2, 27.—Id. 4, 57), and it was not until after the battle of Egos Potamos, and the fall of Athens, that they were able to regain possession of their native island. (Xen. Hist. Gr. 2, 2, 5.-Strabo, 8, p. 376.) They never attained, however, to their former prosperity. The situation of Ægina made it subsequently a prize for each succeeding conqueror, until at last it totally disappeared from history. In modern times the island nearly retains

EGIMIUS, a king of the Dorians, reigning at the time in Thessaly, near the range of Pindus. (Heyne, ad Apollod. 2, 7, 7.) He aided Hercules, according to the Doric legend, in his contest with the Lapitha, and received, as a reward, the territory from which they were driven. (Apollod. 1. c.) Egimius is a conspicuous name among the founders of the Doric line, and mention is made by the ancient writers of an epic poem, entitled Aiyiuoc, which is ascribed by some to Hesiod, by others to Cecrops the Milesian. (Heyne, 1. c.) The posterity of Ægimius formed part of the expedition against the Peloponnesus, and the Doric institutions of Egimius are spoken of by Pindar (Pyth. 1, 124), as forming the rule or model of government for the Doric race. (Compare Müller, Dorians, vol. 2, p. 12.)

EGIMURUS, a small island in the Gulf of Carthage. There were two rocks near this island, called Aræ Egimuri, which were so named, because the Romans and Carthaginians concluded a treaty on them. The modern Zowamoore is the Ægimurus of antiquity.

EGIMUS. Vid. Supplement.

corruption Engia, and is represented by travellers as being beautiful, fertile, and well cultivated. As far back as the time of Pausanias, the ancient city would appear to have been in ruins. That writer makes mention of some temples that were standing, and of the large theatre built after the model of that in Epidaurus. The most remarkable remnant of antiquity which this island can boast of at the present day, is the temple of Jupiter Panhellenius, situated on a mount of the same name, about four hours' distance from the port, and which is supposed to be one of the most ancient temples in Greece, and one of the oldest specimens of the Doric style of architecture. Mr. Dodwell pronounces it the most picturesque and interesting ruin in Greece. For a full account of the Ægina marbles, consult Quarterly Journal of Sciences, No. 12, p. 327, seqq., and No. 14, p. 229, seqq.

EGINA, I. a daughter of the river Asopus, carried away by Jupiter, under the form of an eagle, from Phlius to the island of Enone. (Compare Spanheim, ad Callim. Hymn. in Del. v. 77.-Heyne, ad Apollod. 3, 12, 6-Sturz, ad Hellanic., p. 50.-Id. ad Phere-its ancient name, being called Egina, or with a slight cyd., p. 178.) She gave her name to the island. Some authorities make Jupiter to have assumed, on this occasion, the appearance of a flame of fire; but this evidently is corrupted from another part of the same fable, which states that Asopus was struck with thunder by the god for presuming to pursue him. (Apollod. 3, 12, 6.) The Asopus here alluded to, is the Sicyonian stream which flowed by the walls of Phlius. It must not be confounded with the Baotian river of the same name. (Compare Pindar, Nem. 9, 9.—Aristarch. ad N. 3, 1. -Pausan. 2, 5, 2.)-II. An island in the Sinus Saronicus, near the coast of Argolis. The earliest accounts given by the Greeks make it to have been originally uninhabited, and to have been called, while in this state, by the name of Enone; for such is evidently the meaing of the fable, which states, that Jupiter, in ord to gratify acus, who was alone there, changed a swarm of ants into men, and thus peopled the island. (Vid. Eacus, Myrmidones, and compare Pausan. 2, 29, and Apollod. 3, 12, 7.) It afterward took the name of Egina, from the daughter of the Asopus. (Vid. Egina, I.) But, whoever may have been the earliest settlers on the island, it is evident that its stony and unproductive soil must have driven them at an early period to engage in maritime affairs. Hence they are said to have been the first who coined

EGINĒTA PAULUS, I. or Paul of Egina, a celebrated Greek physician, born in the island of Ægina. He appears to have lived, not in the fourth century, as René Moreau and Daniel Leclerc (Clericus) have asserted, but in the time of the conquests of the Calif Omar, and, consequently, in the seventh century. We have very few particulars of his life handed down to

us.

We know merely that he pursued his medical studies at Alexandrea some time before the taking of

tion in this, as the harbour lay, not directly north, but northeast from the city. In the middle ages, Ægira took the name of Votstitza. (Georg. Phranza, 2, 9.) It is now Vostica, a deserted place to the east of Vostitza, the ancient Ægium. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 8, p. 396.)

EGIS, the shield of Jupiter, made for him by Vulcan (Il. 15, 310), and borne also by Apollo (Il. 15, 229) and Minerva (5, 738). It inspired terror and dismay, and, by its movements, darkness, clouds, thunder and lightning were collected. (Il. 17, 594.) Hence, in later poets, it has also the meaning of a storm or hurricane. (Esch. Choëph. 584.—Eurip. Iơn, 996.) According to some, Minerva had an agis of her own, distinct from Jupiter's, and she placed in the centre of it the head of Medusa; but the Gorgon's head appears also on Jupiter's shield. (Eustath. ad Il. 5, 741.Heyne, ad Apollod. 2, 43.) As Minerva typifies the mind or wisdom of Jove, there is a peculiar propriety in her wielding the same ægis with her great parent.--The etymology of the term aiyiç is disputed. The common derivation makes it come from ais, alyós, "a goat," and to have been so named from its being covered with the skin of the goat that had suckled the infant Jove. This derivation, however, appears to be based entirely on an accidental resemblance between aiyis and ais, alyós, and is evidently the invention of later writers and fabulists. The true etymology is from dioow, dižw, “to move rapidly," "to rush," "to arouse," &c., and comports far better with the idea of brandishing to and fro a terror-inspiring shield.-The meaning of a coat of mail, or, rather, leathern tunic, with or without plates of metal, belongs to another alyis, which is correctly deduced from alş. (Compare Herod. 4, 189.)

this city by Amrou, and that, for the purpose of adding to his stock of professional knowledge, he travelled not only through all Greece, but likewise in other countries. Paul of Egina closes the list of the classic Greek physicians, for after him the healing art fell, like so many others, into neglect and barbarism, and did not regain any portion of its former honours until towards the twelfth century. As Paul made himself very able in surgery, and displayed great skill also in accouchements, the Arabians testified their esteem for him by styling him the accoucheur. Though he cannot be regarded as altogether original, since he abridged Galen, and obtained many materials from Aëtius and Oribasus, yet he frequently lays down opinions of his own, differing from those of Galen, and more than once has the courage to refute the positions of Hippocrates. His descriptions of maladies are short and succinct, but exact and complete. He frequently assumes, as the basis of his explanations, the Galenian theory of the cardinal humours. It is in surgery particularly that Paul of Ægina appears to advantage, not only because he had acquired more experience than any other Greek physician in this branch of his art, but also because he does not servilely copy his predecessors. In this respect some authors place him by the side of Celsus, and on certain points even give him the preference. One of the most curious chapters in that part of his writings which relates to surgery, is the one which treats of the various kinds of arrows used among the ancients, and of the wounds inflicted by them. The work of this physician, which has come down to us, is entitled An Abridgment of All Medicine, and consists of seven books, compiled from the writings of the more ancient physicians, with his own observations subjoined. It has passed through many editions, of which the following are the principal ones. The ÆGISTHUS, son of Thyestes by his own daughter Greek text merely, Venet. ap. Ald., 1528, and Basil., Pelopea. (Vid. Atreus.) Having been left guardian 1538, fol. This latter edition is much superior to the of Agamemnon's kingdom when that monarch sailed former, as it was corrected by Gemusæus, and contains for Troy, he availed himself of his absence to gain the his learned annotations. Latin editions: Basil., 1532 affections of Clytemnestra his queen, and, when Agand 1546, fol.: Col. Agr., 1534 and 1548, fol. : Paris, amemnon returned from the war, caused him to be 1532, fol: Venet., 1553 and 1554, Svo: Lugd., 1562 slain. (Vid. Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.) On and 1567, 8vo. This last is the best of the Latin the death of the monarch he usurped the throne, and editions, since it contains the notes and commenta- reigned seven years, when he was slain, together with ries of Gonthier, D'Andernach, Cornarius, J. Goupil, Clytemnestra, by Orestes, the son of Agamemnon. and Dalechamp. An Arabic edition was published (Vid. Orestes. - Hygin. fab. 87, seq.-Paus. 2, 16. also by Honain, a celebrated Syrian physician. Parts-Soph. Electr.-Esch. Agam.-Eurip. Orest., &c.) of the work have also been printed separately at various times, and particularly the first book, under the title of Præcepta Salubria (Paris, 1510, ap. Henr. Steph., 4to-Argent., 1511, 4to, &c.). A French translation of the surgical writings of Paul of Ægina was given in 1539, from the Lyons press, in 12mo, by Pierre Tolet. The excellent version, however, by F. Adams, Esq., of Banchory-Ternan, Aberdeen, will supersede all others. Only one volume has thus far been published. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 33, p. 186, seqq.-Schöll, Hist. Latt, Gr., vol. 7, p. 256.)-II. A modeller of Ægina, adverted to by Pliny (35, 11). There is some doubt whether Egineta was his own name, or merely an epithet designating the place of his birth. The former is the more probable opinion, and is advocated by Müller (Egin. 107.—Sillig, Dict. Art. s. v.).

EGIOCHUS, or "Egis bearer" (from aiyís and exw), a poctical appellation of Jove. (Vid. Ægis.)

EGIPAN, a poetical appellation of Pan, either from his having the legs of a goat, or as the guardian of goats. Plutarch (Parall., p. 311) makes it analogous to the Latin Silvanus.

ÆGITIUM, a town of Etolia, northeast of Naupactus, and about eighty stadia from the sea. It occupied an elevated situation in a mountainous tract of country. (Thucyd. 3, 97.) Ægitium is perhaps Ego (Aiyaí), which Stephanus Byzantinus places in Ætolia

EGIUM, a city of Achaia, on the coast of the Sinus Corinthiacus, and northwest of Egira. After the submersion of Helice it became the chief place in the country, and here the deputies from the states of Achaia long held their assemblies, until a law was made by Philopamen, ordaining that each of the feder al cities should become in its turn the place of rendezvous. (Liv. 38, 7, and 30.-Compare Polybius, 2, 54, and 4, 7.) According to Strabo (385, 387), these meetings were convened near the town, in a spot called Enarium, where was a grove consecrated to Jupiter. Pausanias (7, 24) affirms, that in his time the Achæans still collected together at Egium, as the Amphictyons did at Delphi and Thermopyla. According to Strabo, Ægium derived its name from the goat (ai) which was said to have nourished Jupiter here. The modern town of Vostitza lies in the immediate neighbourhood.

ÆGLE. Vid. Supplement.
EGLEIS Vid. Supplement.

EGIRA, a city of Achaia, near the coast of the Sinus Corinthiacus, and to the northwest of Pellene. It was a place of some importance, and the population is supposed to have been from 8 to 10,000. Polybius EGLES, a Samian wrestler, born dumb. Seeing (4, 57) makes the distance from the sea seven stadia; some unlawful measures pursued in a contest, which Pausanias, however (7, 26), removes the harbour would deprive him of the prize, his indignation gave twelve stadia from the city. There is no contradic-him on a sudden the powers of utterance which had

been denied him from his birth, and he ever after spoke | of his dominions, the former fled with his 50 daughwith ease. (Val. Max. 1, 8, 4.-Aul. Gell. 5, 9.)

EGLETES, a surname of Apollo as the god of day. (Alyarns, from aiyan, “brightness.") In the legend given by Apollodorus (1, 9, 26) respecting the island of Anaphe, the epithet gletes appears to point to Apollo as the darter of the lightning also (Apollo Fulgurator). Compare Heyne, ad Apollod. 1, 9, 26, not.

crit.

EGOBOLUS, an appellation given to Bacchus at Potniæ in Bœotia, because he had substituted a goat in the place of a youth, who. was annually sacrificed there. (ais, and Bánhw.) Compare Pausanias 9, 8, where Kuhn, however, proposes Aiyobópov for Aiyo662.ov.-By Egobolium, on the other hand, is meant a species of mystic purification. The catechumen was placed in a pit, covered with perforated boards, upon which a goat was sacrificed, so as to bathe him in the blood that flowed from it. Sometimes, for a goat, a bull or ram was substituted, and the ceremony was then called, in the first case, Taurobolium, in the second Criobolium. (Knight, Inquiry, &c., § 168.)

ters, and settled eventually in Argolis. The sons of Ægyptus came, after some interval of time, to Argos, and entreated their uncle to bury in oblivion all enmi ty, and to give them their cousins in marriage. Danaus, retaining a perfect recollection of the injuries they had done him, and distrusting their promises, con sented to bestow his daughters upon them, and divided them accordingly by lot among the suitors. But on the wedding day he armed the hands of the brides with daggers, and enjoined upon them to slay in the night their unsuspecting bridegrooms. All but Hypermnestra obeyed the cruel order, while she, relenting, spared her husband Lynceus. Her father at first put her in close confinement, but afterward forgave her, and consented to her union with Lynceus. (Vid. Danaus, Danaides, &c.. Apollod. 2, 1, 5., seqq.-Hygin. fab. 168, 170.--Ov. Heroid. 14, &c.)-II. An extensive country of Africa, bounded on the west by part of Marmarica and by the deserts of Libya, on the north by the Mediterranean, on the east by the Sinus Arabicus and a line drawn from Arsinoe to RhinocoluEGOS POTAMOS, i. e., the goat's river, called also ra, and on the south by Ethiopia. Egypt, properly Egos Potamoi, and by the Latin writers Egos Flu- so called, may be described as consisting of the long men, a small river in the Thracian Chersonese, and and narrow valley which follows the course of the Nile south of Callipolis, which apparently gave its name to from Syene (or Assooan) to Cairo, near the site of the a town or port situate at its mouth. (Herod. 9, 119. ancient Memphis. To the Nile, Egypt owes its ex-Steph. Byz. s. v. Aiyòç Пorquoi.) Mannert thinks,istence as a habitable country, since, without the rich that the town just mentioned was the same with that and fertilizing mud deposited by the river in its annual called Cressa by Scylax (p. 28), and Cissa by Pliny inundations, it would be a sandy desert. At three (4, 9). But consult Gail,ad Scyl. l. c. as regards the different places, previous to its entering Egypt, this nomeaning of the phrase ivròç Alyòç яотаμоv, employed ble stream is threatened to be interrupted in its course by by Scylax. (Geogr. Gr. Min. 1, 439, ed. Gail.) At a barrier of mountains, and at each place the barrier is Egos Potamos the Athenian fleet was totally defeat- surmounted. The second cataract, in Turkish Nubia, ed by the Spartan admiral Lysander, an event which is the most violent and unnavigable. The third is at completely destroyed the power of the former state, Syene, and introduces the Nile into Upper Egypt. and finally led to the capture of Athens. (Xen. Hist. From Syene to Cairo the river flows along a valley Gr. 2, 19.-Diod. Sic. 13, 105.-Plut. Vit. Alcib. about eight miles broad, between two mountain ridges, Corn. Nep. Vit. Alcib.) The village of Galata prob- one of which extends to the Red Sea, and the other ably stands on the site of the town or harbour. (Cra- terminates in the deserts of ancient Libya. The river mer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p. 330.) occupies the middle of the valley as far as the strait called Jebel-el-Silsili. This space, about forty miles long, has very little arable land on its banks. It contains some islands, which, from their low level, easily admit of irrigation. At the mouth of the Jebel-él-Silsili (Girard, Mem. sur l'Egypte, vol. 3, p. 13), the Nile runs along the right side of the valley, which in several places has the appearance of a steep line of rocks cut into peaks, while the ridge of the hills on the left side is always accessible by a slope of various acclivity. These last mountains begin near the town of Sioot, the ancient Lycopolis, and go down towards Faioom, the ancient Arsinoitic Nome, diverging gradually to the west, so that between them and the cultivated valley there is a desert space, becoming gradually wider, and which in several places is bordered on the valley-side by a line of sandy downs lying nearly south and north. The mountains which contine the basin of the Nile in Upper Egypt are intersected by defiles, which on one side lead to the shores of the Red Sea, and on the other to the Oases. These narrow passes might be habitable, since the winter rains maintain for a time a degree of vegetation, and form springs which the Arabs use for themselves and their flocks. The strip of desert land which generally extends along each side of the valley, parallel to the course of the Nile (and which must not be confounded with the barren ocean of sand that lies on each side of Egypt), now contains two very distinct kinds of land; the one immediately at the bottom of the mountain, consists of sand and round pebbles; the other, composed of light drifting sand, covers an extent of ground formerly arable. If a section of the valley is made by a plane perpendicular to its direction, the surface will be observed to decline from the margins of the river to the bottom of the hills, a circumstance

EGOSAGE, a Gallic nation, who served in the army of Attalus on one of his expeditions. He afterward assigned them a settlement along the Hellespont. (Polyb. 5, 77, seq.) Casaubon, in his Latin version of Polybius, has“ Ægosages (sive ii sunt Tectosages)." Schweighauser, misled by this conjecture, introduces Texrocayaç into the Greek text of the historian in place of Alyósayas, the common reading. In his annotations, however, he acknowledges his precipitancy. Compare the Historical and Geographical index to his edition of Polybius (vol. 8, pt. i., p. 198), in which he conjectures that 'Piyooayes, which occurs in another passage of Polybius (5, 53), ought to be written Αἰγόσαγες also.

EGYS, a town of Laconia, on the borders of Arcadia, and contiguous to Belmina. (Polyb. 2, 54.)

ÆGYPSUS, or more correctly Egyssus, a city of Masia Inferior, in the region called Parva Scythia, and situate on the bank of the Danube, not far above its mouth. It is mentioned by Ovid (Ep. ex. Pont. 1, 8, 13). Near this place, according to D'Anville, Darius Hystaspis constructed his bridge over the Danube, in his expedition against the Scythians. (As regards the true reading, consult Cellarius, Geogr. 2, 468.)

EGYPTII, the inhabitants of Egypt. Vid. Ægyptus. EGYPTIUM MARE, that part of the Mediterranean Sea which is on the coast of Egypt.

EGYPTUS, I. a son of Belus, and brother of Danaus. He received from his parent the country of Arabia to rule over; but subsequently conquered the land of "the black-footed race" (Mɛhauódov), and gave it his name. Ægyptus was the father of 50 sons, and Danaus, to whom Libya had been assigned, of 50 daughters. Jealousy breaking out between Danaus and the sons of Ægyptus, who aimed at depriving him

ble example. That able naturalist observes, in genera.,
that the birds of Egypt differ not much from those of
Europe. He saw the Egyptian swan, represented in
all the temples of Upper Egypt, both in sculptures and
in coloured paintings, and entertains no doubt that this
bird was the chenalopex (vulpanser) of Herodotus, to
which the ancient Egyptians paid divine honours, and
had even dedicated a town in Upper Egypt, called by
the Greeks Chenoboscium. It is not peculiar to Egypt,
but is found all over Africa, and almost all over Eu-
rope. The Ibis, which was believed to be a destroyer
of serpents, is, according to the observations of Cuvier,
a sort of curlew, called at present Aboohannes. Gro-
bert and Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire have brought home
mummies of this animal, which had been prepared and
entombed with much superstitious care. (Mémoire sur
'Ibis, par M. Cuvier.-Malte-Brun, Geogr., vol. 4, p.
45, seqq.-)

Nile subside, and is boiled and eaten like potatoes, | Polyptere bichir, described by Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire which it somewhat resembles in taste. Herodotus (Annales du Muséum, vol. 1, p. 57), is a very remarka(2,92) states, that the Egyptians not only ate the root, but made a sort of bread of the seed, which resembled that of the poppy. He adds, that there is a second species, the root of which is very grateful, either fresh or dried. The plant which was chiefly eaten by the ancient Egyptians, and which is so frequently carved on the ancient monuments, is supposed to be the nymphæa nelumbo, or nelumbium speciosum, the "sacred bean" of India, now found only in that country. Its seeds, which are about the size of a bean, have a delicate flavour resembling almonds, and its roots also are edible. The lotus of Homer, however, the fruits of which so much delighted the companions of Ulysses, is a very different plant, namely, the ziziphus lotus (rhamnus), or jujube, which bears a fruit the size of a sloe, with a large stone, and is one of the many plants which have been erroneously fixed on by learned commentators as the dudaim (mandrakes) of the sacred writings. The papyrus, not less celebrated in ancient times than the lotus, and which is believed to have disappeared from the banks of the Nile, has been rediscovered in the cyperus papyrus of Linnæus. The colocasium is still cultivated in Egypt for its large esculent roots. The banks of the river and the canals sometimes present coppices of acacia and mimosa, and there are groves of rose-laurel, willow, cassia, and other shrubs. Faioom contains impenetrable hedges of cactus, or Indian fig. But, though so rich in plants, Egypt is destitute of timber, and all the firewood is imported from Caramania. (Malte-Brun, Geogr., vol. 4, p. 38, seqq.—Modern Traveller (Egypt), p. 18, seqq.)

2. Animal Kingdom.

3. Name of Egypt.

The name by which this country is known to Europeans comes from the Greeks, some of whose writers inform us that it received this appellation from Ægyp‐ tus, son of Belus, having been previously called Aeria. (Compare Eusebius, Chron., lib. 2, p. 284, ed. Man et Zohrab.) In the Hebrew Scriptures it is styled Mitsraim, and also Matsor, and harets Cham: of these names, however, the first is the one most commonly employed. The Arabians and other Orientals still know it by the name of Mesr or Mizr. According to general opinion, Egypt was called Mitsraim after the second son of Ham. Bochart, however, opposes this (Geogr. Sacr. 4, 24), and contends that the The animal kingdom of Egypt will not detain us name of Mitsraim, being a dual form, indicates the long. The want of meadows prevents the multiplica- two divisions of Egypt into Upper and Lower. Caltion of cattle. They must be kept in stables during met (Dict., art. Misraim) supposes, that it denotes the the inundation. The Mamelukes used to keep a beau- people of the country rather than the father of the tiful race of saddle-horses. Asses, mules, and camels people. Josephus (Ant. Jud. 1, 6) calls Egypt Mesappear here in all their vigour. There are also nu- tra; the Septuagint translators, Metsraim; Eusebius merous herds of buffaloes. In Lower Egypt there are and Suidas, Mestraia. The Coptic name of Old Cairo sheep of the Barbary breed. The large beasts of prey is still Mistraim; the Syrians and Arabs call it Masra find in this country neither prey nor cover. Hence, or Massera. The other appellation, Matsor, as given though the jackal and hyena are common, the lion is above, Bochart has clearly proved to mean a fortress; but rarely seen in pursuit of the gazelles which traverse and, according to him, Egypt was so called, either from the deserts of the Thebaid. The crocodile and the hip-its being a region fortified by nature, or from the word popotamus, those primeval inhabitants of the Nile, tsor, which signifies narrow, and which he thinks sufseem to be banished from the Delta, but are still seen in ficiently descriptive of the valley of Upper Egypt. Sir Upper Egypt. The islands adjoining the cataracts are W. Drummond (Origines, 2, 55) inclines to the first sometimes found covered with crocodiles, which choose of these two etymologies, because Diodorus Siculus these places for depositing their eggs. The voracity (1, 30) and Strabo (803) remark, that Egypt was a of the hippopotamus has, by annihilating his means of country extremely difficult of access; and Diodorus, support, greatly reduced the number of his race. Ab- speaking of the Upper Egypt, observes, that it seems dollatif, with some justice, denominates this ugly ani- not a little to excel other limited places in the kingdom, mal an enormous water-pig. It has been long known by a natural fortification (oxypornti ovdikŋ) and by that the ichneumon is not tamed in Upper Egypt, as the beauty of the country. The third appellation menBuffon had believed. The ichneumon is the same an- tioned above, namely, harets Cham, "the land of imal which the ancients mention under that name, and Ham," seems to have been the poetical name for Egypt which has never been found except in this country. among the Hebrews, and accordingly it occurs only in It possesses a strong instinct of destruction, and, in the Psalms. It is a tradition, at least as old as the time searching for its prey, exterminates the young of many of St. Jerome, that the land of Ham was so named noxious reptiles. The eggs of crocodiles form its fa- after the son of Noah. (Quæst. in Genesin.-Drumvourite food; and in addition to this its favourite repast, mond's Origines, 2, 45, seqq.) There may, however, it eagerly sucks the blood of every creature which it is be reason to think, that the patriarch was named after able to overcome. Its body is about a foot and a half the country where it is supposed he finally settled. In in length, and its tail is of nearly equal dimensions. Hebrew, cham signifies "calidus ;" and chom, "fuscus," Its general colour is a grayish brown; but, when "niger." In Egyptian we find several words which are closely inspected, each hair is found annulated with a nearly the same both in sound and sense. Thus χρομ, paler and a darker hue. Zoology has lately been en-chmom, signifies "calor," and xaue, chame, “niger." riched with several animals brought from Egypt, among The Egyptians always called their country Chemia or which are the coluber haje, an animal figured in all the Chame, probably from the burned and black appearance hieroglyphical tables as the emblem of Providence; of the soil. (Compare Plut. de Is. et Os., p. 364.. and the coluber vipera, the true viper of the ancients. Shawe's Travels, fol. ed., p. 432.-Calmet's Dict., art. The Nile seems to contain some singular fishes hith- Ham.) The name Aëria has a similar reference, and erto unknown to systematic naturalists. Of this the would seem to have been a translation of the native