แ CODE PENAL.

faithful; and the event showed that he was right, and that the lessons of two revolutions were not lost upon him. "The army," says M. Ledru Rollin, in the address to which we have already alluded, "showed a lively sympathy for the republican cause, and it must be attached to it more and more;" and well did that army merit the commendation. Take the following as a specimen:

"291. Nulle association de plus de vingt personnes, dont le but sera de se réunir tous les jours ou à certains jours marqués pour s'occuper d'objets religieux, litteraires, politiques ou autres ne pourra se former qu'avec l'agrément du gouvernment, et sous les conditions qu'il plaira à l'autorité publique d'imposer à la societé.

"292. Tout association de la nature ci dessus exprimée qui sera formeé sans autorization, ou qui, apres l'avoir obtenue, aura enfreint les conditions à elle imposées, sera dissoute."

The first article of April, 1834, ran thus:— "Les dispositions de l'article 291 du code pénal sont applicables aux associations de plus de vingt personnes alors même que ces associations seraient partagées en sections d'un nombre moindre, et qu'elles ne se reuniraient pas tous les jours ou à des jours marqués."

Thus fortified in his despotic rule, Louis Philippe persevered in his struggle with democracy, up to the suppression of the Reform banquet under the above law, and the Revolution which has ensued.

The Reform which was required, was an amendment of the electoral system, and a restriction on the number of public functionaries having seats in the Chamber of Deputies. By the settlement of 1830, the franchise was extended to all persons twenty-five years of age, and paying direct taxes to the amount of 200f. (£8). Under this system there was not much over 200,000 electors in France; and the number was constantly decreasing, by the operation of the law of subdivision of property which we have noticed. The qualification which would exist in the father, would obviously, in many cases, be lost, when the property was distributed amongst three or four children. But no measure of Reform could be granted by a monarch who could only preserve his throne by crushing the voice of public opinion in the country; give it but utterance, and it would have proclaimed republicanism.

The occurrences of this Revolution are so recent and so familiar, that it would be useless to present them again to our readers. We have already noticed such of them as appeared to us to be of chief importance, as illustrative of the workings of democracy; besides, the length to which this article has run admonishes us that we should draw it to a close. To one point, only, would we direct attention.

The king is blamed for not having placed himself at the head of his troops, and suppressed the outbreak by force. To this there is the best answer in the world. The king well knew that he had no troops to head; that of his 100,000 men there was not a regiment that would prove

"At about ten o'clock the troops were all under arms, as hitherto, opposite the hotel of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. A large body of cavalry was drawn up in the middle of the street, and a dense mass of infantry was drawn round the whole of the hotel. Drums were heard, and a body of infantry advancing. As they approached, it was perceived that they were preceded by a body of people, all armed in different ways, and bearing the tri-color flag. The people and this body of soldiers advanced towards the soldiers on guard, and after some explanations, accompanied by shakings of hands and crossing swords, in the military style of salutation, all the soldiers, en masse, sheathed their bayonets, the officers sheathed their swords, and quitted the hotel, leaving the people to act as they pleased. Everywhere the soldiers along the Boulevards took off their bayonets from their muskets, which they then reversed, appearing much to enjoy the scene."

This was on Thursday morning, when the king was sitting in council with Count Molé and Odillon Barrot, after having dismissed the obnoxious ministers, and with Marshal Bugeaud in command of his forces.

The following incident is eminently characteristic. A body of the people went, on the day following the last-mentioned occurrence, to possess themselves of the arms of the 52nd regiment; the colonel, however, presented himself on a balcony, and thus addressed them:

in order that they may be given to patriots. The 52nd are patriots to a man. The 52nd was among the first of the regiments which, in 1830, joined the people. The 52nd was the first, which, in 1848, fraternized with the people. The 52nd is no more. That which was the 52nd of the line is now the first regiment of the Republic."

"Citizens-You ask for the arms of the 52nd,

Thus despotism finally sunk, and democracy triumphed. Unhappy country, so unfit for freedom as to have but a choice of such fearful evils-the tyranny of one or the tyranny of many! We fear you have fallen upon the greater evil. "Democracy," we are told by Aristotle, "is the greatest of all tyrannies." We are sure that it is the most unblushing and the most corrupting.

What the effects of this Revolution may be, we have already said that no man could venture

to predict. We would confidently hope, that it may not be unattended with great advantage to this country. The degraded condition to which France will shortly be reduced, will forcibly impress upon every man the value of our popular institutions, which educate our people to freedom, and the vital importance of upholding the influence of our landed gentry and aristocracy, which tempers this freedom, and keeps it

from excess. Our government, no longer "fraternizing" with that of France, will maintain the interests and dignity of Great Britain, by asserting her right of judging and acting for herself. And among our people, there will once more spring up that good honest English hatred of French politics, French morals, and French principles. — Dublin University Magazine.

Literature has her freaks, follies, and impositions, like every other department of human action and speculation. Considering, however, the peculiar nature of literary pursuits, the wonder is that we find so few attempts to delude -under any guise or from the impulse of any motives. The more or less of immorality involved in the literary hoax, as in all others, will of course depend on the inducing motive-though the morality can in no case be defended. But waiving that question for the present — as one of the most successful literary hoaxes of very recent times is not, we think, well known in this country, it will doubtless amuse our readers to be made acquainted with the particulars. One source of the amusement which these offer consists in the fact that they present the conjuror in the act of, consciously or unconsciously, discrediting his proper spells-exhibit a bibliographer of distinction and supposed zeal sneering at bibliography!

One day, some five or six years ago, a certain number of the most eminent book collectors and lovers of ancient literature in Belgium received a Catalogue, announcing that on the 10th of August there would be sold by auction, at Binche, near Mons, in Hainault, the very extraordinary and unique library belonging to the old Count de Fortsas. The Catalogue was preceded by an Introduction; in which it was stated that the peculiar mania of the deceased count was, never to admit a single volume into his collection of books which had been mentioned by any other bibliographer; and that whenever he learned that a work which he possessed had been so mentioned, such work was doomed for sale at any price. The Introduction proceeded to state many details respecting the Count de Fortsas; his family connexions, his country residence, his last illness, the day of his death, &c.,- all put in so plausable a form as to attach every apparent authenticity to the Catalogue. The books themselves were admirably hit off in the way of description: the several titles be

:

ing skilfully adapted to the individual peculiarities of eminent collectors, so as to vary the snare. Bibliographical notes explained how the various works enumerated had escaped the notice of the most laborious and pains-taking connoisseurs, — the circumstances connected with the publication of each the number of copies originally printed, and such other facts as were assumed to constitute the present elements of the respective historical value. All these things were stated with an air of verisimilitude that completely succeeding in entrapping the mass of bibliogra phers throughout the kingdom. Expectation was at a high pitch; and each amateur looked forward to this extraordinary sale with an interest that counted on making the acquisition of some rare, and to him especially seductive, production of the press.

The Librarian of the Royal Library at Brussels, Baron de Reiffenberg- a book connoisseur of the first order- addressed a special request to the Minister of the Home Department for an allowance of money, to purchase a certain number of the works, whose acquisition was, it was affirmed, of great importance to the Royal collection. The grant was readily made. It hap pened that Castian, a well known bookseller of Lille, on his way to the town where the sale was to take place, called on the printer Casterman, at Tournay, and requested some information respecting a book mentioned in the catalogue – and which he wished to purchase. The work was one which was said to point indirectly and prophetically to the Belgian Revolution of 1830. M. Casterman answered that so many years had elapsed since the date assigned to the work that he could not give any positive information on the subject; but he would refer to his foreman. The treatise was No. 142 in the catalogue,— and the title ran thus: "Causes qui doivent infailliblement amener la Dissolution du Royaume des Pays-Bas-tel que l'ont fait le traites de 1814 et 1815. In 8vo. 89 pages." Deceived by the memory of some similar title, the foreman

This volume is probably intended to supply the want of Mr. Dickens's annual volume; and it will not succeed, because it is a different kind of article altogether.

The Honey in the Jar is gathered from many hives. The broadest Scotch is packed along with classic Greek. Allan Ramsay and Virgil go together.

more than we do, and partly to encourage others to learn. A little hearty love is better in this, as in all other cases, than a heap of indifferent knowledge. We are ashamed to say, that than we did when young, and are obliged to we know less of Greek, in one sense of the word, look out more words in the dictionary: for to a dictionary we are still forced to resort, though we love the language next to Italian, and hold it in higher admiration. But then we know our ignorance better than we did at that time — are more aware of beauties to be enjoyed, and nice

Leigh Hunt recommends his own way for the following reasons:

"Now, one of the great objects of the present writer, for many years past, has been to lure his readers into the love of other languages, particularly of this most beautiful of them all. It is for this reason he has scarcely ever quoted the most trivial expression from any one of them without giving a version of it; knowing well how many intelligent men there are who would enjoy the original if they knew it, far better than many an accidental scholar, and who are willing to have the least glimpse of it afforded them. It has been well said that mankind will cease to quarrel with one another when they understand one another.' Mr. Cobden, in his entertaining and instructive speech at the Manchester Athenæum, has told us how he was struck with this conviction during his tour. But he arrived at it before by the intuition of a happy nature. Why, for his own delight, does he not make himself master of a language he so admires? He is a reader by the fire-side; and one hour's reading per diem would render such a man more intimate with it in the course of a year than nine tenths of its masters in England; but perhaps he is such. At all events he may have become acquainted with it sufficiently for enjoyment; as much, for instance, as ourselves; more so if he speaks it; for though we read well enough most of the languages that we translate, we can speak them no better than just to make our way through Italy and France. We mention this partly that we may not seem to know

quence is, that whenever we undertake to translate a passage from Greek, we take our love on one side of us, and our dictionary on the other; and before we set about it, make a point of sifting every possible meaning, and root of meaning, not excepting those in words the most familiar to us, in order that not an atom of the writer's intention may be missed. We do not say, of course, that we always succeed in detecting it; but it is not for want of painstaking.

"The labor we delight in physics pain."

"Now, by a like respect for the good old maxim, slow and sure,' and by dint of doing a little, or even a very little every day, there is no lover of poetry and beauty who, in the course of a few months, might not be as deep as a bee in some of the sweetest flowers in other languages; and it is for readers of this sort that we have not only translated and commented on Greek and other passages in the book before us, but in some instances given intimations of the spirit in which we have studied them;-being anxious to allure to the study such as can find time for it, and to give some little taste of their exquisiteness to those who cannot. For all sorts of benefits lie in a knowledge of languages, both to men out of the world and men in it; all additions to the stock of profit and pleasure the certainty of knowing (as the phrase is) what to be at,' on occasions where profitable information is required-of not losing any advantage, either of relative or positive gain-of growing superior to debasing fears, and to ignorant and inhuman assumptions- and, above all, of assisting the great cause of the advancement and mutual intercourse of all men, which shall put an end to narrow-minded ideas of profit and loss, and open up that moral, and intellectual, and cordial, as well as commercial Free Trade, without which we should remain little better for ever than a parcel of ill-taught children willing, if not able, to cheat one another in corners."

to

Here is a story far more suitable for the time than a lecture on languages.