under the name of Bajuvarii, i.e., Boian warriors, most of present 'Bavaria,' mingling with Ostrogoths in the Alpine districts of the South. Thus, the Anglo-Frisians, Saxons, Franconians, Alemannians, and Bavarians (to which the Thuringians, a comparatively late combination of various tribes, are to be added) represent the most important divisions of the West-Germanic group; their migrations had been very gradual, and each group originally consisted of a large number of entirely detacht tribes; during and after the 'Germanic migration,' they formed those tribal alliances Stammesverbände which in history and linguistics are known under the names given above.

During the fourth and fifth centuries, parts of the AngloFrisian, Saxon, and Frankish groups migrated to the Northwest and West and founded the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England and the Frankish kingdoms in France.

5. The German Language is the continental branch of the West-Germanic group. As has been stated above, it originated in Central and Northeastern Germany - east of the Elbe river. By the end of the Germanic migrations (during the fifth century A.D.) most of the old home had been abandoned and was settled by Slavs. Meanwhile, however, the western and southern parts of present Germany had been Germanized. It is self-evident that the German settlers in every case transferred to their new homes their language in that stage of development in which it was spoken in their homes at the time of their emigration. Every language has certain inherent tendencies of development, as will, in the case of the German language, be shown in the second part. These tendencies continued consistently in the old territory; but in the new

settlements they ceased soon after the immigration and were, in part, replaced by the linguistic tendencies of the old (chiefly Celtic) populations (see 3). This was the most important factor in the rise of the dialect differences within the German language. In general it can be said that the northern dialects represent an older form of the language, the southern dialects a newer form. To this day, the linguistic characteristics of the German dialects preserve to a considerable extent the historical order of the German colonization, similar to the arrangement of geological strata: in certain important respects, especially in the development of the consonants, each German dialect is, so to speak, a petrified preservation of a former state of the general German language.

NOTE. The progress of the Germanization of Western and Southern Germany is in part reflected in the names of the historical dialect groups the Stammesverbände. The Saxons had their name from their characteristic weapon, the (stone) knife, sahs= Lat. saxum 'rock,' probably because the German conquerors formed a kind of a patriarchal aristocracy which alone had the right to bear arms (similarly, the Greek Dorians had their name from doru 'spear'). The Franks='freemen' also represent the free, ruling class, in a territory settled by right of conquest. These two groups are apparently the later development of those older invasions that had been characterized by the name Germani. But the name of the Alemannians seems to point to one or several of those more general movements that history connects with the name of the 'Germanic migrations'; most probably, it means the whole people' as differing from mere raiders, the 'Germani'; would be in keeping with the fact that ‘Alemanni' is used more or less synonymously with 'Suevi' (=Schwaben), 'the people themselves.' Another, less probable, explanation of the name, as 'temple men, guardians of the shrine,' would point to the same direction, since the religious and political center of the West-Germanic group had been situated east of the Elbe river, in old Suevian (Semnonic) territory. — The name of the Bavarians has been explained above; at the time when they took possession of Bohemia, their name was Marcomanni or 'frontier

The name Thuringi (Duringi)

men', i.e., essentially 'Germani.' is probably an abbreviation of the name Hermunduri, the leading tribe among them, but this name itself has not been explained in a

satisfactory way.

The name deutsch (from Germanic *theoda, 'people,' and suffix -isk-=NHG. -isch) means 'popular,' völkisch, volkstümlich. It is first found in Latin sources of the eighth century in the form theotiscus, theodiscus. The Germanic word *theoda, OHG. diot, also appears in the name of the East-Gothic king Theodoric (Gothic Thiudareiks, NHG. Dietrich)='ruler of the people.' - For bibliography, see Behaghel, Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, p. 3.

6. Geographical Boundaries. At the end of the Germanic migrations, the eastern boundary of the German language is formed approximately by the rivers Elbe and Saale, and the Bohemian forest (see line of colonial expansion in the map). France, Italy, Spain, and a part of Northern Africa were in the hands of Germanic tribes at that time; these were annihilated or absorbed by the Roman or Romanized population of those countries. But in long and bloody wars of colonization during the later Middle Ages and the Modern Period, most of the old Indo-European (Germanic) home east of the Elbe and Saale was recovered; at present, it forms the larger part of the kingdom of Prussia. After many fluctuations, the following approximate boundaries of the German linguistic territory have become fairly stationary:1

A. German-Danish Boundary: From the bay of Flensburg on the Baltic to a point south of Hoyer, on the North Sea.

B. German-French Boundary: From a point between Gravelines and Dunkirk (Gravelingen, Dünkirchen) south to St. Omer, east nearly as far as Aachen (leaving Brussels and Maastricht north, Lille and Liége south of

1 More accurate details will be found in Behaghel's Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, third chapter.

it), approximately south to Thionville (Diedenhofen), southeast to a point west of Strassburg (Metz is in French territory), then south, to a point east of Lake Geneva, southeast to Gressoney in Italy (south of Brieg); at this point the Italian territory begins.

C. German-Italian Boundary: Around the northern slopes of Monte Rosa and St. Gotthard, then approximately east as far as Martinsbruck on the Inn, around the Ortler to Salurn on the Etsch, slightly northeast, then east as far as Villach where it joins the German-Slovenian frontier.

D. German-Slovenian Boundary: From Villach to Radkersburg on the Mur, then northeast to St. Gotthard on the Raab.

The eastern boundary cannot be stated quite definitely because it is still fluctuating to an extent, in general moving rather east than west; a great number of isolated German settlements (Sprachinseln) are situated in Magyar and Slav territory.

E. German-Magyar Boundary: From St. Gotthard to the mouth of the Raab, thence northeast to the mouth of the Thaya.

F. German-Czech Boundary: From Nikolsburg on the Thaya east to the Moldau, then following, in a concentric curve, the Austro-German boundary as far as (approximately) the source of the Oder.

G. German-Polish Boundary: From the source of the Oder northwest to Birnbaum on the Warthe, then, in a right angle, northeast to the Masurian Lakes, where the Lithuanian territory begins.

A glance at the map will show the following discrepancies between the German linguistic boundary and the political boundary of the German Empire: Holland, Northern Belgium, the greater part of Switzerland, and a

considerable portion of Austria are German linguistically, but not politically; on the other hand, the German Empire includes some French territory in Lorraine, and a very narrow French strip in Alsace, some Danish territory in Northern Schleswig, and some Polish and Lithuanian territory in the East and Northeast. On the whole, the linguistic boundaries are much wider than the political

ones.

The German linguistic territory is subdivided into a great number of dialects which form the general groups stated in section 5, Note. According to the stage to which the consonant development had progressed at the time of the emigration, we distinguish two large divisions which we call Low German, i.e., the German language of the Lowlands, in the North, and High German, i.e., the German of the Highlands, in the South. Roughly speaking, the territories colonized before the Christian era are Low German, the later colonies High German. Centuries before the Christian era, Indo-European d, for instance, had changed to t in the general Germanic language (compare Latin edo, duo, English eat, two), and the Low German dialects have remained at this stage: LG. eten, twe. During the first centuries of our era, this t passed over into ss or ts: we have High German essen, zwei. The boundary between the two divisions, the niederdeutsche Sprachgrenze or Benrather Linie,1 begins south of Aachen, goes northeast and crosses the Rhine near Düsseldorf, goes slightly southeast to Siegen, northeast to Kassel and the mouth of the Saale, and thence, in an irregular line (leaving Berlin, as a sort of Sprachinsel, north of it) to Frankfort-on-the-Oder and Birnbaum on the Warthe. Aside from Berlin which has, in general, adopted the

1 Benrath is a small town near Düsseldorf, where the boundary line crosses the Rhine.