which the proceedings against Hastings were resumed in the House of Commons, under the title of Cicero against Verres. Fox and North are seen behind the eloquent accuser. In 1788, the year of the impeachment, the caricatures on this subject became more numerous. One by Gillray, published 1st of March, under the title of Blood on Thunder fording the Red Sea,' represents Hastings carried in safety on the shoulders of Lord Chancellor Thurlow through a sea of blood, strewed with the bodies of mangled Indians.' The volumes are full of evidence to show the advantage taken of this state of affairs, and also show how he laboured, like Dr. Wolcott, to bring royalty into contempt, and has constantly pourtrayed the undignified personal appearance of both George the Third and his queen; he makes them perform the most mean, contemptible, and servile offices for the sake of saving money. By the following extract from the work already quoted, the prevailing opinions will be gathered :"The extreme frugality of the king and queen in private life, and the meanness which often characterised their dealings, had already become subjects of popular satire, and contrasted strangely with the reckless extravagance of the Prince of Wales. As there was no visible outlet by which so much money could have disappeared, people soon made a variety of surmises to account for King George's heavy expenditure. Some said the money was spent privately in corrupting Englishmen, to pave the way to arbitrary power. Most people believed their monarch was making large savings out of the public money, and hoarding it up either here or at Hanover." It was said that the royal pair were so greedy in the acquisition of money, that they condescended to make a profit by farming, and the royal farmer and his wife figured about rather extensively in prints and songs, in which they are represented as haggling with their tradesmen and cheapening their merchandise. Pictures represent them as visiting the shops at Windsor in person. Such being the popular feeling, the satirists of both pen and pencil certainly fostered it to the uttermost, as the repeated allusions testify. Parsimony and avarice were the favourite themes.

The way the lash was laid upon the princes is certainly something more than would be permitted now-a-days; the Prince of Wales, for instance, without one redeeming point,—ever the associate of gamblers, drunkards, and extravagance,-ever a voluptuary, and the companion of Mrs. Fitzherbert, Lady Jersey, Mrs. Robinson, and others; his prodigality ever contrasted with the grasping avarice of his parents, until, at last, we find him soliciting alms, and retiring as the Prodigal Son. The Duke of York is little

better than a poltroon, with his inglorious return from Flanders,— the Duke of Clarence with his Wouski and Mrs. Jordan. Such prints, however, are not at all consistent with our present notions of decency; and the wonder is, so short a time ago as sixty years since, they could have been exhibited in the windows of the printsellers. The publisher has wisely placed them in a volume by themselves. It is with satires as with old plays, they hit the vice and follies of the times; and if they truly hit, its truth is often that which we deplore. As the man no more retains the feelings that he knew in boyhood, than he retains the form, but changes with his garments; so is it with society, its manners go with costume ; we know a certain vice was fashionable with such or such a dress— for vices have their fashion, be it said-and we can no more, however hard we try, dissever gambling from patches and from powder, than couple chastity with the costume of Sir Peter Lilly's time.

In a short notice of the life of Gillray prefixed to the explanatory volume, his biographer states, "That Gillray was unfortunately an example of the imprudence that so frequently accompanies genius and great talent. His habits were in the highest degree intemperate." Full fifty years ago, when Gillray wrought, drunkenness and debauchery were the prevailing vices of the period, into which vice Gillray himself fell, notwithstanding his continual delineations of its worst features. Indeed, to such an extent did he carry his carousal, that his mind became a wreck, and insanity usurped the place of reason. To him, to Morland, and a few others of the same time, are we indebted, as far as art is concerned, for the vulgarism— "all men of genius are drunkards." At that period no class in society escaped the prevailing rage: intoxication became the delight and ambition of most. The Fox Club and the six-bottle men are notorious, and "as drunk as a lord" passed into a proverb. But to suppose drunkenness is a necessary attribute to genius, is simply a slander upon the greatest gift the Deity bestows upon mortality. Vulgar and narrow minds up to the present hour will espouse that cause, forgetting, in their limited notions, the bright phalanx of glorious and illustrious names that must rise up in judgment against such falsehood. Great men in some few instances have been drunkards, and that's the easy part of greatness lesser minds could imitate.

The historical and descriptive account by Wright and Evans is of great value, as a key to the folio volume. Compiled with much judgment, it gives a brief and careful summary of the political

events for nearly thirty years, with short biographical notices of men who played the most important parts during that memorable and exciting period, as well as a full explanation of every plate. The least that can be said of the plates and the volume to which reference is made, is that they are good historical lessons. It informs us, "Gillray had recently (1792) accompanied Loutherbourg the painter into France, to assist in making sketches for his grand picture of the siege of Valenciennes. After their return, the king, who made great pretensions to taste, desired to look at their sketch. He was already prejudiced against Gillray for his political caricatures, and notwithstanding the rough style in which he had made his spirited sketches of the French officers and soldiers, he threw them down contemptuously, with the more hasty observation, 'I don't understand these caricatures!' while he expressed the greatest admiration at Loutherbourg's more finished and intelligible drawings of landscapes and buildings. Gillray, who was mortified at the neglect shown towards himself, and was not at this time pensioned by the court, revenged himself by publishing the picture of the monarch contemplating the features of the great enemy of kings, who was an object of particular abhorrence to George III, and observed, 'I wonder if the royal connoisseur will understand this."" The king is examining Cooper's portrait of Oliver Cromwell; the parsimonious manners of the monarch are satirised in the save-all, by means of which he uses up the last fragment of his candle,-the face of the king is a highly-finished miniature, as, indeed, a vast number of others are; the instance of the candle end is only another instance of Gillray's attention to accessories and allusions which are at all times so expressive and significant. Personal peculiarities and actions never escaped him. No wonder, then, that the king should dislike a man who had used his utmost ability to make the public believe he was an avaricious fool, and who at that very time had rendered the queen little less than odious, by drawing a revolting picture of her in the character of Sin, which had given great offence to the court. We find as a peculiarity but few parodies of other men's pictures throughout his works; he had no need to borrow who knew no poverty of invention.

Whatever was uppermost in the public mind was food for our caricaturist, costume, coalition, or Catholic emancipation, music or ministers, gout or gambling, for which latter offence he places the Ladies Archer and Buckinghamshire in the pillory, and is unceasing in his onslaught. Judging from his productions, our naval victories

afforded him great delight; like many others in the collections, they are not caricatures. The issue of paper money during the administration of Pitt, and the split between Burke, Fox, and Sheridan, are also fertile subjects with him; but every new incident, political or otherwise, seemed to give birth to some new ideas. About this period a caricature was published, illustrative of the encroachments of Russia upon Turkey-as in our own day; England offers her aid, and, as it was doubtful what the policy of France would be, a member of the House of Commons is made to ask, "where's France :”—this print by some accident found its way into the hands of a small selfsufficient orator in Devon; London papers then were very rare. The custom was upon the Sunday afternoon to meet upon the green before the village inn, and so discuss the little news they had. Our orator began, "Well! so you are going to have more taxes put upon you—that's Pitt's doing, that is-and you may pay them if you like, mind, I sharn't, that's all I've got to tell you, that is. And what's it all for, I'd like to know?-to keep off the French— -the war with France !—with France, by the Lord!-with France ! Now d me if I believe there is such a place!' This was rather a startling assertion, and so new, besides, that his hearers were what he called "flabbergasted" they'd "neur thought o'that;" perhaps there wasent after all-at length one standing by said, "Oh! yes; but there is, though." "Is there?" said our demagogue, "You seem to know a good deal about it, John; where is it?" Why, that John "coudent tell; so now, out came the new imported print, and the blacksmith was triumphant. There is no such place as France.

ART. IV. Agriculture under Henry the Eighth.

The Boke of Husbandry, 1534. (Colophon): ¶ Thus endeth this ryghte profytable boke of husbandry, compyled sometyme by mayster FITZHERBARDE, of charytie and good zele that he bare to the weale of this moost noble realme, whiche he dydde not in his youthe, but after he had exercysed husbandry, with greate experyence, xl. yeres. Imprynted at London, in fletestrete, in the house of Thomas Berthelet, nere to the condite, at the sygne of Lucrece. Cum privilegio. (A small 8vo.)

AMONG the most distinguished lawyers of the earlier part of the

sixteenth century, was the lord chief-justice Sir Anthony Fitzherbert. He was a knight of Derbyshire, whose learning in the

laws was evinced by several publications, which were once much read and highly esteemed by men of his profession, and who appears nevertheless to have found leisure to employ upon the close and minute study of agriculture. He gave the result of his knowledge and experience on this subject in a little book, of which the first edition (the title and colophon of which we give above) is now in our hands. It was published at a time when people were beginning to feel the necessity of improvement in the cultivation of the soil, and it is curious as being the first English book on this subject. We need hardly inform our readers that Sir Anthony Fitzherbert's directions in husbandry are very simple and rude in comparison to the practice of the present day, and that they are interesting only as showing the condition of the country in the reign of Henry VIII.

Our author commences with dividing the subject into two branches, containing severally the duties of the ploughman and of the herdsman. He then proceeds to describe the different constructions of ploughs in different parts of the kingdom, and their various peculiarities, a subject which occupies several chapters. "It is to be knowen," he saith, "whether is better, a plough of horses, or a plough of oxen, and therin me semeth oughte to be made a distinction. For in some places an oxe ploughe is better than a horse ploughe, and in somme places a horse ploughe is better that is to say, in every place where as the husband hath several pastures to put his oxen in when they com fro theyr warke, there the oxe ploughe is better. For an oxe may not endure his warke, to labour all daye, and than to be put to the commons, or before the herdman, and to be set in a folde all nyghte without meate, and go to his labour in the mornynge. But and he be put in a good pasture all nyghte, he wyll labour moch of all the daye dayely." Considering the greater expense of horses, and other things also, Sir Anthony was of opinion that in general "the ploughe of oxen is moche more profytable, than the ploughe of horses." The following quaint recommendation is applicable to all times:

:

"Thou husbande, that intendeste to gette thy lyuynge by husbandry, take hede to the sayenge of the wyse phylosopher, the which sayth, Adhibe curam, tene mensuram, et eris diues. That is to saye, Take hede to thy charge, kepe measure, and thou shalt be ryche. And nowe to speke of the fyrste artycle of these iii., s., Adhibe curam. He that wyll take vpon hym to do any thynge, and be slouthefull, recheles, and not diligent, to execute and to per