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vince, situated principally between lat. 25° and 26° N. Its surface is hilly and woody, but the soil is rich in many parts, and, when well cultivated, extremely productive. The Sinde is the principal river. The town is situated on the south-east side of the Sinde, in lat. 25° 41′ N., long. 78° 12′ E., and is of considerable antiquity, having been conquered by the Mahometans in 1251. It subsequently recovered its independence, and was taken from its Hindoo prince by Sultan Secunder-Lodi in 1509. At the late peace with the Mahrattas, the fort and district of Narwar were guaranteed by the British government to Rajah Umbajee Row; at which period the revenue was about ten lacks of rupees. In 1810 the place was surrendered to Dowlet Row Sindia. Other towns of the district are Collarass and Shepoory.

NAR'WHALE, n. s. Goth. narwhal (nar being a snout.) A species of whale.

Those long horns, preserved as precious beauties, are but the teeth of narwhales.

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To pronounce the nasals, and some of the vowels, spiritally, the throat is brought to labour, and it makes a guttural pronunciation.

Holder. When the discharge lessens, pass a small probe through the nasal duct into the nose every time it is drest, in order to dilate it a little.

Sharpe's Surgery. The nasal twang Heard at conventicle, where worthy men, Misled by custom, strain celestial themes Through the prest nostril, spectacle-bestrid.

Cowper. NASEBY, a village of Northamptonshire, memorable for the total defeat of the royal army under king Charles I., prince Rupert, lord Astley, and Sir Marmaduke Langdale, by that of the parliament under Cromwell, Ireton, Fairfax, and Skippon. This victory proved peculiarly fatal to the king, as a casket of his letters to the queen fell into the enemy's hands, some of which were printed by the parliament, as proofs of his insincerity with regard to the treaty of Uxbridge. See CROMWELL.

NASH (Richard), esq., often called king o Bath, a singular character, born at Swansea, in South Wales, 18th October 1674. His father was a gentleman, who was a partner in a glasshouse; his mother was niece to colonel Poyer, who was killed by Oliver Cromwell in defending Pembroke Castle. He was educated at Caermarthen, and afterwards at Jesus College, Oxford; but was dismissed on account of an intrigue. He then entered into the army as an ensign, but soon left it, and studied law at the Temple, where he conducted a pageant for the entertainment of king William III., the last of the kind that has been exhibited at the inns on

the accession of any monarch. This was the first specimen he gave of his abilities to become the public arbiter elegantiarum, a character in

which he afterwards shone. King William was so well pleased that he offered him knighthood, which Nash declined. In 1704 he went to Bath, and soon after was appointed king, or master, of the ceremonies; an office for which he was admirably qualified by an elegant taste and uncommon vivacity; and in which he gave such universal satisfaction that he drew the whole beau monde to Bath, and was regarded as the benefactor of the city. Meanwhile he gained large sums of money by gaming, as well as by the emoluments of his office; but his benevo lence and generosity were so unbounded that he never amassed wealth. Among innumerable instances of this disposition we shall only mention one:-Having gained 100 guineas one day at the gaming table, a spectator remarked with what indifference Nash drew to him that large sum, which would make him happy for life. Nash, shoving the money to him, said, ‘Go then and be happy.' During the severe winter of 1739 his charity was extensively beneficial; but the most prominent monument of his benevo- 1 lence is the public hospital at Bath, which was planned by him, and established by his exertions and those of Dr. Oliver. He died at Bath in 1761, aged eighty-seven; and was interred in the abbey church, with all the honors due to the monarch of Bath.

NASH, or NASHE (Thomas), a satirical writer, was born at Lowestoft, in Suffolk, about 1564, and educated at St. John's College, Cambridge. He left the university after taking his first degree, and settled in London, where he became a writer for the stage, and engaged in several literary controversies, particularly against the Puritan Penry, the author of Martin Marprelate; and Gabriel Harvey. He was also the author of Pierce Pennilesse his Supplication to the Divell 4to.; Plaine Percevall, the Peace-maker of England, 4to.; and other pieces; besides three plays. He died in London, 1601.

NASHANT, or NAHANT, a peninsula of Massachusetts, in the township of Lynn, five miles south-east of Lynn hotel, nine south of Salem, and fourteen north-east of Boston. It is connected with the main land by a narrow isthmus, consisting of a delightful beach more than a mile and a half in length, and divided into Great Nahant, Little Nahant, and Bass Neck. Great Nahant, the eastern and largest division, consists of 305 acres of fertile land under high cultiva tion. In the hottest weather of summer the sea breezes on this peninsula are cool and refreshing; and it has long been a place of resort, in the warm season, for gay and fashionable people from Boston, Salem, and other neighbouring towns, as well as for invalids from the vicinity and interior country. The shores are bold and rocky, and, after a storm with easterly wind, the foaming and dashing of the waves of the agitated ocean against the high and precipitous rocks exhibit a most sublime spectacle. On the southern side of Great Nahant there is a curious grotto of cavern, called the Swallows' House; the entrance of which is about ten feet wide, five high, and seventy long, increasing after a few steps to fourteen feet in breadth, and eighteen or twenty in height. Great numbers of swallows inhabit this

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cave and hatch their young here; and it is a common opinion that they repose here during winter in a torpid state.

NASHVILLE, a post town, the capital of Davidson county, Tennessee, on the south side of the Cumberland; 110 miles north of Huntsville, 190 west of Knoxville, 250 south-west of Lexington, 430 north-east by north of Natchez. Population, in 1818, between 3000 and 4000. Long. 87° 8' W., lat. 35° 45′ N. It is pleasantly situated, regularly laid out, and contains a court-house, a jail, a market-house, two banks, a young ladies' academy, a public library of 1200 volumes, a cotton and woollen manufactury, a rope-walk, two distilleries, and three houses of public worship, one for Presbyterians, one for Methodists, and one for Baptists. It is a thriving and wealthy town, the largest in the state, and is situated in a fertile and populous country, and has a flourishing trade. Two newspapers are published here. There is a steam-boat navigation from Nashville to New Orleans. The Cumberland is navigable to this place for vessels of thirty or forty tons, nine months in the year, and at certain times for ships of 400 tons. The distance of Nashville from New Orleans, by land through Natchez, is 586 miles. A new road is now opening through Madisonville, distance 480 miles. Cumberland College was incorporated here in 1806.

NASICOR'NOUS, adj. Nasus and cornu. Having the horn on the nose.

Some unicorns are among insects; as those four kinds of nasicornous beetles described by Moffetus. Browne.

NASSAU, an independent duchy of the Germanic confederation, was formerly the name of several principalities of the empire. Its present boundaries are the Prussian territory on the Lower Rhine, and the states of the princes of Hesse. It lies between 49° 55′ and 50° 49′ of N. lat., and has an area of 2186 square miles. It is divided into the districts of Wisbaden, Weilburg, and Dillenburg; which are subdivided into bailiwics. The ducal residence is at Idstein. Population 303,000.

The surface of the duchy is hilly, and the climate temperate; it contains nothing that can be strictly called a plain; but along the rivers there are low level tracts. The mountain ranges are the Westerwald and the Taunus. To the west is the Rhine, the Maine to the south, and the Lahn in the interior. Some of the principal watering places in Germany belong to this little state, there being good mineral springs at Ems, Schlangenbad, Wisbaden, Lower Selters, Upper Lahnstein, &c. &c. Vast quantities of mineral water are exported. In the north the air is often piercingly cold, and corn is not raised in sufficient quantity for the consumption. The culture of the vine and the rearing of cattle form the chief employments; the best vines being raised on the banks of the Rhine. Hock and bleichert are the well known kinds. The mountains abound in game and in minerals. There are mines of silver, lead, iron, and salt, the smelting and manufacturing of which is conducted on a large scale: other manufactures are paper, leather, tobacco, vinegar, and coarse linen.

The duke of Nassau ranks in the thirteenth place at the smaller assembly of the diet, and in the full assembly he has two votes. His duchy has a representative assembly, and justice is administered by a high court of appeal at Dietz, by another at Wisbaden, and by inferior courts in the country. The military is between 2000 and 3000 men; the revenue £180,000. The inhabitants of this duchy are about equally divided between the Protestant and Catholic faith in 1814 there were 120 Lutheran, ninetyseven Calvinist, and 152 Catholic churches. The prince ranked as a Calvinist, but the two parties have long professed the greatest liberality; and in August, 1817, they agreed to unite in one body under the title of Evangelical Christians. In 1802 the house of Orange received in this quarter a domain, as an indemnity for the stadtholdership; and in 1806 an accession of territory was given to both branches of the house of Nassau, on the formation of the confederation of the Rhine. The family, after long being counts, were made princes of the empire in 1688 and 1737 in 1806 they were declared dukes.

NASSAU, a small town of west Germany, on the Lahn, in the duchy of Nassau. Near it are the ruins of the castle of Nassauberg, which gave name to the family, and this is the only place that belongs in common to the king of the Netherlands and the duke of Nassau. Population 1500. Ten miles W. S. W. of Limburg.

NASSAU, a fort maintained by the Dutch of the gold county, Africa.

The NASSAU, or Two Poggy Islands, are islands on the west coast of Sumatra, separated by a narrow strait called Se Cockup, forming an excellent harbour. The islands are inhabited by an uncivilised people, who do not know the use of money, making no distinction between a metal button and a piece of gold or silver coin. They are divided into tribes, each inhabiting a distinct village on a river. Their houses, like those of the Sumatrans, are of bamboo raised on posts, and the space underneath serves as a place for pigs and poultry, which, together with sago, constitute their food, for they grow no rice; the islands have red deer, but neither buffaloes nor goats. They abound in large timber, amongst which are poon trees, of sufficient dimensions for lower masts for a first rate ship of war. NASTY, adj. NASTILY, ado. NAS'TINESS, n. s. verb corresponding: ness; obscenity.

Teut, nas; Belg. nat, naschylig. Filthy; nauseous; disgustingly unclean: the adnastiness is filth; dirt; gross

The most pernicious infection next the plague, is the smell of the jail, when prisoners have been long, and close, and nastily kept.

Bacon's Natural History. This caused the seditious to remain within their

station, which, by reason of the nastiness of the beastly multitude, might more fitly be termed a kennel than a camp. Hayward.

A divine might have employed his pains to better than in the nastiness of Plutus and Aristopurpose, phanes. Dryden. Their nastiness, their dull obscene talk and ribaldry, cannot but be very nauseous and offensive to any who does not baulk his own reason, out of love to

their vice.

South.

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Sir Thomas More, in his answer to Luther, has thrown out the greatest heap of nasty language that perhaps ever was put together. Atterbury.

A nice man, is a man of nasty ideas. Swift. NATAL, adj. Lat. natalis; Fr. natal. Native; relating to nativity.

Since the time of Henry III. princes' children took names from their natal places, as Edward of Carnarvon, Thomas of Brotherton. Camden.

Prior.

Propitious star! whose sacred power Presided o'er the monarch's natal hour, Thy radiant voyages for ever run. NATAL, or NATAR, a Malay trading settlement on the south-west coast of Sumatra, some miles south of the river Tabuyong. Gold of fine quality is procured from the country, some of the mines being within ten miles of the factory; and there is a considerable vent for imported goods. The anchorage is about two miles off the shore, in five fathoms water. The road is one of the worst on the coast of Sumatra, having numerous shoals and often a heavy sea. An English settlement was established in 1752. In the year 1760 the French destroyed it; but it was re-established, and the possession secured, by the treaty of Paris in 1763. The East India Company's influence is predominant here; but the town is governed by a Malay datoo, or chief magistrate. Long. 98° 57′ E., lat. 32° N.

NATATION, n.s. Lat. natatio. The act of swimming.

In progressive motion the arms and legs move successively, but in natation both together. Browne. NATCHEZ, a city, and port of entry, Adams county, Mississippi, on the east bank of the Mississippi, 322 miles according to Darby, 310 miles according to Schultz, above New Orleans, by the course of the river, 156 by land, 430 south-west by south of Nashville, west 1268. Long. 91° 20′ W., lat. 31° 33′ N. Population, in 1810, 1511; and, in 1818, about 3000. The greater part of the town stands on a bluff, elevated upwards of 150 feet above the surface of the river; but the river cannot be seen from the town, on account of the greater elevation of an intervening hill. The city is regularly laid out, the streets intersecting each other at right angles, but the site on which it is built is very uneven. It contains a court-house; a jail; a market-house; a bank; an academy; two printing offices, from each of which is issued a weekly newspaper; and two houses of public worship, one for Roman Catholics, and one for Presbyterians. Some of the houses are respectable, but they are mostly of wood, and of only one story. To enable the inhabitants to enjoy the evening air, almost every house has a piazza and balcony. The gardens are ornamented with orange trees, figs, plums, peaches, and grape vines. The town contains much wealth. It is well situated for a commercial depôt, having a country fertile in cotton and well cultivated.

NATES CEREBRI are two circular protuberances of the brain, situated on the back of the medulla oblongata, near the cerebellum.

NATHAN, a faithful prophet and historian of

Israel, under David and Solomon; supposed by some to have been the author of the second book of Samuel, and of the latter part of the first book: be that as it may, we are certain that he wrote the history of David and Solomon. See 1 Chron. xxix. 29; 2. Chron. ix. 29 Nathan's affecting parable of the ewe-lamb, his bold reproof of David for his crimes, his prohibition of his building the temple, and his seasonable advice whereby the usurpation of Adonijah was overthrown, are recorded in 2 Sam. vii, & xii. ; and 1 Kings i.

NATHAN, a son of David by Bathsheba, probably named after the prophet, the lineal ancestor of our Saviour by the maternal line.

NATHAN (Isaac, or Mordecai), a learned Jew. ish lexicographer; the first who compiled a Hebrew Concordance. He began it in 1438,and finished it in 1458. It was first printed at Venice, in 1523. Calasio reprinted it at Rome in 1621, in four folio volumes, with such additions and improve ments as to render it a complete dictionary. Eleven years after another edition appeared at Basil, corrected by Buxtorf; and the Rev. W. Romaine, with the assistance of Mr. Edward Kowe Mores and a Portuguese rabbi, published in 1747 a new edition from that of Calasio, at London, in the same number of volumes.

NATH'LESS, conj. Goth. na, that is, Sax not, the less. Nevertheless: formed thus, natheless, nath'less. Obsolete.

Nath'less, my brother, since we passed are
Unto this point, we will appease our jar.

The torrid clime
Smote on him sore besides, vaulted with fire.
Nath'less he so endured, 'till on the beach
Of that inflamed sea he stood, and called
His legions.

Spenser.

Milton's Paradise Lost. NATH'MORE, adv. Na the more. Never the more.

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Obsolete.

Yet nathmore by his bold hearty speech, Could his blood-frozen heart emboldened be.

NATION, n. s. NATIONAL, adj. NATIONALLY, adv. NATIONALNESS, n. s.

Spenser.

Fr. Ital. and Teut. nation; Lat. natio. A whole people; a peo ple distinguished from others by their origin, situation, language, or government; any great number of people: national, means pertaining to a nation; public; general; patriotic: the adverb and noun substantive corresponding.

If Edward III. had prospered in his French wars, and peopled with English the towns which he won, as he began at Calais driving out the French, his successors, holding the same course, would have filled all France with our nation. Raleigh.

They, in their earthly Canaan placed, Long time shall dwell and prosper: but when sins National interrupt their public peace.

Milton. About the same time thirty frigates were a appointed to be built, as well to increase the fleet as to secure Ludlow.

the trade of the nation by cruising.

A nation properly signifies a great number of fami lies derived from the same blood, born in the same country, and living under the same government.

Temple.

The term adulterous chiefly relates to the Jews, who, being nationally espoused to God, by covenant,

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He gives the word, and Mutiny soon roars
In all her gates, and shakes her distant shores;
The standards of all nations are unfurled;
She has one foe, and that one foe the World.

Cowper. NATIONAL DEBT. Although, in our article FUNDS, we have presented the reader with a general outline of our entire funding system, some historical details essentially connected with this great feature of our national policy may here be supplied; particularly as the recent conversion, or more properly speaking, perhaps, the recently announced conversion, of lord Grenville from the errors of Mr. Pitt, is held up in some quarters as having given the death-blow to the favorite scheme of that once honored financier the sinking fund.

We shall first endeavour to place before our readers the real efficacy of our finance system. During upwards of twenty anxious years, it is not to be denied that armies and navies were maintained by Great Britain, hardly less numerous and with far more expensive equipments than Imperial Rome could boast in the plenitude of her dominion. If sometimes our hopes were disappointed, did this ever in any one instance happen because the sinews of war failed? Our force may have been misdirected or overpowered, but not for one moment in twenty-one eventful years was it ever paralysed by a failure of pecuniary strength. Has then this wondeful military exertion drunk up all the streams of civil prosperity? Has the plough stood still, or the loom been silent? Have our roads become green, our cities depopulated? Were parents dragged in fetters from their infant families, or sons from their widowed mothers, to fill the wasted ranks of armies perishing by disease?

Nothing of all this, but quite the contrary! The mass of national wealth in habitations, furniture, manufactures prepared for future use, and above all in territorial improvements, and in numerous and costly establishments which facilitate production and improve commercial communication, are greatly and obviously increased. Our exports, for instance, during the years 1826 and 1827, consisting chiefly of home produce and manufactures, have exceeded those of any two previous years.

This is without doubt a remarkable anomaly in the history of nations; and few things can be politically more interesting than a view, if not

incorrect or wholly inadequate, of the sources of this power, and the mechanism by which our unexampled military and naval expenses have hitherto been defrayed, while, at the same time, the growth of our intrinsic national wealth, as before stated, has been astonishing.

The public opinion we believe is at present very unsettled and indistinct on this subject; and, as erroneous ideas of the artificial causes of extraordinary circumstances in the history of mankind readily introduce false principles of policy, it is the more material that the real bases should be known of the power which the British empire now displays, and of the revenue by which it has been enabled to persevere in its exertions. This is indeed indispensably necessary to any thing like a correct political view of the progress of our national debt and the plans for redeeming it: and professor Hamilton has wisely limited his Enquiry' (the modern text book of our subject) almost entirely to an arithmetical examination of the subject; and to this extent has rendered a most important service. Most, if not all, of his inferences would be correct, if the practical financier must be fettered by strict calculations of direct profit and loss, and forbidden to extend his views to considerations of political experience, or to compute the ultimate advantages, even in a pecuniary view, which may result from such an adaptation of his arrangements to times and opinions as will give them stability, and increase the general benefit.

But, however useful this simplicity of theory may be to establish sound principles, it has the natural effect of fixing the attention too exclusively on some one of the many co-operating or contending powers in the mechanism of society, and among many necessarily co-existing causes to consider one only as essential, and all the others as contingent and subordinate. Theoretic investigations of particular topics are an important division of labor in preparing philosophical instruments for the practical politician, and as such we very highly esteem them; but if without estimating their respective powers, or considering the probable effects of their compound operation, the practical politician looks to the agency of one of them only, and forms his plans on so contracted a principle, the chances are that he will fail of success, or if he should succeed, it would not be art, but empiricism.

We mean to take a wider view of the subject, therefore, than the professor has done, and one which may enable us clearly to point out the reasons why we can by no means join in his general disapprobation of the plans which for many years past have been adopted or modified, in creating our funded debt, and attempting to redeem it. If we take a less popular view of the subject than that which this able writer has adopted, our readers, in an analysis of lord Grenville's pamphlet, shall be furnished with a fair view of the modern lights on the question.

We now, therefore, request their attention to the following important circumstances of comparison between the state of England after more than twenty years of uninterrupted war, and in 1714, when the peace of Utrecht terminated a contest which had lasted from 1689, with four years cessation.

1. From 1714 to 1824 the population of England and Wales somewhat more than doubled. 2. The increase of real wealth was certainly greater than that of the population.

3. The average increase of money prices was threefold.

When we have explained the chief causes of these very great changes in the state of this part of the British empire, we mean to apply them in examining the causes of the progress of the public debt of this country, and its successive proportions to the private revenue, by which, through the medium of government and by means of taxation, its interest is paid.

The causes of the great increase of population, have, without doubt, been chiefly various ameliorations in the state of the lower orders of the people, and more especially of late years. Much has been gained by medical improvements, but much more by the effect of the poor laws; a system of which the present magnitude and internal principle of increase cannot be contemplated without alarm as to its ultimate consequences, but which, as now practically employed, certainly promotes early marriages, preserves helpless infancy, makes sickness less fatal, and prolongs old age. Add to this, that during the whole period hardly any of the extraordinary checks to the increase of mankind have existed in this country. It has suffered very little from civil war; not at all from pestilence; and, during many years, the influx of inhabitants has probably equalled, if not exceeded, the emigrations. The progress, in this respect, of the other parts of the united kingdoms, cannot be computed with equal precision; but there are very safe grounds for asserting, that if in Scotland it has been somewhat more slow, it has been far more rapid in Ireland, and that, on the whole, the total numbers have much more than doubled.

It is easy to show that this increase of numbers has been accompanied also by even a greater increase of intrinsic wealth and sources of private revenue. During the period in cluded in these remarks, habitations, furniture, implements, &c., have been progressively provided for the additional families; all are, undoubtedly, in these respects, better provided than 100 years ago; and, therefore, this part of our intrinsic wealth has much more than doubled. As to territorial and other productions which require to be constantly replaced, in proportion to their constant consumption, the circumstances have been somewhat different. While the increase of provisions has been somewhat less than in proportion to the additional population, that of all other territorial produce from mines, &c., has far exceeded it, and the produce of manufacturing labor not only creates an abundantly greater surplus beyond the consumption of a duplicate number, but, having been more and more aided by the invention and general use of artificial facilities of production, the means of augmenting the quantity are in the duplicate proportion of the labor of the additional numbers, together with that of the augmented means by which their labor is assisted.

During the earlier part of this period, it ap

pears from the returns of the parochial registers, confirmed by abundant other proof, that the increase of inhabitants was chiefly agricultural, producing, till after the middle of the last century, an increasing surplus of provisions; since that time the increase has been very much greater in towns and manufacturing districts. While, therefore, the surplus of the productions of all kinds of the latter proportion of the people, aided by constantly increasing and improving facilities, has increased to a wonderful extent, the agricultural produce has become inadequate to the necessities of the nation; and since this deficiency of the necessaries of life could only be supplied by an exchange with foreign nations of the surplus of manufactures, however great that surplus might become, and however adequate in value to supply what is wanted, yet the political inconvenience is manifest.

The profit of labor to the employer is the ge neral cause of such fluctuations; and here, in England, the peculiar cause of the change already stated has, without doubt, been this-that the facilities which obtain a greater produce from an equal quantity of human labor, increased more rapidly as applied to manufactures than to agnculture. At present, various causes which we cannot allow ourselves space to explain, are evidently co-operating to equalise the profit of agricultural and manufacturing labor; and we have good reason to hope that the political inconveniences before mentioned will gradually, though perhaps slowly, be removed. It will hereafter be shown how an increase of population and of profit to its employers operates very powerfully to increase the money price of all that is necessary for general consumption; or, according to an equivalent expression, to diminish the value of money. A few words, however, may now be added on the peculiar nature and effects of that portion of national wealth which exists in the means of facilitating production; that is, of obtaining a greater quantity by an equal employment of human labor.

In the progress of civil society the labor of mankind has four distinct objects to provide things of which the necessity or utility arises in their consumption; as, for instance, food, and which must therefore be constantly reproduced: -to provide durable necessaries and conveniences; as, habitations, &c., which require a less proportion of annual labor to perpetuate than to create:-to provide the instruments, and various artificial means, by which either the two former may be obtained in greater abundance and better, or in equal and sufficient abundance with a less quantity of labor :-to provide for defence, which too often degenerates into aggression, but which becomes more systematic, and more distinctly a separate division of labor, whether employed for civil or military purposes, in proportion to the improved state of society, not only in the country itself, but in all others with which it is politically connected.

It is very obvious that, in proportion as fewer hands are wanted for the first-mentioned purposes, more will be disposable for the use of the government, as civil officers, as soldiers, and as manufacturers for military purposes. Wherefore, since the power of a nation depends on the quan

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