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moral chair at the university. His talents attracted a numerous class; and truths, to which they had been heretofore indifferent or inattentive, came mended from his tongue. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the theological professorship; but a munificent individual, Bartolomeo Intieri, having founded a lectureship on political economy, upon the express condition that Genovesi should be the professor, it was in his lectures upon that branch of philosophy that he employed the vast resources of his genius, and displayed the great depth of his acquirements. But his greatest work is his Treatise upon Metaphysics: nor is it the least of its merits that it is divested of the learned nomenclature generally used in metaphysical dissertations, and completely adapted, by its elementary form, to popular use. Exhausted by his labors, this eminent man died in 1769, at the early age of fifty-five.

Emulous of his example, and disciplined by his precepts, several accomplished scholars followed in the same department. But our limits admonish us that, inasmuch as our mention of them would necessarily be confined to the barren enumeration of their names, it would be better to pass them by, and content ourselves with the selection only of the most prominent and conspicuous merit that belongs to the period under our examination. We conclude, therefore, our slight view of Neapolitan literature during the reign of Charles III., by remarking, that, with the exception of poetry and eloquence, every branch of human knowledge made rapid advances.

The long and eventful reign of his son Ferdinand IV. brings us to our own times, and involves the actual state of knowledge and letters in this part of Italy, which partook, in due proportion, of the general amelioration of Europe. In Naples, however, Genovesi left no equal. His plan of instruction was followed; his maxims paraphrased; but his disciples fell far short in knowledge and genius of their illustrious master. Naples, a city of lawyers, remained stationary in jurisprudence. The gothic and feudal edifice, with all its anomalies and errors, was still unshaken. Disorder, despotism, and anarchy, prevailed through that shapeless chaos, to which every dynasty and successive monarch had added something to augment its disproportions, and multiply its deformites. But, among the theoretic writers who labored to reform the civil and criminal codes, Francisco Mario Pagano holds a conspicuous place. The bar was then the great theatre of talent. Pagano, a disciple of Genovesi, soon left, however, that stormy occupation for the peaceful retirements of philosophy and study. In 1783 he published his Saggi Politici, a treatise which ranks him with the first writers upon public law; and in his smaller work, entitled Considerazioni sul Processo Criminale, he unfolded the true principles of penal jurisprudence, and urged those mitigations and amendments of retributive law, which had indeed been already recommended by Beccaria in a style more diffuse, but less forcible and impressive. Pagano, having accepted an office from the French usurpation of 1799, was sacrificed, on the restoration of Ferdinand

to the vindictive policy of the times, and publicly executed, with numerous other victims of that calamitous period.

Filangieri may be styled the Montesquieu of Naples. From his early youth he addicted himself to the diligent study of the mathematics, philosophy, the ancient languages, and the principles of morality and policy. His book upon the Science of Legislation appeared in 1780, when he was scarcely twenty-eight years of age. In glancing at this elaborate work, we are led to ask by what miracle a young man of high birth and splendid connexions, and of whose life no inconsiderable portion must have been passed in the pleasures of youth and the frivolous pursuits of the Neapolitan nobility, should have amassed such a store of solid information, and acquired so severe and profound a logic? Filangier. attempted, in this work, what was never attempted before in the same department-to introduce into moral and political, the exactness and precision of demonstrative science. His plan seems to be as unbounded as his genius. Montesquieu exhibits, as in a mirror, all that had hitherto been done by systems of law and codes of jurisprudence; but Filangieri was not content with mere historical induction. Reasoning from man's capacities and nature, he examines what still remains to be done, by civil institutions and political systems, for his moral amelioration and social happiness. Having laid down the general rules of legislative science, and unfolded the principles of law, civil, economical, and penal, he enters into clear and copious disquisitions concerning education, property, and the reciprocal rights and duties of the parental and filia' relations. A mind free from the perturbations and mists of vulgar prejudice, an ardent philanthropy, a style admirably suited by its simple gravity to the subject, are the qualities displayed by this young philosopher, whose early death will be long registered in the affectionate regrets of his country.

In political economy the Neapolitans have made considerable advances from the time of Genovesi, who first raised it from the mere skill of the merchant or tradesman, to a rank amongst the liberal sciences. Galiani, so well known at Paris, in the circles of French literati, for the vivacity of his wit and the smartness of his repartee, was the author of various treatises in this branch of knowledge, in which he attacked, with great success, the principles of the French economists. On his return from the Neapolitan embassy at Paris, during his residence in which situation he had lived in familiar intercourse with the wits and belles-esprits of the court of Louis XV., and those of the first years of the reign of Louis XVI., he was placed in a financial office at Naples; and, amongst other projects, he had brought to maturity the restoration of the port of Baie, a work which was abandoned at his death. We might enlarge our catalogue; but we have executed, imperfectly indeed, but to the utmost practicable extent allowed us, our picture of the ancient and present state of Neapolitan literature.

NAPLES, an important city of the south of Italy, the capital of the foregoing kingdom, is

situated on a bay of this name. The villas, gardens, and districts of the city cover the shelving coasts around; the suburbs extending in a magnificent sweep from Portici to the promontory of Misenum, and filling a line of sixteen miles along the shore. In size, and number of inhabitants, Naples ranks as the third European capital, and fro.n her situation and superb appearance has been justly termed the Queen of the Mediterranean. The bay presents an almost unrivalled number of picturesque and beautiful objects. On the west the delightful shores of Pozzuoli rise in a gentle swell from the surface of the water; on the east Vesuvius, with its cultivated sides and smoking summit, bounds the prospect; the centre contains the city, with its palaces, churches, and gardens, rising one above the other; while the sea view extends over the tranquil waters of the Mediterranean, and the verdant islands at the embouchure. Mr. Eustace safely lodged at the Albergo della gran Bretagna, on the sea shore close to the royal garden, thus describes this prospect.

Few scenes surpass in beauty that which burst full upon me when I awoke next morning. In front and under my windows the bay of Naples spread its azure surface, smooth as glass, while a thousand boats glided in different directions over its shining bosom: on the right, the town extended along the semicircular shore, and Posilipo rose close behind it, with churches and villas, vineyards and pines scattered in confusion along its sides, and on its ridge, till, sloping as it advanced, the bold hill terminated in a craggy promontory. On the left, at the end of a walk that forms the quay and skirts the sea, the Castell dell' Novo, standing on an insulated rock, caught the eye for a moment; while beyond it, over a vast expanse of water, a rugged line of mountains stretched forward, and, softening its features as it projected, presented towns, villages, and convents, lodged amidst its forests and precipices; and at length terminated in the Cape of Minerva, now of Surrentum. Opposite, and full in view, ose the island of Caprea with its white cliffs and ridgy summit, placed as a barrier to check the tempest and protect the interior of the bay from its fury. This scene, illuminated by a sun that never shines so bright on the less favored regions beyond the Alps, is justly considered as the most splendid and beautiful exhibition which nature perhaps presents to the human eye, and cannot but excite in the spectator, when beheld for the first time, emotions of delight and admiration that border on enthu

siasm.'

The circumference of the city is computed at nine miles. Many of the streets of the interior are narrow, and are rendered gloomy by the height of the houses: others are large and splendid. The Strada di Toledo, extending more than half the length of the city, has the Piazza di Mercato at the one end, and the royal palace a spacious and handsome structure, at the other. This street is one of the finest in Europe. Nothing can exceed its liveliness and bustle from day-break till after sunset. It is constantly crowded with carriages, passengers, soldiers, lazzaroni, beggars, stalls, &c., &c. The street of Monte Olivetto,

and that from the gate of Capua to St. Elmo, extend diagonally to the Strada di Toledo, and are also broad and handsome. Most of the streets in the Neapolitan capital are paved with broad flags of lava, without any particular foot path. It has several spacious, but few handsome, squares; many of which are decorated with obelisks and fountains. The principal are the Largo de Castello, Largo de Palazzo, and Piazza di Mercato. The houses in general six or seven stories high, are flat roofed, and covered with a kind of stucco, of Pozzolana sand, which becomes very hard by exposure to the atmosphere. Most of them have balconies in front, and the roofs are often covered with flowers, shrubs, and small trees, planted in boxes. These balconies, and still more the booths and stalls with which the streets are covered, make them appear narrower than they really are.

Several of the churches have been erected on the sites of ancient temples, and the cathedral is supported by more than 100 columns of granite that belonged to the temple of Apollo, which it succeeded. In the chapel, under the choir, is deposited the body of St. Januarius, whose supposed blood, preserved in a crystal vase, is esteemed by the inhabitants the pride of the cathedral and city. The Santi Apostoli, crected on the ruins of a temple of Mercury, is considered the most ancient church in Naples, having been first built by the emperor Constantine, but subsequently rebuilt. The spacious church of St. Paul is said to occupy the site of a temple of Castor and Pollux: it is finely incrusted with marble. That of St. Filippo Neri is remarkable for the number of ancient pillars that support its triple row of aisles on both sides of the nave. The Spirito Santo is of a more pure and simple architecture: the one called del Parto, founded and endowed by Sannazzaro, the well known poet, contains his tomb, adorned with statues and bas-reliefs. There are altogether upwards of 300 churches. The mansions of the nobility have little pretensions to fine architecture; and, though many are on a grand scale, they are in general over loaded with ornaments. interior of the royal palace is splendid; every apartment abounding with paintings and tapestry. The palace of Capo di Monte, another royal residence, is situated outside of the town, towards the north, on an eminence commanding a delightful prospect. It is still unfinished, but has a fine collection of paintings. The old palace of the kings of Naples is now occupied by courts of justice. The great theatre San Carlos is one of the most superb in Europe; and there are besides six inferior theatres.

The

The university of Naples was founded in 1224 : its buildings, called the Palazzo degli Studii, are on a large scale. Its interior contains a collection of statues belonging formerly to the Roman Palazzo Farnese. It is divided into several compartments, each containing valuable literary collections: among them are 1. The library, with 90,000 volumes, a quantity of MSS., and specimens of the press of the fifteenth century; 2. The cabinet of the MSS. of Herculaneum, with the various machines for unfolding them; 3. The paintings; 4. The museum of sculpture; 5. A

collection of bronzes of Herculaneum and Pompeii; and, 6. A collection of Etruscan vases. Naples has also a number of schools and conservatorii. Its royal military school, naval college, college for the instruction of young Chinese and Japanese, school for music and the arts, and its deaf and dumb school are also of note. Institutions of a higher class are the royal academy of arts and sciences; the society of agriculture, manufactures, and arts; four public libraries; the botanical garden; and the observatory.

The charitable establishments comprise seven hospitals; above thirty schools for poor children of both sexes, who are boarded, educated, and taught, in some a mechanical occupation, in others music; five pawn banks for the industrious poor; and various inferior charity schools. The two principal hospitals are the Degli Incurabili, and Della Annunziata: the former is open to the sick of all descriptions; the latter, which is well endowed, is destined to receive foundlings and penitent females.

Though its commercial transactions will not in point of size bear comparison with those of Northern Europe, Naples is an active port for this part of the world. Its exports are confined to the products of the country, i. e. corn, silk, wool, cotton, oil, wine, and fruit. Silk is exported to France, Spain, and England. The wool of Puglia is much esteemed by the cloth manufacturers of France and Germany. Timber also forms a small object of export, together with different essences and liqueurs. The imports of Naples consist both of articles of necessity and luxury, colonial produce, and manufactures: from Marseilles they consist of silk stockings, hats, gold and silver lace, jewellery, woollens; linen, French wines, and tobacco; from England, fine woollens and cotton stuffs, mercery, manufactures of leather, tin, lead, and salt fish: from Holland, spices, drugs, pepper, and linen: from Switzerland, linen, printed cotton and muslin: from Germany, copper, lead, Silesian linen, skins, tobacco, and wax from Spain and Portugal, drugs, dye-stuffs, tobacco, cochineal, indigo, and cocoa: from the Baltic, salted provisions and skins. Much of this trade is carried on in foreign bottoms, and particularly by British merchants and owners. Naples has manufactures of silk fabrics, stockings, gloves, lawn, lace, diaper, and cotton stuffs. Those of fire arms, china, and glass, are also of importance. Violins and other musical instruments are also well made here, as well as mahogany furniture, carriages, and snuff boxes of tortoise-shell, and the lava of Vesuvius.

pelled, under Murat, to take service in the army and navy; those who remain in Naples are employed as porters. Their number is still considerable; and beggars meet the eye in all directions. The want of cleanliness is also unfortunately as conspicuous here as at Rome; the rooms being infested with fleas and vermin. Seabathing, though so closely within reach, is very little resorted to.

Naples is surrounded by a wall defended by three large castles, i. e. the Castello Nuovo near the harbour, under which are extensive mines that connect it with the royal palace; its donjon is said to be of the thirteenth century; the Castel del Ovo, an oval fortress of some strength situated on a rock near the sea, and communicating by a mole with the public quay; and St. Elmo, standing also near the sea, to the west of the city, with extensive subterranean works.

In the environs of Naples, one of the most beautiful picturesque views is along the new road laid out by Murat. It winds round the acclivities of the promontory of Posilipo, hanging above the bay, and which, looking down on the fine masses of ancient palaces washed by the waves, reflects on the waters every form of the dilapidated architecture and romantic scenery. 'Here moulder the last traces of the Gothic pavilions of the famous Joan of Naples, whose beauty, genius, asserted crimes, and real misfortunes, form a counterpart to the fate and story of Mary of Scotland! Then come the shattered halls of Spanish viceroys, where many a sumptuous revel was held, furnished at the expense of a people's privations; and the less noted masses of tottering villas which skirt the Scoglio di Virgilio, unite the last modern casino of a tasteful English lady to the sites of the Marechiano, where stood the villa of Pollio, and the maritime retreat of Lucullus, which forms the extremity of the promontory of Posilipo, a savage rock, from among whose wild entangled shrubs springs the Indian fig.' Beyond rises the hill, a promontory of Posilipo, where Virgil reposes. Here also is the Grotta di Posilipo.

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We have noticed the Sofatara and Grotta del Cane. For HERCULANEUM, POMPEII, and VESUVIUS, we must refer to their alphabetical places. We can only here advert to the interesting scenes of the little town of Portici, four miles east of Naples, and the private retreat of ‘Madama Murat,' the ex queen :

The high road of Portici,' says lady Morgan, runs through the old-fashioned paved court of its royal palace-a heavy cumbrous fabric, commanding the bay. Though one of the most conThe population of Naples, amounting to siderable and finely situated of the royal villas, 330,000, consists according to a recent estimate it must have been a most gloomy and incommoof 155,000 males, and 175,000 females. The dious one, before the elegant improvements Lazzaroni, without either dwellings or regular oc- made in it by its late active, but transitory queen. cupation, work only to supply the immediate The old custode, who showed us the apartments, wants of nature, and seldom think of the future had some difficulty in naming his late mistress till roused by the call of hunger. They may be by the title of Madama Murat, instead of her said to spend their life in the streets, lying in the majesty,' and had evidently got up a new vocashade, or sauntering about in the day, and sleep-bulary for the new (or old) regime. On entering at night on the pavement or under a public portico. Their number was formerly between 30,000 and 40,000; but some of them lost their lives in the late conflicts, and more were comVOL. XV.

ing, he observed to us that the whole of the very elegant vestibule, in which we stood, the broad and double staircase, the spacious corridor, and the beautful little theatre, into which it opens, 2 D

were all fatti da madama Murat,' (made by madama Murat). Again, a gallery ornamented with superb candelabras, and accommodated with elegant ottomans, extorted the laconic ‘fatto da madama Murat.' In a word, we found that endless suites of apartments, baths, cabinets, book-rooms, green-houses, orangeries, &c., &c., were all either painted, decorated, and furnished, or planned and erected 'da madama Murat.' Some of the rooms exhibited a very extraordinary degree of taste in consulting the genius of the place.' The walls were covered with paintings, copied from Pompeii, and the furniture was imitated from objects discovered there, and still preserved in the Museo at Naples. The гаperies of the richest silk were all of the Neapolitan loom; formadame Murat' made a complete clearing out of all the old and tawdry furniture of this palace: so that, on the return of the royal family, they knew it as little as many other objects of her reformation and improvement; and expressed their surprise and admiration, with a naïveté that still contributes the current coin of an anecdote to the circulating medium of ridicules in Naples.*

The apartments of the ex-queen are models of elegance and feminine taste. The bed-room, dressing-room, boudoir, and library, are eminently so; and have been left precisely as she last occupied them. Her dressing-boxes are on the toilette; a miniature of her nephew, the little Napoleon (hung by a riband), decorates the chimney-piece; her dejeuné, on an English tray, stands in the centre of the room; and some pretty étrennes (worked and embroidered for her by her ladies a few days before her reverses) are scattered on a sofa. Niente cangiato,' said the Cicerone, except this !' (and he approached her magnificent bed, and pointed to two large black crucifixes, and a pendent vase of holy water hung at its head) Non é quellauna moda Francese.' On the king and his wife sleeping one night at Portici, these sacred images were hung up for the occasion. In the dressingroom, all the necessaries of the toilette, in crystal and silver, still remain; even some silver brushes lying where the femme-de-chambre of the late fair inhabitant had left them. It is said that madame Murat carried even to affectation her determination of not removing any thing that belonged to her royal state, and took only what she considered personal and private property. She is said to have left Naples with a considerable property in jewels. She, however, left all the palaces newly and superbly furnished with plate, linen, pictures, &c., &c., &c.; 200 horses in the stables, and 108 carriages. Portici was her favorite residence, and the numerous English and Irish nobility, whom she received there, can

The king, on the restoration, sent the prince, his son, to look about him and bring him the news from Naples; for, having, like Falstaff, run away upon instinct,' he had an instinctive apprehension of returning, without first making enquiries as to the king-traps and grass-snakes set there.' The prince returned in raptures with his improved and beautiful palaces and city, exclaiming in the presence of many courtiers, 'Oh! papa mio! if you had only staid away another ten years!

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vouch for the courtesy and hospitality with which she did the honors of her palace. Murat's apartments join his wife's: they were equally luxurious, splendid, and commodious; the hangings all silk and satin; the carpets all English and Turkey. The toilette splendid and elegant, as that of the vainest petite maitresse, or royal beauty. Close to his superb sleepingroom is a simple little cabinet, with a small white dimity camp-bed, where his secretary slept. Here, in this little bed of the ex-secretary, sleeps the royal Bourbon-the legitimate king of Naples, when he makes his visits to Portici. It is said that he walks about the palace in endless amusement, admiring all the elegant finery of which he has become the master; but still adhering to the little dimity bed, and the secretary's closet, which resembles his own homely bed-room in his palace at Naples. He has added nothing but a large crucifix.'

The museum here, though now despoiled of its ancient bronzes, which are to be seen in the Musée Bourbon at Naples, contains several hundred paintings in fresco, taken from Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stabia. The colors of these paintings are wonderfully fresh. 'One,' says our traveller just quoted, struck me particularly-it was a Sappho; her stylus pressed to her lip, and her tablets lying open before her. It probably decorated the cabinet of some learned lady of Pompeii.'

Mr. Matthews (Diary of an Invalid) found the museum at Portici, particularly interesting, as illustrative of the state of the art of painting among the Romans; though, as he adds, it would be ridiculous to take the paintings, on the walls of the houses of a provincial town, as the standard of their skill.

It is fair to suppose,' he says, that the taste of the ancients was as refined and fastidious in painting, as in the sister art of sculpture; and that the praises, which they have lavished upon Zeuxis and Apelles, would have been supported by their works, if these works had come down to us. All traces of these great masters are lost; but we know some of the most admired pieces of the latter were brought by Augustus to Rome; and Pliny's descriptions, which do remain, seem to demonstrate, that they must have been executed in a much higher style of finishing, and with a technical knowledge, that will in vain be sought in the painted walls of Herculaneum and Pompeii. Many of these, however, are designed with great taste, grace, and feeling; and, if we suppose that the works of Zeuxis and Apelles were as superior to these as the Last Judgment and the School of Athens are to the painted walls of a modern Italian room, we shall probably not form too high an estimate of the excellence of the great masters of ancient art. of the most elegant figures in this museum, is the picture of a female, with a pencil and tablets in her hand, which they call Sappho. The story of the picture is often plain, as is that of Orestes, Pylades, and Iphigenia, in the temple of Diana. In another there is an old woman selling Cupids to a young female, behind whom stands a sort of Duenna, in the attitude of advice and caution. The old retailer of loves holds a fluttering Cupid by the wings, and has another in her cage.

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We have also a specimen of their taste in caricature. A little delicate chariot, that might have been made by the fairies' coach-maker, is drawn by a parrot, and driven by a grasshopper. This is said to be a satirical representation of Nero's absurd pretensions as a singer and a driver; for, Suetonius tells us, he made his debut on the Neapolitan theatre. Et prodiit Neapoli primum: ibidem sæpius et per complures cantavit dies.' Here is also a curious picture of a school-master's room, with an unhappy culprit horsed on the back of one of his fellows; precisely as the same discipline is administered in many parts of England at present.

Many articles, even of food, are to be seen preserved in a charcoal state. There is a loaf of bread on which the baker's name is still visible. It is easy to recognise the different fruits and vegetables, corn, rice, figs, almonds, walnuts, beans, lentils, &c. They show you also the remains of a woman found among the ashes, the skull of which is still perfect; with the necklace and bracelets of gold, which she must have had on. Time has hardened the liquid shower which overwhelmed her, recording that she perished in the prime of youth, by the impression that remains of her beautiful bosom.'

This author makes some curious remarks on the practise of gaming, which he found universal at Naples. He ascribes it wholly to what he calls the tædium vitæ. We connect it with the entire habits and manners of the people, and particularly with the pantomimic and debasing character of their religion. While the Neapolitans can endure the representation, by puppets of three feet high, of the ministry, persecution, crucifixion, and ascension of the Saviour, at a public theatre, or any thing in the same style, taste, or sentiment, we do not hesitate, with an intelligent modern writer, to pronounce them 'incapable of any political arrangements for the maintenance of good government, sound liberty,

or any wise or liberal plan of public improvement.' Mr. Matthews gives us an account of one of these exhibitions on the quay at Naples to an admiring and crowded audience; and to us it is decisive of the moral and intellectual character of the people.

So low is Naples sunk by its social and political vices in the scale of sentiment and intelligence, that the transition which our traveller makes from the noise of the quay, and the fooleries practised in the heart of the city to the Campo Santo, or place of public sepulture, did not strike us as at all abrupt. The Campo Santo is about a mile and a half from the towngate; within its walls are 365 caverns, one of which is opened every day for the reception of the dead, the great mass of whom, as soon as the rites of religion have been performed, are brought here for burial. There were fifteen cast in,' says Mr. Matthews, while we were there; men, women, and children-without a rag to cover them;-it was a shocking sight;-a mass of blood and garbage, for many of the bodies had been opened at the hospitals. Cock-roaches, and other reptiles, were crawling about in all their glory.' While Mr. Matthews and his companions were making their reflections on the scene before them, some women were saying ave marias at the place for the souls of their friends; who, as soon as they saw the traveller's, left their pious work, and began making their calculations upon some circumstances connected with the, as the number of their carriage, &c., to direct them in the selection of lucky numbers in the lottery.

Within a mile of Portici stands Favorita, the villa of the late queen of Ferdinand, Caroline of Austria. For more of her character and exploits, see our articles NELSON and SICILY. Naples is 110 miles south-east of Rome; 380 S. S. E. of Milan; and about 1000 south-east of Paris.

NAPOLEON.

NAPOLEON. This name stands like a magnificent parenthesis in the history of the French monarchy, between the comparatively insignificant ones of Louis the unfortunate and Louis the desired. The former was hurled from his throne by the fury of a revolution, which, in its commencement, promised to confer substantial liberty upon a nation which had long groaned under every species of despotism; and the latter was restored to the dignity of his ancestors after that revolution had established and overthrown one of the mightiest tyrannies that licentiousness and anarchy ever consolidated to be the scourge and the curse of the human race. The soul and essence of this tyranny was Napoleon Buonaparte. From him it derived its splendor, its power, and its atrocity. He was at once its creator and its victim. Nursed in the cradle of revolution, and educated in its school, none of those principles which bind men in conscientious allegiance to what is right in religion, in morals,

or in politics, were permitted to take the slightest root in his mind. He was surrounded by impiety and blasphemy; and what he saw of religion disgusted him by its superstition and intolerance. The only accredited principle which assumed the character of virtue was the monstrous birth of the new order of things, and was more formidable than all the vices. Civicism generated every crime at which humanity shudders, and threatened for a season the entire denaturalisation of the species.

Such a state of society produced Napoleon Buonaparte: it formed his character, and that character is perfectly developed in his rapid and wonderful career. Those who seconded his views, and united to consolidate his power, grew up under the same influence. How a revolution, which commenced in a generous love of freedom, and many of whose promoters were at first sincerely devoted to the best interests of their country, should have led to so disastrous an

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