musulmen against the pillage of the knights. The capture of Rhodes, in 1522, constrained the latter to take refuge at Malta, and once again to change their destination. They converted the rock, which served as a retreat to them, into the centre of christian piracy; they armed their gallies to chase every musulman vessel. They would have thought it a breach of their religious vows to have pardoned an infidel. Their new abode removed them from the coasts of the Turkish empire, their ancient enemy, and brought them into the neignbourhood of the Moorish principalities, which had not offended them. But the Moors professed a reprobated religion, and this was a sufficient motive for war and hatred. The knights destroyed their commerce, burned their vesseis, pillaged their fields, and fixed to the oars the unfortunate musulmen sailors and merchants whom they surprised on the sea, or the peasants whom they carried off from the shore. The knights were formed, doubtless, by these expeditions, to the seafaring life; they displayed sometimes the intrepidity that distinguished them, but more frequently celerity of manœuvres, and talents for surprise and stratagem. In ceasing to be blinded by religious fanaticism, we are astonished at the power of prejudice which could hold out as the career of honour for the young nobility, this school of piracy, in which zeal for the faith afforded an excuse for cruelty, cupidity, and injustice.

[To be continued.]

ANECDOTE.

THE French translator of Franklin's Correspondence, has made a truly French blunder. Upon an observation of the Doctor"people imagined that an American was a kind of Yahoo"-he makes the following note: "Yahoo. It must be an animal. It is affirmed that it is the opossum; but I have not yet been able to find the word Yahoo in any dictionary of natural history."

OUR government intends fitting out an expedition, under major Long, to explore the head waters of the Missouri.. A steam boat is to aid them in the undertaking.

THE USEFUL ARTS.

Currant Wine.-Pick the currants clean from the stalks, put them into an earthen vessel, and pour on them hot water, one quart to a gallon of currants. Bruise or mash them together, and let them stand and foment. Cover them for twelve hours: strain them through a linen cloth into a cask-thereto put a little yeast, and when worked and settled, bottle it off. In one week's time it will be fit for use.

A useful hint to those who burn Fuel.-A thousand degrees of heat is necessary, according to Watts, to convert water into vapour, which is no better than the boiling water itself. Hence it is evident, that one thousand degrees of heat, or caloric, is lost in converting the moisture of green or wet wood into steam; and one thousand degrees gained by the burning of dry fuel. This is worth dollars to those who provide fuel for next winter.

On the use of Salt in feeding Cattle.-Lord Somerville attributes the health of his flock of two hundred and three merino sheep, which he purchased in Spain, principally to the use which he made of salt, for the last seven years, on his farm. These sheep having been accustomed to the use of salt in their native land, his lordship considered, that in this damp climate, and in the rich land of Somersetshire, it would be absolutely necessary to supply them with it regularly. A ton of salt is used annually for every thousand sheep; a handful is put in the morning on a flat stone or slate; ten of which, set a few yards apart, are enough for one hundred sheep. Twice a week has been usually found sufficient. Of a flock of near one thousand, there were not ten old sheep which did not take kindly to it, and not a single lamb which did not consume it greedily. Salt is likewise a preventive of disorders in stock fed with rank green food, as clover, or turnips; and it is deemed a specific for the rot.

Novel use of Saltpetre.-A Connecticut farmer states the following: Having heard considerable said on the subject of

soaking corn in saltpetre, and the benefit derived from it, I was induced to try the experiment last season on my own land. After having soaked the corn about thirty-six hours, I put it into the ground on the 28th day of June; and, notwithstanding the late period at which it was planted, and the land being poor, the result was, that I obtained good seed corn."

Yellow Dye.-A chymist of Copenhagen has discovered a brilliant yellow matter for dying, in potato tops. The mode of obtaining it is, by cutting the top when in flower, and bruising and pressing it to extract the juice. Linen, or woollen, soaked in this liquor during forty-eight hours, takes a fine, solid, and permanent yellow colour. If the cloth be afterwards plunged into a blue dye, it then acquires a beautiful permanent green colour.

Approved method of curing Herrings.-The fish are first to be prepared in the usual way, by cutting out the heads and entrails, and rubbed with salt. They are then again cleaned, sprinkled with bay or rock salt, (in preference to the common salt), if this can be had, and put into a cask, by layers: and over each layer of fish and salt is to be poured a quantity of pickle, made in the following manner: take sixteen ounces of common salt, four ounces of saltpetre, from two to four pounds of molasses treacle, and one gallon of water. Heat the whole over a fire till the salts are dissolved, and the whole made into an uniform liquor. Spring water is preferable to river water, where it can be had, but river water will do. A vacant space is to be left over the top layer of fish, which is to be filled up with the molasses pickle, and the heading of the cask then put on very tight. The fish are to remain in the cask at least two months, and after that time they may be taken out for eating, or for smoking and drying.

Recipe for cleaning Paint, which has been repeatedly tried with great success: 1 lb. of soft soap, 1 oz. of pearl ash, 1 pint of sand, and 1 pint of table beer. Simmer the above in a pipkin; be particular that the ingredients are well mixed; put a small quantity on a flannel; rub it on the wainscot; then wash it off with warm water; thoroughly dry it with a linen cloth.

New Invention. An improvement in the useful arts has recently been patented to Mr. John Edwards, of Urbana, Ohio.

It is a water wheel, of a peculiar construction, which requires little or no fall of water, excepting such a descent in the bed of a river, or other current, as may accelerate its velocity; because it is the velocity, principally, and not the weight of the water, altogether, which produces the rotary movement. It may be, however, advantageous to have a small head of water, say of two feet fall, at the point where it should be conducted to the buckets; so that when the impetus of the water loses its principal effect, the wheel becomes clear of it, and has only the resistance of air to retard its backward circular movement.

But should the situation of the water course where this wheel might be placed, require that a small part of the periphery, or face of the wheel, be immersed in the water, still it is so constructed, that the gyrations, or circular movement of the wheel, will be maintained. Nay, some late experiments, conducted watch in hand, indicated a very great degree of velocity when this horizontal wheel was nearly immersed to the level of the surface. This may probably proceed from the admirable construction of the floods, or buckets, placed on the periphery of the wheel. These stand at an acute angle with the said periphery, so as to form no great resistance in returning. This angle is not so much the result of calculation as of a long course of experiments.

But the improvement that is of most importance in this admirable wheel is, that the perpendicular shaft on which it is secured, is formed with a strong spiral thread on its surface, on the greater part of its length, like the large screws of cider mills, or cotton process, by which admirable invention this horizontal water wheel may be raised or depressed to suit the height and current of the stream, where it may be placed. This mechanism will prove extremely useful upon all water courses that are subject to rise suddenly and greatly in the perpendicular height; so that in freshets, or diminution of the ordinary depth of the stream, the wheel may always be brought to its most useful and safe point of, bearing. Also, the gates are hung one above another in a perpendicular, in a triangular penstock, and are opened or shut to answer the rise and fall of the wheel on the shaft.

"Zounds, goddess, don't bother and preach, All trades they must have a beginning; Whenever I set up a speech,

All Athens it sets up a grinning." "Psha: blockhead, I'll teach you to squeak! I'll tune up your bases and trebles," So saying, she greeted our Greek With a mouthful of sea-weed and pebbles.

Returning, he mounted the stage,
His eloquence took in the nation,
All Athens applauded the sage,
And brave, encore, came in fashion.