In the crowded centers, workers have been definitely set aside to do supplementary, social work. My wife and I were fortunate in being chosen to conduct experiments along this line at Johannesburg.

What has been attempted? We started among the children with the playground and the Boy Scouts. The first supervised playground with modern apparatus for native children was prepared in 1918. For years that playground has been the center of attraction for the children of a big slum district. Today, through the equipping of nine acres of land provided by a Christian Johannesburg business man, we are in a position to extend this activity so as to reach thousands of children; this land is located in the very center of the city.

From one Boy Scout troop, organized in 1918 and consisting of a dozen ragged urchins, the movement has grown, until today, in the Transvaal Province, there are over 67 troops, with 2,500 Scouts enrolled. Funds for carrying on the 30 troops in the Johannesburg District are obtained from interested Johannesburg business men, and the movement in the Transvaal is controlled by an Executive Council composed largely of missionaries of different societies. under the chairmanship of a gentleman of rare vision and consecration-Mr. J. D. Rheinallt Jones, Secretary of the Witwaterstrand Council of Education. The movement for boys is affiliated with the European Boy Scout Movement. Similar work has been started for the native girls, but has not yet gained the recognition of the European organization. Several hundred girls are enrolled in a score of Girl Scout troops. Both these organizations are expanding rapidly and assuming country-wide proportions.

In a more complete account of children's work mention would be made of the valuable activities being carried on by Mrs. George B. Cowles at Umzumbe, Natal, with her Boy Scouts and her group of "nighties"-that most interesting organization of little herder boys, a most needy group of country lads, who come to her at night after the goats and cattle have been taken care of.

In the Johannesburg District Athletic Leagues for both boys and girls were set up about 1920, and have proved a great power for good during the years. Now hundreds of boys compete yearly in football and volley ball, and the girls in basketball and field hockey. Stimulating prizes are given away each year to triumphant winning teams.

To take the place of the heathen dance, associated as it is with the whole heathen system, and yet to provide for the strong craving for rhythmic expression, we are teaching the young folks rhythmic exercises and games with music. These Virginia Reels and singing games are hugely appreciated. Mr. Arthur C. Adams, our colleague at Johannesburg, has been unusually successful here.

Organized concerts are occasionally arranged by the missionaries of some missionary bodies, wherein school boys and girls acquit themselves with credit in music and dramatics. What are called "high-brow , concerts" are highly popular with the school children at Johannesburg, the programs being arranged by

the Town Organist, Mr. John Connell: wonderful evenings of classical and popular numbers played on various instruments, with solos and group singing, all the performers in these cases being white. Rev. Fr. Bernard Huss, a Catholic missionary father, has developed to a higher degree than any of the rest of us the considerable talent of the native young people for dramatics. Incidentally, here is one point where Catholic and Protestant can coöperate. In the Durban Location Hall the Father's plays have been put on under the direction of our own missionary.

When we think of the uncounted thousands of young people who need this sort of service, we feel that these lines of activity are in their very infancy. Further experiment and demonstration are needed and more workers urgently required to moralize the leisure time of the young of the Bantu race.

T

HE man of joys and acquainted with laughter." It was a conscientious objector, now principal of an Oxford college, who, while in prison during the war, wrote on this theme a beautiful study of the Master as the bringer of light and happiness to human experience. The description comes back to my thought as one that there is no irreverence in using with regard to another man who recently passed on.

Dr. James E. Kwegyir Aggrey, the really great African and vice-principal of the Prince of Wales. College, the wonderful educational experiment of the Gold Coast Government at Achimota, was the most radiant Christian I have ever met. Humor and patience are characteristics of the Negro race, but there was a something added to these qualities in Kwegyir Aggrey, the pure-blooded Fanti, born at Anamabu on the Gold Coast fifty-one years ago, which made him tower above his fellows, black and white.

He was a champion of mankind, a believer in humanity, of whatever color. "If a man scowls at me, I just smile back," he told me; "he cannot go on scowling long if you do this. This, I believe, is what Jesus meant when he told us to turn the other cheek."

It was not always easy for Aggrey to smile. He knew what it was to meet with insult and with race prejudice. I could feel him wince at a remark of a London reporter in my presence, when he visited me only a few weeks ago during a short stay in England on his way home from West Africa to visit his wife and children at Salisbury, N. C. He did not retaliate, however, but tried to reach to the better man within his visitor. To retaliate would have been, he believed, to betray his own race. would also have destroyed his chances of winning his opponent by the divine method of love.

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"I love to be called 'Africa's Apostle of Laughter,'" he said to me once, after he had seen this description used of him. The laughter was an essential part of him, not a pose. As his friend, the Rev. Alec Fraser, principal of Achimota College, whom Aggrey persuaded to accept the position, and who only took the post on the condition that he had Aggrey for his lieutenant, has written to me:

The humor with which he took rebuffs was quite deliberate, and meant great self-mastery. But the mastery was so complete that it appeared easy not only to others but to himself. Once, for instance, when he was traveling, the only African on board a steamer, he was set at a table by himself, and no other sat with him. An intensely social man, he was cut off from all other passengers. Gradually, however, some got to talk with him, and one asked him if he did not resent having to take his meals in solitary state. "No," he said, "that's where I laugh. You people have one steward to six of you. I have a steward to myself." This was typical of Aggrey. He refused to take offence and he won men over.

His principal goes on: "He was a delightful man to live with, full of humor, never taking offence, always looking on the bright side of things. He was devoted to his people and country and was unsparing of himself. Men sometimes said he was conceited" (he had a true pride in his ancient race in West Africa and could trace back his ancestry through his father to the eleventh century, while through his mother he could claim five West African thrones), "but though he had conceit, it was never offensive, never at the expense of others. There was no egotism in Aggrey. When he enjoyed himself, he brought all others into his enjoyment. He shared himself. He was a great human being, a friend to men, and interested in all of them, and always kindly. I have had many good things in life, but one of the best is being allowed to know Aggrey intimately and well."

Though he was ever bubbling over with joy, things did not always go smoothly with him; not only because of the daily friction that, alas, is still the lot too often of a man of African lineage mixing with white men of every nationality, but because of the even more hard to bear misunderstanding with which he was sometimes met by his own people.

Some of them have had no patience with his whole-hearted preaching of coöperation with the white race, and his participation in such work as that of the two Phelps-Stokes Fund Educational Commissions to East and West Africa, which so much widened his field of service and activity. During the past three years at Achimota, it was often heartbreaking to him to have to deal with the prejudices of some of his own race to this scheme in which he saw so clearly the opportunities not only for giving them the best in Western learning, but the chance of a really full development of all the best in Africa's ancient culture. Added to this was the hardship of having to see his wife go back to America to be with the elder children and to tend the baby son, now nine months old.

"Only a real faith that lifted him above himself could have sustained him during the past three years," writes Sir Gordon Guggisberg, the late Governor of the Gold Coast, most successful of Britain's administrators, and practical idealist. "And he had that faith, the faith of a genuine Christian. The essence of Aggrey was that he was an African, undisturbed by his Western education or his long sojourn and brilliant scholastic career in the United States." (He won his PH.D. and D.D. at Columbia University, besides holding ten other degrees.)

"He clearly saw that changes must come," Sir Gordon continues, "but he felt that these must not alter his people's personality, spirit, and character

as Africans. It was on this task, brimful of energy, overflowing in long and impassioned speeches, that he started in the Phelps-Stokes Commission. It was this task he continued when he came to Achimota. It was for this task-for my people who want me' -that he refused high advancement and considerably greater salary in an American University.

"No trouble was too great for him. No help that he could give was ever refused. Aggrey was the finest interpreter which the present century has produced of the white man to the black, and the black man to the white. It was to the better understanding by the one of the other to which he devoted himself. Who that heard him will readily forget his simile of the white and black keys of the piano both being necessary for melody?"

"You have," this little tribute closes, adding thus a directly personal touch, "laid the foundations for the road along which your beloved Africans are marching."

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melody in Aggrey's own life in these words of a British Governor, the melody of mutual service and of understanding.

Many another tribute has come from men and women of all degrees. All strike the note that it is joy and helpfulness and understanding which they chiefly associate with their memory of Kwegyir Aggrey.

"The one thing I am most proud of," he wrote to me in June last, "is my conversion to Christianity, and the great spiritual help I daily have from my communion with God." He added, with that touch of childlike simplicity which was so real in his great heart, "God and I are on good terms. He understands me and makes me work harder every day to reach His standard for me, because, wonderful to relate, He has so much faith in me. I pray in deep humility I may never disappoint Him."

A man of joys and acquainted with laughter, a man of hope and forward looking thought, an interpreter, a reconciler-these are the happy memories we have of Kwegyir Aggrey, son of Africa.

ATIAS CUADRA is a Moro with Arabic blood, who was stolen from his parents by a German Jesuit priest, who took him to Borneo when he was but a child. There he was being trained for the priesthood when the German priest heard that war was imminent, and left Borneo for Germany.

Matias then returned to Zamboanga, in Mindanao, where he came in contact with Rev. D. L. Lund, which led to his deciding to become a Protestant minister. He then came to Manila to study in the theological seminary.

Meanwhile, the Christian Missionary Alliance became unable to support him, so our own American Board Mission took him over. His spirit of gratitude is shown by a letter which he wrote when we informed him that we would help him.

"Many thanks in advance for the extension of help to both of us for the next school year. I am anxious to further my studies, as that is the only means by which I can render the fullest service to my people. I am positive that I can do more for the Lord if I am fully prepared for this service. I am endeavoring to win more Moro boys and girls to the standards of Christ. I am at the present time supporting seven people in our house and sending them to the public school. They have become loyal Christians and are being strengthened to work for Christ in the future.

"I am fully consecrated in every respect for the advancement of the Kingdom; my time, my income, and all I have shall be devoted to the service of the Lord."

He has become the best educated and most beloved of all the younger generation of Mohammedan Moros. Indeed, he is president of the Moro Club in Manila, which calls itself "The Strength of the South." Last Christmas he led fifty non-Christians, nearly all of them Moros, to the conference which is held annually in Baguio, and at the end of that conference all but twelve of these Moros decided to follow Jesus Christ. Seldom, if ever, have so many educated Mohammedans made a decision for Christ at one time.

to meet him. Suddenly, out from the other shore shot twelve vintas filled with Moro outlaws armed to the teeth. One glance showed Cuadra what it meant and he said: "They have come to kill us. They think we have money. Let's open our little organ and sing."

So they opened the organ and his wife began to play. His mother said: "This is a dreadful time to sing; just when we are to be killed." But they sang the Twenty-Third Psalm, which they had translated into the Moro dialect, and as the words floated across the water and the pirates heard their own language, they stopped to listen.

Then the leader called out, "Are you Moros?" and Matias answered, "Yes, we are."

"Where are you going?" said the pirates.
"To Siasi."

"Whom do you know there?"

"Blas Nonok."

"Why," said the leader of the Moros, "he is my uncle."

"And," said Cuadra, "he is my cousin."

"Well, then we will take you there," sa'd the Moros, and the twelve boats gathered around Cuadra

and led him down to Siasi. He often tells that story, and ends by saying, "We love the 23d Psalm and that little organ that saved our life."

BEGINS HIS MISSIONARY WORK IN HIS OLD HOME

He went to his old father, a fierce Moro, with a strong face and powerful personality, and said to him, looking him straight in the eye, as is the custom of those manly Moros, "Father, I have become a Christian minister and want you to become a Christian."

The old man put his hands on his son's shoulders and, standing upright with pride and looking him in the eye, said: "I am too old to become a Christian. What would I do with all my wives? I must die a Mohammedan. You go and baptize your brothers and sisters. You are living such a good life that I want them to be like you. I am proud to think that my son is the leader of the young educated Moros."

"But," said Cuadra, "I must get the consent of my brothers and sisters, because we do not make Christians out of people without their own desire."

"I have already talked to them," said the old man, "and they all want to become Christians."

And so Cuadra's brothers and sisters became the first Christians in Siasi. Then uncles, aunts and admirers joined the church, and the first Christian church in Siasi today stands beside the house of the old Mohammedan father. Cuadra's sister is studying to become a Bible-woman, and several brothers plan to study for the ministry.

Two years ago Cuadra went down to visit his father and the flourishing church, and said to him, "Father, make a feast. This is my new birthday."

"What do you mean by that?" said the old man. "This is not your birthday."

"Yes, it is," said Cuadra. "It is the day when I was born for the second time; born into the life of Jesus Christ." And so the old man had a big feast and invited the people for miles around to celebrate the day.

HIS WORK WITHIN THE MOSQUES

In the early days, before Cuadra was so well known, they went to the Island of Jolo, and began to play and sing on their little organ in the street. The Moros soon gathered around in a large crowd and listened. Then a Dato came up and said: "It is not proper for you to sing in the street. You should come into the mosque." And so they went into the mosque, and Cuadra and his wife sang. Then he told them Bible stories, more than they had ever known before, although the Mohammedans regard the Bible prophets and patriarchs as their own. For two nights Mrs. Cuadra could not sleep, because they kept insisting upon her singing with the organ.

The first boy in the Island of Jolo who wanted to be baptized by Cuadra said that his father would send him away from home if he did so. "But," said Cuadra, "you must be willing to make any sacrifice." "I am willing," said the boy, and he was baptized. His father sent word for him never to return home.