they wither; but like the flowers in the garden, rooted || in the middle, and reserves the strongest for the close. to the soil, and deriving nourishment from it. But to the sober, judicious mind, which has made itself master of its subject, no canons are absolutely necessary. Cæsar, when he pushed his triumphs into Gaul, needed no rules of military warfare, but such as his good common sense and a knowledge of the number, weapons, and position of the foe suggested. He formed the tortoise, the circle, or the wedge, according as he wished to scale a wall to resist superior numbers, or rush to his camp through intervening ranks. I wish not to be understood that rules are useless, but that a thorough acquaintance with the subject may render them dispensable. (3.) It forms a suitable style. There can be no eloquence without propriety in this respect. A showy style, for instance, on a grave subject, is in as bad taste as the sparkling ornaments of the ball-room in the gloomy chambers of death. An inappropriate style is generally a mark of a feeble or dependent intellect. The mind never clothes thoughts purely its own in an unseemly dress. Nature suitably arrays her productions, whether in the natural or moral world. In the former she will not dress the animals of the polar regions as she does those of the equatorial. She will not ornament the beast that prowls the desert or the forest as she will the merry songster of the breeze-she gives no proboscis to the swallow that builds her nest by the altar-no wings to Behemoth, who trusteth that he can draw up Jordan into his mouth. Is she less judicious in her moral works? Not when she has her way. She will be chaste and dignified in philosophy, oratorical in oratory, swift and graceful in song and satire.ments, the manner in which they rout the foe, and take She will vary the appearance of her productions as she the field, is of itself inspiring. If his sentiments are passes from the dissolving heats of the equator to the his own, they will of course be felt, and being felt they eternal snows of the pole. She will vary her machinery will be forcibly expressed-heart will always find a way as she swims the deep, or sails the winds, or crawls the to reach heart. earth. Be original and you will be simple or vehement, neat, elegant, or brilliant, according as your subject may require. (5.) It produces animation. Nothing can atone for the want of this-nothing can insure it so well as originality. If a man's arguments are his own he will understand them perfectly-he will therefore use them for the right purpose-he will perceive their bearing upon the issue. The very reviewing, marshaling, commanding of them, the observing of their accurate move There is generally a freedom from embarrassment, a kind of engaging ease of manner, attending the independent, original mind, which is of immense value. The attention being fixed upon the subject, it is not likely to be diverted by the audience, or any extraneous considerations. It must be admitted that the mind, though strong and original, cannot always command an animated expresssion or delivery. There are some regions of thought naturally cold, yet, even then, the mind may occasionally exhibit warmth, like Lapland, which, amid eternal snows, has here and there a boil (4.) It suggests a suitable arrangement. This is indispensable to a good production. It is important in the adjustment of the different parts of an oration or composition, and also in the arrangement of the various portions of each part. An original genius will digest the subject before it thinks of the manner in which it is to be introduced, as naturally as a carpenter will erect his building before he puts on the roof. How awkward does that introduction sound which does not lead direct-ing fountain. ly to the subject, and prepare the way before it. Until a subject is matured, how can one know what prepossessions will require to be removed before it is presented, or what considerations will attract attention towards it. There is a certain state of mental activity necessary to compass original thought, and this will always insure some degree of grace and animation. A ship, however poor, when in a storm, is a beautiful object. As she yields to the winds, and mounts the billows, now rising to the clouds, now sinking into the bosom of the deep, now cutting the white caps, and now shipping a mountain sea, she presents a spectacle of thril In making an oration, or writing an essay, a clear statement of the subject will of itself do much. The mind which has examined any subject thoroughly will be able to state it clearly and forcibly, divide it naturally, and in the narration and explication it will spread light||ling interest. around it at every step. The management of arguments is of vast importance. Æschines, in a celebrated contest, requested the judges to confine Demosthenes to the same order in replying to his arguments as he had observed in making them; but Demosthenes was too well acquainted with the advantage of his own arrangement to be thus entrapped. It often happens that the ingenious disputant will reverse the order of his antagonist's arguGreat ingenuity may be exerted here. Many good rules have been given in relation to this subject, as to when the climax may be used, and when the anticlimax, and when the order which commences with arguments that are tolerably good, places the weakest ments. There is something sublime in the humble human soul, when afloat upon the wide universe-she rides the heaving billows of thought swept by the storm of passion. Her prow may be unornamented, her cargo poor, her movements irregular, but she has grace in every motion. WHEN young, we trust ourselves too much, and we trust others too little when old. Rashness is the error of youth, timid caution of age. Manhood is the isthmus between the two extremes: the ripe, the fertile season of action, when alone we can hope to find the head to contrive, united with the hand to execute. DEITY AND NATURE. Original. DEITY AND NATURE.* BY W. F. LOWRIE. 43 cloth. A somewhat similar process is adopted by the inhabitants of the province of Huamelies in Chili. A large portion of the river Chucabamba is auriferous, and the people in the vicinity shear the wool of their sheep skins till about half an inch long; the skins are then anchored down, with the wool side up, by-loose stones ids, where they are left for several hours; they are then carefully taken out, and the gold dust washed from the skin. By this means from two to three hundred thousand dollars' worth of gold is obtained per annum. The mines are, however, the great European emporium of the precious metals, and of all its various countries Hungary is the richest. The richest mines are those of Schemnitz and Cremnitz, in both of which the gold is always united with silver and other metals. At Schemnitz there are six principal veins, together with many smaller ramifications. These veins run parallel to each other in a north and THE great variety of and valuable qualities possessed by the metallic substances found in the crust of the earth, evince the beneficent design of an almighty Cre-placed upon them, at and below the various falls and rapator, who accomplishes all his purposes in a manner most suitable to the general object which he has in view, i. e., the present and future happiness of the human race. Prior to entering into an examination of these evidences, a brief description of the structure, uses, &c., of the principal metals will be advantageous. 1. Gold. This metal is of a yellow color, with a metallic lustre, and when crystalized, its primary form is a cube; it also occurs in filiform, reticulated, articulated, and laminar masses, in imbedded grains and rolled pieces. Its sp. gr. is from 19 to 20. Gold is found in veins, and in interspersed grains, and lamina, or small thin plates like scales; also in the beds of riv-south direction, with a dip or inclination from west to ers. It is not confined to one locality, but occurs in east, at an angle of 60°. The first vein, Theresa Schadt, the primitive mountains of all countries, and in the is about twelve feet wide. Its matrix is clay and firrusands of rivers proceeding therefrom. The richest ginous jasper. The vein is chiefly traversed by small mines in the world appear to lie in the mountainous veins and crystals of quartz, and the ore for the most regions of the torrid zone. Many mountains in Aus-part is lead. At the distance of one hundred and twentria, Spain, Siberia, and other parts of Europe, furnish ty fathoms east of Theresa Schadt, is the Hospital vein, it; but it is from Peru, Mexico, Brazil, and the adjacent countries we obtain the greatest supply. Here it sometimes occurs in masses of several pounds, varying from two to sixteen. The Ural mountains and several others in Siberia are quite productive. Gold mines are also found in the United States. The mining district lies within the states of Georgia, the Carolinas, and Virginia, and has been traced as far north as the Chaudiere river in Lower Canada, and is believed to extend in a nearly continuous line from the Rappahannock in Virginia, to the Coosa in Alabama. The mines of North Carolina are mostly within the three ranges of counties between Frederick and Charlotte, in a line nearly corresponding with the coast. The mines of Mecklenburg, which are principally vein deposits, are the most valuable. There are four kinds of mines in the United States. First, vein mines; second, beds; third, hill deposits; fourth, branch deposits. The gold in Virginia is found in a quartzose rock; in Carolina in argillite or blue clay, and in Georgia in alluvial gravel. The veins in the United States yield, in general, about one dwt. per bushel, though some are more prolific, or they would not pay for working. cut. In Hungary the gypsies are employed in obtaining gold from the auriferous sand of the rivers. For this purpose they procure a plank of lime-tree, some six feet long, by three broad, across which furrows have been The plank is then placed at an elevation of about 45°, and at its upper end a trough filled with auriferous sand, which is washed down the bank by a stream of water, and the gold being heavier than the sand, falls into the grooves. Sometimes the board is covered with *Continued from vol. i, p. 360. which is one hundred and thirty-two feet wide; and though not pure throughout, both these veins are near the surface and very rich. The two next are Oberbiber Stohln, and Johan Schadt. Their matrices are clay and limestone. Their ores are the same as the preceding veins, and their depth about 6000 feet. The fifth vein, Stephano Schadt, is an assembly of contiguous veins forty-eight feet wide, and the most celebrated mine at Schemnitz. It is wrought on a magnificent scale, with spacious and airy galleries, and large and excellent machinery. There is a sixth vein, named the Green Stohln, which was the last discovered, and is but slightly known. The Cremnitz veins run in the north and south direction, the dip being from west to east, at an angle of 25° to 40°. The ore is an auriferous quartz, with an auriferous pyrites, and is penetrated by argentiferous sulphuret of lead and oxide of iron. The process of working the mines is various, being always adapted to the position and size of the veins, as also to the quality of the underneath and superimposed rocks. A first mode is by a horizontal level, following the direction of the vein, whence, as the ore is extracted, it is removed. The second by an inclined plane, ascending or descending, as the dip requires, by forming the edges of wood as galleries for the workmen. The third by an inclined plane descending in the contrary direction. The fourth by an excavation on either side of the vein. This is the most common method at Schemnitz, as it answers better to the extreme width of the veins. The evident care and neatness, the economical advantages produced by the peculiar arrangement of every part of the works, their spacious entrances, dry and clean levels, the great encouragement given to mineralogy and mining, 44 DEITY AND NATURE. show that the Germans surpass all others in skill and is left behind, beautifully crystalized in the most lovely, industry in this department of enterprise. graceful, singular, and grotesque forms imaginable. These retorts are then cast into a furnace, where the glass is melted, and being specifically lighter than the silver, floats on the surface, and is removed in the form of scoria, leaving the pure silver in a state of fusion. The gold which has been previously obtained is melted into ingots of 12,000 florins each. Gold is the most ductile and malleable of the metals. A grain of it may be made into a leaf of 563 square inches, and when put upon silver wire to gild it, will cover an area of 1400 inches, or nine square feet and 104 inches. Its leaves can be beaten out so thin that 280,000 are required to measure one inch. Tractable in the hands of art, from its great ductility, gold assumes every form which we wish it to acquire. The goldsmith, the jeweler, the embroiderer, the gilder, and the painter, employ it with equal facility. As it is very soft, it is mixed with copper when convert After the richer ores are brought out of the mines they are conveyed to the stamping machine, where they are broken with large hammers to the size of beans, and then mixed with lead. One operation of the furnace is sufficient to prepare them for the purification furnace. The common ores, after being stamped and washed, are smelted into a compound regulus, consisting of gold, silver, copper, iron, sulphur, bismuth, and cobalt. The second stage consists of the treatment of the present regulus. It is exposed to a furnace, the fire of which is made by a layer of wood, next one of charcoal, and thirdly one of the regulus broken into pieces. The fuel being lighted, the regulus is roasted to expel the sulphur. In the third step, after the regulus is roasted, and the powder of the richer ores is added, the whole is smelted in another furnace. In the fourth place, the result, or second fusion, is carried to another furnace, where it is smelted with the addition of the richest ores.ed into coin. It is capable of receiving a high lustre This part of the process is called fusion on lead, because when the furnace is tapped and the metal begins to flow into the receiver of charcoal and clay, they cast lead on it, which after melting combines with the gold and silver, and sinks to the bottom. During this operation the lighter metals, as copper, iron, bismuth, cobalt, and arsenic, rise to the surface, and are scraped off in the form of scoriæ. This is used again as a leech, to be fused again in the first operation. The lead which has combined with the gold and silver is collected in large crucibles and carried to the fourth fusion to be separated. The furnace used for separating the lead is called the purification furnace. It resembles a hollow sphere, the upper part of which is raised like a lid, by means of large chains. The very richest ores are added to the compound of gold, silver, and lead, and the whole is fused, not with charcoal, but with a flame drawn uninterruptedly over the surface for twenty-four hours. The lead becomes calcined. A portion of it is absorbed by the bottom of the furnace, which consists of wood ashes and silica. Another part escapes in the gaseous form, but the greater portion is raked off in the form of galena. The gold and silver concentrate till at last they are found pure and combined together in the shape of a cake at the bottom of the fur nace. Then follows the sixth, which is the most beautiful of all the operations, and in which the two precious metals are separated. In the sixth part of the process the cake of gold and silver is separated into thin pieces, by melting and casting into cold water whilst in a state of fusion. By this means its surface is extended, and easily divided into thin scales. These are put into immense glass retorts of a spherical form, nearly filled with nitric acid, which dissolves the silver, a gentle heat being used to accelerate the solution. Af ter the silver is dissolved by augmenting the heat, the acid holding it in solution is made to pass off into another retort, whilst the gold is left behind. The retort which now contains the silver is heated to drive off the acid, which ascends in yellow fumes, whilst the silver by polishing, but an inferior one in brilliancy to steel, silver, and mercury. Gold may be exposed for ages to air and moisture without change, nor is itoxydized by being kept in a state of fusion in open vessels. It may be dissolved by chlorine and nitro-hydrochloric acid. When intensely ignited by means of electricity, or the oxy-hydrogen blowpipe, it burns with a greenish blue flame, and is dissipated in the form of a purple powder, which is supposed to be an oxide. 2. Silver. This metal, like the former, was known to the ancients, and frequently occurs native in the mines, both massive and crystalized in octohedral, or cubic crystals. Its primary form is the regular octohedron. It also frequently occurs in filiform, reticulated, and arborescent shapes; also, in plates and superficial coating. Silver is also associated with sulphur, copper, lead, gold, muriatic acid, and other substance, forming compounds of various kinds. Native silver is obtained principally in arborescences and filiform shapes, in veins of calcareous spar or quartz, traversing gneiss and other primitive rocks. The structure of these forms is sometimes quite beautiful, being formed of one or more series of octohedrons, either closely united or arranged perpendicularly in each row. The mines of Kongsberg, in Norway, formerly afforded magnificent specimens of native silver. They are now, however, chiefly under water. One specimen among the splendid suite from this collection, in the royal collection at Copenhagen, weighs upwards of five cwt. Jameson mentions a large block of the same metal which was discovered in the mine of Schneeberg, in Saxony, and was so large that the Duke Albert descended into the mine and used it as a dinner table. It was subsequently smelted, and produced 44,000 lbs. of pure silver. Silver abounds in various countries of Europe, as Saxony, Bohemia, Austria, Dauphiny, and Cornwall. It also occurs in the primary mountains in Asia, Africa, and America. Mexico and Peru are at present the most productive in silver. In the former place it has been obtained from nearly all its ores, but in the latter it occurs principally native. During the first eighteen || tracted from its ores by two essentially different proyears of the present century more than the value of cesses, one being employed to separate it from lead, the $2,700,000 were afforded by the mines of Guanaxuato other process, by amalgamation, is adapted especially alone. It is calculated that all the mines in the world to those ores which are free from lead. The principle furnish £8,000,000 sterling, or $36,000,000 annually, of its separation from lead is found on the different oxof which two-thirds, or $24,000,000, is obtained from ydability of lead and silver, and on the ready fusibility Mexico. The mines of Mexico form eight groups al- of litharge. When sulphuret of silver occurs in galemost all of which are on the ridge, or west slope of na or sulphuret of lead in sufficient quantities to be the Cordilleras of Anahuac. The tract which is most worth separating, the compound is kept at a red heat productive of silver, lies between the parallels of 21° in a flat furnace, in the manner described in speaking and 24° north, and corresponds in latitude with the of the Cremnitz mines, under the name of fusion on greatest metallic wealth of Peru. The annual product lead. The button, or cake of silver, is again fused in a of the Mexican mines is about 4,600 lbs. of gold, which smaller furnace, resting on a porous earthen dish made is about equal to that obtained in Europe, and from with lixivitiated wood ashes, called a test, whose poros1,500,000 to 2,000,000 lbs. of silver. There are near ity absorbs any remaining portions of litharge or pro3,000 silver mines in Mexico, though many are value- toxide of lead, which may be found on the silver. The less. The elevation of the most prolific varies from ores commonly employed in the process of amalgama6,000 to 10,000 feet. The mines are not considered tion, which has been long used at Freyburg, in Saxorich when compared with similar quantities of ore from ny, and is now extensively practiced in the gold and the European veins. Thus, the Saxon mines common- silver mines of South America, are native silver, and its ly average 10 oz. of silver to one cwt. of ore. If they sulphuret. At Freyburg the ore is reduced to a fine yield 15 oz., they are termed rich; but in Mexico, in powder, mixed with muriate of soda or sea salt, and the mine of Guanaxuato, which, if not the richest in carefully roasted in a reverberatory furnace. By this the country, is among them, the ore does not contain combination sulphuric acid is produced, which having over 4 oz. to 5 oz. per cwt. Many of the other mines a greater aflinity than the chlorine for soda, unites with do not average more than 2 to 3 oz. to the cwt. The it and forms the sulphate of soda. The chlorine now Mexican veins, however, compensate this disadvantage disengaged from the salt unites with the silver, forming by their greater width. Thus, the Veta Madre, one of a chloride of that metal. The roasted mass is ground the veins of Guanaxuato, is 130 feet to 145 feet wide, to a fine powder, and together with mercury, water, and and about 4200 feet long. fragments of iron, is put into barrels, which are made to revolve by machinery. This operation is intended to bring all the materials into a state of perfect contact. The chloride of silver is decomposed by the iron which possesses a greater affinity for the chlorine, than the precious metal. The silver thus set free unites with the mercury, and the chloride of iron remains in solution in the water. The mercury is then squeezed through leathern bags, the pores of which permit the pure quicksilver to pass, but retain the amalgam of silver, which is then distilled off in luted retorts, and the metals are obtained in a separate state. Silver has the clearest white color of all the metals, and is susceptible of receiving a lustre inferior only to polished steel. In malleability and ductility it is surpassed only by gold. It is so soft when pure as to be cut with a knife, and does not oxydize by exposure to the atmosphere. The mine of Valenciana in Mexico is 1770 feet deep. The shaft, or circular cavity for ascent and descent, is perpendicular, and is cut in the solid rock, being, in addition, beautifully walled and furnished with steps for the ascent and descent of the bearers of the ore. It was built at a cost of $1,000,000. This mine is free from water, which is a matter of much importance, as many have been abandoned from the difficulty of removing it; yet this may be obviated when steam engines (as in the coal mines of England now) may raise the water at small cost. The number of persons in this mine, who are engaged as miners, bearers, &c., is 3,000. The ore, after being obtained in the various galleries running parallel with the several veins, is carried in a kind of basket by men and boys accustomed to this labor. They ascend in files of fifty or sixty, each man carrying from 240 to 370 lbs. up many thousand nearly perpendicular steps; and they continue this labor six hours a day, with an average temperature of 71° to 77° Fah. It is said that the ore from this mine yields forty per cent. of pure gold. Mines in Peru. About the end of the last century there were wrought in Peru four mines of mercury, four of copper, twelve of lead, seventy of gold, and seven hundred and eighty-four of silver. The annual product of these was about $3,500,000. The most celebrated mine of mercury is that of Huancavelica, which was discovered in 1566, and yields an annual average of 4,750 cwt. of mercury, but has in two extraordinary years produced 17,371 cwt. Silver is ex (To be continued.) RELIGION. WHEN spring begems the dewy scene, 46 Original. THE OLIO. BY CAROLINE M. BURROUGH. THE OLIO. "man THAT "courtesy is the unalienable right of woman," will not be disputed by any gentleman claiming to be such. It will be accorded to her as of the weaker sex. It will be conceded as her privilege by every "in his own claiming of superior power. Of course aged gentlemen form a necessary exception to this rule, as having passed beyond the pale of society, in its active requirings. And the venerable claim their exemption from yet higher considerations; yet it is fitting and well that the rule exists. The order of society itself requires this concession of place and priority to the female; and on her part there is no selfishness in the appropriation of these little deferences and indulgences as prescribed. Indeed, she were placed awkwardly enough|| without them; for another part of the code deprives her of any assumption of right or equality, of ability or exertion on her own part. At least, on all occasions of state and form, a sort of self-annihilation, as to any efficiency, is prescribed to her as the order of the day. This is not well, even were she always sustained in it by the assistance of the other party-the gentlemen. On common occasions, indeed, she has nothing to complain of. In the drawing-room, (the theatre of her power, as allowed,) and in public assemblies, she finds herself guarded, protected, and cared for. She is assisted in riding or walking-the side-walk is hers-the chair is proffered or relinquished, &c., &c., and she is made to know that "When a lady 's in the case, All other things give place." traveling, perhaps the lady is thrown upon some little exigency, and receives assistance from a gentleman of so very plain appearance and demeanor as at once tests the sincerity of the motive and act. And here it is no less delightful than under "gentler guise," and claims from the lady not only thanks for the service rendered, but commands the spontaneous homage of her admiration. Perhaps he is a rustic; but the true chivalry of the act cannot be disguised under its exterior homeliness. Ladies have the Sibylline eye to chivalry. But let us have done with this our foil-playing, and come to the combat. Let us ask, with the earnestness and the authority of truth, whether are not, indeed, all the substantial advantages of life engrossed by the hardier sex, to the exclusion and the utter inconvenience of the weaker? And we would demand whether the few instances of ceremony and etiquette to which we have alluded are, in the intercourse of society, or rather in the commerce of the world, sufficient to sustain the weakness of the one party, or the manliness of the other-whether it is of true principle, or of specious imposing, that females, needy females, (for others hardly assume business,) are so circumscribed in their endeavors to participate, by industry and enterprise, in an emolument sufficient to the purposes of a livelihood? so that in fact the female, reduced from affluence to poverty, is necessarily displaced from society and its wonted enjoyments, with a hopelessness of possibly retrieving her condition-with a new despair at every frustrated effort of her ability and her energy. Why, under this mortifying restriction, and in the bitterness of her poverty, does she not exclaim, with Archimedes, "Give Ime where to stand, and I'll command the world!" not the whole of it, but only an area tenable to her feet and her position. The bounds of woman's walk are too narrow and strait for the necessity of her condition. A factitious delicacy has been prescribed and insisted on as the only "proper sphere of woman," until custom has assumed the name of propriety, and her ability has succumbed to the paralyzing influence of this false teaching. In European countries it is not so; and this immunity is doubtless a cause why the women of those countries are so superior to ours in ability and usefulness. A lady there passes on her missions of business without comment and without misinterpretation. It is better that the very young should abide in the security of domestic protection. But ladies of mature life should be allowed, unquestioned, to participate (certainly, within limit) in many of the occupations and For the hour, indeed, it is so; yet I am afraid that she is not always deeply grateful; and that though, as a gentlewoman, she receives these services graciously, yet that she values them only at what they are worth. She does not accept them as an equivalent for rights and wrongs-she knows that they are things of no very costly sacrifice-she perceives that they are rather matters of conventional bienséance, than the promptings of benevolence; and the proof is that the gentleman rarely steps beyond the rule. Perhaps, also, in this way he illustrates his own gentle breeding, and his gracefulness of performance; yet we do not say that every gentleman has a motive of coxcombry in these acts-he may put his character into them, or he may not, as the case may be. Indeed, our observation should point at only one set, and that set we are puz-engagements of productive enterprise. This inequalizled how to class; for "A dandy is a thing that would Be a young lady if he could; But since he can't, does all he can ty of privilege is not a necessity of nature-in its extent it is not-but, as we have said, only a matter of prescription and custom. And we would claim-but not with Mary Wolstoncraft, nor yet with Mrs. Royal, least of all with Fanny Wright, for we detest the whole In their case, perhaps it is not so much a denying as an unfeminine junto-but we would claim, in the name overlooking, the attention being engrossed by the more of our sex at large, (and let not those who are exonerimmediate interest of self, to the exclusion of all else. ated from the necessity of exertion, gainsay our claimBut let me present you with a beautiful contrast to ing,) some more privilege, and scope, and freedom of this, both in the guerdon and the actor. Sometimes, in || participation in the facilities and the commerce of ac |