the true balm of Gilead is taken from a kind of terebinthus though I am informed that what has been collected from this tree has been sent over to England from America (where it grows naturally), and often sold in the shops for the true sort. The silver fir is very hardy, and will grow in any soil or situation, but always makes the greatest progress in rich loamy earth. The balm of Gilead fir must be planted in deep, rich, good earth; nor will it live long in any other. The soil may be a black mould, or of a sandy nature if it be deep enough, and if the roots have room enough to strike freely. 8. P. pinea, or stone pine, is a tall evergreen tree, native of Italy and Spain. It delights in a sandy loam, though like most others it will grow well in almost any land. Respecting the uses of this species, Hanbury tells us that the kernels are eatable, and by many preferred to almonds. In Italy they are served up at the table in their desserts. They are exceedingly wholesome, being good for coughs, colds, consumptions, &c., on which account only this tree deserves to be propagated.' Hanbury observes, It is a great mistake Mr. Miller has committed, by saying, that seeds kept in the cones will be good and grow if they are sown ten or twelve years after the cones have been gathered from the trees: whereas the seeds of this sort, whether kept in the cones or taken out, are never good after the first year.' 9. P. pineaster, or wild pine, grows naturally in the mountains in Italy, and the south of France. It grows to the size of a large tree; the branches extend to a considerable distance; and while the trees are young they are fully garnished with leaves, especially where they are not so close as to exclude the air from those within; but as they advance in age the branches appear naked, and all those which are situated below become unsightly in a few years; for which reason they are now much less in esteem than formerly. From this species is extracted the common turpentine, much used by farriers, and from which is drawn the oil of that name. The process of making pitch, tar, resin, and turpentine, from these trees, is very familiar. In spring, when the sap is most free in running, they pare off the bark of the pine tree, to make the sap run down into a hole which they cut at the bottom to receive it. In the way, as it runs down, it leaves a white matter like cream, but a little thicker. This is very different from all the kinds of resin and turpentine in use, and it is generally sold to be used in the making of flambeaux instead of white bees' wax. The matter that is received in the hole at the bottom is taken up with ladles, and put in a large basket. A great part of this immediately runs through, and this is the common turpentine. This is received into stone and earthen pots, and is ready for sale. The thicker matter, which remains in the basket, they put into a common alembic, adding a large quantity of water. They distil this as long as any oil is seen swimming upon the water. This oil they separate from the surface in large quantities, and this is the common oil or spirit of turpentine. The remaining matter at the bottom of the still is common yellow resin. When they have thus VOL. XVII. obtained all that they can from the sap of the tree they cut it down, and, hewing the wood into billets, they fill a pit dug in the earth with these billets, and, setting them on fire, there runs from them while they are burning a black thick matter. This naturally falls to the bottom of the pit, and this is the tar. The top of the pit is covered with tiles, to keep in the heat; and there is at the bottom a little hole, out at which the tar runs like oil. If this hole be made too large it sets the whole quantity of the tar on fire; but, if small enough, it runs quietly out. The tar, being thus made, is put in barrels; and if it is to be made into pitch they put it into large boiling vessels, without adding any thing to it. It is then suffered to boil a while, and, being then let out, is found when cold to be what we call pitch. A decoction of the nuts or seeds of this species in milk, or of the extremities of the branches pulled in spring, is said, with a proper regimen, to cure the most inveterate scurvy. The wood of this species is not valued. 10. P. rubra, the Scotch fir or pine. It is common throughout Scotland, whence its name; though it is also found in most of the other countries of Europe. M. Du Hamel, of the Royal Academy of Sciences, mentions his having received some seeds of it from St. Domingo, and thence concludes that it grows indifferently in the temperate, frigid, and torrid zones. The wood is the red or yellow deal, which is the most durable of any of the kinds yet known. The leaves are much shorter and broader than those of the pinea, of a grayish color, growing two out of one sheath; the cones are small, pyramidal, and end in narrow points; they are of a light color, and the seeds are small. The wood of the Scotch pine is superior to that of any other species. When planted in bogs, or in a moist soil, though the plants make great progress, yet the wood is white, soft, and little esteemed; but when planted in a dry soil, though the growth of the trees is there very slow, yet the wood is proportionably better. Few trees have been applied to more uses than this. The tallest and straightest are formed by nature for masts to our navy. The timber is resinous, durable, and applicable to numberless domestic purposes, such as flooring and wainscoting of rooms, making of beds, chests, tables, boxes, &c. From the trunk and branches of this, as well as most others of the pine tribe, tar and pitch are obtained. By incision, barras, Burgundy pitch, and turpentine, are acquired and prepared. The resinous roots are dug out of the ground in many parts of the Highlands, and, being divided into small splinters, are used by the inhabitants to burn instead of candles. At Loch-Broom, in Ross-shire, the fishermen make ropes of the inner bark; but hard necessity has taught the inhabitants of Sweden, Lapland, and Kamtschatka, to convert the same into bread. To effect this they, in the spring season, make choice of the tallest and fairest trees; then, stripping off carefully the outer bark, they collect the soft, white, succulent interior bark, and diy it in the shade. When they have occasion to use it, they first toast it at the fire, then grind, and after steeping the flour in warm water, to take off the resinous taste, they 2 E make it into thin cakes, which are baked for use. On this strange food the poor inhabitants are sometimes constrained to live for a whole year; and we are told, through custom, become at last even fond of it. Linnæus remarks that this same bark bread will fatten swine; and humanity obliges us to wish that men might never be reduced to the necessity of robbing them of such a food. The interior bark of which the abovementioned bread is made the Swedish boys frequently peel off the trees in the spring, and eat raw with greedy appetite. From the cones of this tree are prepared a diuretic oil, like the oil of turpentine, and a resinous extract, which has similar virtues with the balsam of Peru. An infusion or tea of the buds is highly commended as an antiscorbutic. The farina, or yellow powder, of the male flowers is sometimes in the spring carried away by the winds in such quantities, where the trees abound, as to alarm the ignorant with the notion of its raining brimstone. The tree lives to a great age; Linnæus affirms to 400 years. 11. P. strobus, Lord Weymouth's pine, or North American white pine. This grows sometimes to the height of 100 feet and upwards, and is highly valued on account of its beauty. The bark of the tree is very smooth and delicate, especially when young; the leaves are long and slender, five growing out of one sheath; the branches are pretty closely garnished with them, and make a fine appearance. The cones are long, slender, and very loose, opening with the first warmth of the spring; so that if they are not gathered in winter the scales open and let out the seeds. The wood of this sort is esteemed for making masts for ships. In queen Anne's time there was a law made for the preservation of these trees, and for the encouragement of their growth in America. Within these last fifty years they have been propagated in Britain in considerable plenty. The best soil for this species is a sandy loam, but inferior soils will answer. 12. P. tæda, the swamp pine, is a tall evergreen tree, a native of the swamps. of Virginia and Canada. There are several varieties of this genus, which Hanbury enumerates and describes, such as, 1st, The three-leaved American swamp pine. 2d, The two leaved American pine. 3d, The yellow American pine, the yellow tough pine, and the tough pine of the plains; among which there is but little variety. 4th, The bas. tard pine. 5th, The frankincense pine. And, 6th, The dwarf pine. PINZGAU, a large district of the duchy of Salzburg, Upper Austria. It extends across the duchy, from Carinthia to the Tyrol, and has an area of nearly 900 square miles, with 26,000 inhabitants. It consists of mountains of great height, which occupy almost the whole face of the country, except the Salza valley. That river rises among these mountains. Cattle here form the general object of attention; but in the mountains are mines of copper and lead. PIOMBINO, a principality of Tuscany, between the provinces of Pisa and Sienna, extending along the sea-coast. Its superficial extent is 190 square miles; its population 18,000, and PIOMBINO, a town of Italy, the capital of the principality of this name, is situated on a rocky promontory on the Mediterranean, opposite the island of Elba. It is the residence of the prince, and contains a population of 4000, a harbour, and considerable fisheries. Forty miles south by east of Leghorn, and sixty S.S.W. of Florence. PION, a descendent of Hercules, who built Pionia. Paus. ix. c. 18. PIONEER', n. s. Pionier, from pion, obso lete French. According to Scaliger, pion comes from peo for pedito, a foot soldier, who was formerly employed in digging for the army. A pioneer is in Dutch spagenier, from spage a spade; whence Junius imagines that the French borrowed pugenier and pioneer. One whose business it is to level the road, throw up works, or sink mines in military operations. Well said, old mole, can'st work i' the' ground so fast? A worthy pioneer. Bacon. Even the paths, and make the highways plain. Fairfax. Of labouring pioneers The Romans, after the death of Tiberius, sent thither an army of pioneers to demolish the buildings and deface the beauties of the island. Addison. PIONEERS, in the art of war, are such as are commanded in from the country, to march with an army for the above purposes. The soldiers are likewise employed in all these services. Most of the foreign regiments of artillery have half a company of pioneers, well instructed in that important branch of duty. Our regiments of infantry and cavalry have three or four pioneers each, provided with aprons, hatchets, saws, spades, pick-axes, &c. PIONIA, a town of Mysia, in Caycus. PIONY, n. s. Lat. pronia. A large flower. See PEONY. There might you see the piony spread wide, The full blown rose, the shepherd and his lass, Lapdog and lambkin with black staring eyes, And parrots with twin cherries in their beak. PIONY. See PAONIA. Cowper PIOZZI (Mrs. Hester Lynch), was the daughter of John Salisbury, esq. of Bodvel, Caernarvonshire, born in 1739. Early in life she was distinguished by her accomplishments, and in 1763 accepted the hand of Mr. Thrale, an opulent brewer of Southwark, which he then represented in parliament. Soon after her acquaintance with Dr. Johnson commenced, of whom she, at a subsequent period, published Anecdotes, in one octavo volume. Mr. Thrale dying in 1781, she retired to Bath, and in 1784 accepted the addresses of signor Piozzi, a Florentine, who taught music in that city. A warm expostulation from her friend Dr. Johnson upon the subject entirely dissolved their friendship; and soon after her marriage she accompanied her husband on a visit to Italy, during her residence in which she joined Messrs. Merry, Greathead, and Parsons, in the production of a collection of pieces in verse and prose, entitled the Florence Miscellany. Of this a few copies were printed in 1786, but it was never published. Her other writings are Three Warnings, a tale, in imitation of La Fontaine. A Translation of Boileau's Epistle to his Gardener, first printed in Mrs. Williams's Miscellany, and a prologue to the Royal Suppliants; Observations made in a Journey through France, Italy, and Germany, 2 vols. 8vo. 1789; British Synonymy, or an Attempt at Regulating the Choice of Words in Familiar Conversation, 2 vols. 8vo. 1794; and Retrospection of a Review of the most striking Events, &c., and their consequences, which the last 1800 Years have presented to the View of Mankind, 2 vols. 4to. 1801. Mrs. Piozzi became a second time a widow, and died at Clifton, May 2d, 1821, in her eighty-second year. PIP, n. s. & v. a. Fr. pepie; Dan. pip; Belg. pippe, deduced by Skinner from pituita; but probably coming from pipio or pipilo, on account of the complaining cry. A disease of fowls; a horny pellicle that grows on the tip of their tongues; a spot on cards: to chirp or cry like a bird. When murrain reigns in hogs or sheep, And chickens languish of the pip. Hudibras. It is no unfrequent thing to hear the chick pip and cry in the egg, before the shell be broken. Boyle. A spiteful vexatious gypsy died of the pip. L'Estrange When our women fill their imaginations with pips and counters, I cannot wonder at a new-born child that was marked with the five of clubs. Addison's Guardian. PIP, or PEP, a disease among poultry, consisting of a white thin skin, or film, that grows under the tip of the tongue, and hinders their feeding. It usually arises from want of water, or from drinking puddle-water, or eating filthy meat. It is cured by pulling off the film with the fingers, and rubbing the tongue with salt. Hawks are particularly liable to this disease, especially from feeding on stinking flesh. PIPE, n. s. Saxon pipe; Welsh pib; PIPER, Belg. pype; Teut. pfeif; Fr. PIPING, adj. pipe; Ital. and Span. pipa; Heb. 2. A tube; any long hollow body; a musical instrument; the key or organs of voice: to pipe is to play on the pipe: hence a feeble sound: a piper is one who plays on that instrument: piping, feeble or weak of sound; sickly; applied also to the bubbling noise of boiling, as in the phrase 'piping hot.' We have piped unto you, and you have not danced. Matthew. Pipers and trumpeters shall be heard no more in thee. Revelation. His big manly voice, Turning again toward childish treble, pipes Shakspeare. Merry Michael, the Cornish poet, piped thus upon his oaten pipe for merry England. Camden. Try the taking of fumes by pipes, as in tobacco Bacon. and other things, to dry and comfort. That office of her majesty's exchequer, we, by a finally conveyed into it by the means of divers small metaphor, call the pipe, because the whole receipt is pipes or quills, as water into a cistern. Bacon. The exercise of singing openeth the breast and pipes. Peacham. The part of the pipe, which was lowermost, will become higher; so that water ascends by descending. Wilkins. Milton. The solemn pipe and dulcimer. Then the shrill sound of a small rural pipe Was entertainment for the infant stage. An animal, the nearer it is to its original, the more pipes it hath, and as it advanceth in age still fewer. Arbuthnot. Gaming goats and fleecy flocks, My husband's a sot, Swift. Id. With his pipe and his pot. The pipe, with solemn interposing puff, Makes half a sentence at a time enough, The dozing sages drop the drowsy strain, Then pause and puff, and speak, and pause again. Cowper. PIPE, n. s. Fr. pipe; Belg. peep. A liquid measure containing two hogsheads. I think I shall drink in pipe wine with Falstaff; I'll make him dance. Shakspeare. Merry Wives of Windsor. PIPE. See WEIGHTS and MEASURES. PIPE, PIPA, in law, is a roll in the exchequer, called also the great roll. PIPE, in mining, is where the ore runs forward endwise in a hole, and does not sink dowr wards or in a vein. PIPE, AIR. See AIR-PIPES. PIPE OFFICE is an office wherein the officer called the clerk of the pipe makes out leases of crown lands, by warrant from the lord treasurer, or commissioners of the treasury, or chancellor of the exchequer. To this office are brought all accounts which pass the remembrancer's office, and remain there. All tallies which vouch the payment of any sum contained in such accounts are examined and allowed by the chief secondary of the pipe. Besides the chief clerk, in this office, there are eight attorneys or sworn clerks, and a comptroller. PIPES, in practical mechanics, are of various sorts, as tobacco-pipes, once much in use by persons of all conditions, but now very generally laid aside by persons in the middle class of life, and almost wholly by those who move in higher circles. Still the demand for them is considerable, and there are many manufactures of them in the vicinity of London: those employed in it, however, seem rarely to rise to a state of competence. There are pipes likewise which answer the purpose of canals or conduits for the conveyance of water and other liquids. These are made of wood, of lead, of iron, of copper, of pottery ware, and of stone. We shall give a sketch of the manufacture of each of these. Tobacco-pipes are too well known to need a minute description: they consist of a long tube from twelve to fifteen or eighteen inches in length, made of a peculiar kind of clay, having at one end a little bowl for the reception of tobacco, the smoke of which when lighted is drawn by the mouth through the other end. They are made of various shapes and fashions: some long, others short; some are very plain, and can be sold to the publicans at the rate of four or five a penny; others are handsomely wrought, and varnished of different colors, and are sold as high as from eight to twelve shillings per gross. The Turks, who are famed for smoking, make use of pipes three or four feet long made of rushes or of wood, bored at the end, on which they fix a kind of pot of baked earth, which serves as a bowl, and which they take off after smoking. To make the tube tight some are made of spiral wire covered with leather. This at the same time leaves them flexible, and the bowl can stand on the ground whilst the smoker inhales its fumes through an ivory or silver mouth-piece. Of this kind is the hookah, or houkar, of Hindostan it is a complete furnace or chafing-dish, with grate bars, ash-pit, &c., having a tight cover over the top with one of these flexible pipes attached to it. An officer of the court of a petty eastern prince is called houkar boudar, and is solely employed in managing this machine, the mouthpiece of which he presents with due solemnity to his master after dinner. In some instances the bowl is kept in an adjacent closet, and the pipe conducted through a hole in the wall. Those which are most complete have another peculiarity; the smoke, before it goes into the tube, is made to pass under water, by bubbling up through it, which, by depriving it of its acrid and pungent taste, is found to give it a mild and agreeable flavor. The clay of which our tobacco-pipes are made is perfectly white, and is distinguished from other kinds by its great adhesion to the tongue, which is well known to be considerable when baked, in consequence of its affinity to water. In a raw state this property is perceptible in a slight degree. The pipe-clay is largely found at the island of Purbeck in Dorsetshire, and at Teignmouth in Devonshire, in lumps, which are purified by dissolving in water; the solution being well stirred up, in a large pit, is poured off into another, where it subsides and deposits the clay; the water becoming clear is let off, and the clay at the bottom is left sufficiently dry for use: by this means the smallest stones or particles of foreign matter are left at the bottom of the first pit. The clay thus prepared is spread on a board and beaten with an iron bar to temper and mix it; then it is divided into pieces of the proper size to form a tobacco-pipe; each of these pieces is rolled under the hand into a long roll with a bulb at one end to form the bowl, and in this state they are laid up in parcels for a day or two until they become sufficiently dry for pressing, which is the next process, and is conducted in the following manner : The roll of clay has a small wire thrust nearly through its whole length to form the tube, and is put in between two iron moulds, each of which has imprinted in it the figure of one-half of a pipe, and therefore when put together the cavity between them is the figure of a whole one. They are put together by pins, which enter holes in the opposite half. The moulds with the clay in them are now put into a press, which consists of an iron frame formed of two plates, one of which is fixed down to the bench, and the other pressed towards it by a screw turned round by a handle. The moulds are put in between the two plates, and the screw being turned round presses them together, imprinting the figure of a pipe on the clay included between them. The lever is next depressed, and the stopper entering the mould forms the bowl of the pipe, and the wire which is still in the pipe is thrust backwards and forwards to carry the tube completely into the bowl. The press is now opened by turning back the screw, and the mould is taken out. A knife is next thrust into a cleft of the mould left for the purpose, to cut the end of the bowl smooth and flat: the wire is carefully withdrawn, and the pipe taken out of the mould. The pipes, when so far completed, are laid by two or three days properly arranged for the air to have access to them in all their parts, till they become stiff, when they are dressed with scrapers to take off the impression of the joints of the moulds; they are afterwards smoothed and volished with a piece of hard wood. The next process is baking or burning, and this is performed in a furnace of peculiar construction. It is built within a cylinder of brickwork, having a dome at top, and a chimney rising from it to a considerable height. Within this is a lining of fire brick-work having a fire-place at the bottom of it. The pot which contains the pipes is formed of broken pieces of pipes and cemented together by fresh clay, hardened by burning it has a number of vertical flues surrounding it, conducting the flame from the firegrate up to the dome, and through a hole in the dome into the chimney. Within the pot several projecting rings are made, and upon these the bowls of the pipes are supported, the ends resting upon circular pieces of pottery which stand on small loose pillars rising up in the centre. By this arrangement a small pot or crucible can be made to contain fifty gross of pipes without the risk of damaging any of them. The pipes are put into the pot at one side when the crucible is open, but when filled this orifice is made up with broken pipes and fresh clay. At first the fire is but gentle; by degrees it is increased to the proper temperature, and so continued for seven or eight hours, when it is damped and suffered to cool gradually the pipes, when cold, are taken out and ready for sale. Wooden pipes are trees bored with large iron augers of different sizes, beginning with the less and proceeding on to those that are larger; the first being pointed, the rest are formed like spoons, increasing in diameter from one to six or eight inches; they are fitted into the extremities of each other. If small, these pipes are frequently bored by mere manual labor, but where they are large, and made of hard wood, the use of horses or of the steam engine is required. On the large scale the following will serve as a description of their manufacture:-The piece of timber, or perhaps the tree itself, when a little shaped on the outside by the axe, intended to form a pipe, is placed on a frame and held down firmly upon it by means of iron chains and windlasses; it is at the same time wedged up to prevent its rolling sideways; if the piece is tolerably straight this will answer every purpose, otherwise it must be fixed firm by wedges, iron hooks, &c., similar to those used by sawyers, driven into the carriage at one end and into the tree at the other. The frame and tree being bound together run upon small wheels traversing two long beams, or, as they are usually called, ground-sills, placed on each side of a pit dug to receive the chips made by the borers. At one end they are connected by a cross beam bolted upon them: this supports the bearing for a shaft, the extremity of which beyond the bearing is perforated at the end of a square hole, to receive the end of the borer. The timber and carriage are made to advance towards the borer by means of ropes: one rope being made to wind up, while the other gives out and draws the carriage and piece of timber backwards and forwards according as the wheel is turned. The weight of the borer is supported by a wheel turning between uprights fixed on a block, the end of which rests upon the ground-sills. It is moved forwards by two iron bars pinned to the front cross-bar of the carriage. The distance between the wheel and the carriage may be varied, by altering the iron bar and pins so as to bring the wheel always as near as convenient to the end of the tree. The shaft, as we have already hinted, may be turned by any first mover, as wind, water, horses, or steam, as is most convenient, and a man or boy regulates the wheel. When the borer is put in motion, by turning the wheel, the workman draws the tree up to the borer that pierces it; when a few inches are bored he draws the tree back by reversing the motion of the wheel, in order that the borer may throw out its chips; he then returns the tree, and continues the process till the work is finished. The borer in this case, be its size what it will, is of the same shape as that of a common auger. Some years ago Mr. Howel, of Oswestry, invented an engine for the purpose of boring or hollowing wooden water-pipes, by means of which the process is not only much more expedinous, but causes a considerable saving of timber. By this mode, instead of the common method of boring by augers, or instruments of any other description which perforate the wood by cutting out the inner part of the substance in chips or shavings, a hollow tube or cylinder, made of thin plates of iron or other metal, about one inch less in diameter than the hole to be bored, is to be made use of. To one end of this tube or cylinder is to be fixed a flanch or ring, of from onequarter of an inch to five eighths of an inch in breadth; and one part of the circumference of this flanch or ring is to be divided or separated, so that, if it be made of steel, an edge or cutter may be formed thereby; or, for the more convenient use of it, a cutter of steel or other metal may be screwed, or otherwise connected with the tube and the flanch or ring. The recommendation of this instrument is, that it will bore out a piece of wood capable of being converted into a pipe or pipes of smaller dimensions, with the aid of less power, at less expense, and with less waste of wood than by means of the boring instrument now in use. By another invention, pipes have been made of separate pieces or staves, instead of boring the solid timber. In this case, the end of one piece of pipe is tapered off to fit into the next piece, and the different parts are connected by dovetailing, rabbeting, or by means of screws, or any other method of joining the surfaces. The outer and inner surfaces inay be painted, varnished, or covered over with pitch, tar, or any kind of cement that can be made to adhere. The method of making leaden pipes consists in casting the lead upon a smooth steel mandril, placed in a mould also of metal, to form the outside. These pieces are about eighteen inches long. They are afterwards joined together by a process called lining. But a very great improvement has been recently made in the manufacture of leaden pipes, by drawing them in a manner similar to wire. The lead to form the pipe is cast upon a mandril of the diameter of the inside of the pipe, but of such a thickness as to equal the whole pipe in weight; it is then fastened upon one end of a cylindric steel mandril, and the lead is pulled through different sized holes till the pipe is of sufficient length and thickness. These pipes can be drawn to the length of eight or ten feet. The power required, however, is very great, which is one objection to the method. They are also liable to flaws; for, if the casting happen to be imperfect, the imperfection is much increased and extended by the process of drawing. This manufacture has been much improved by passing the lead upon the mandril through grooved rollers of different sizes, following each other in succession. The power required is much less than that required for drawing; and the pipes are said to be superior in other respects. See PLUMBING. Iron pipes are cast at the foundries of any dimensions; and, for durability and strength combined, are greatly superior to any other material: they may be procured in lengths of ten feet, and united by nuts and screws passed through flaunches, cast on the ends of them. Most of the water companies of the metropolis have, within |