tions from the classics, was a practice of the period among cultivated or would-be cultivated men. It was one natural result of the enormous amount of attention then paid at schools and universities to classical studies. Note that all these essays have classical mottoes. P. 27, 1. 24. Compare the amiability of Sir Roger's chaplain with the Vicar of Wakefield.

P. 27, 11. 27-31. the Bishop of St. Asaph. William Fleetwood, 1656-1723. Robert South (1633-1716) had been chaplain to Charles II. John Tillotson (1630–1694) died Archbishop of Canterbury. Robert Saunderson (1587-1663) was Bishop of London. Isaac Barrow (1630-1677) was a mathematician as well as a preacher. Edmund Calamy (1600-1666) was a Presbyterian divine.

P. 31, 1. 10. so good a husband. So good an economist. Cf. the verb to husband, in the sense of to manage with care and frugality, and the noun husbandry, management of a household or domestic affairs.

P. 31, 11. 13, 14. he can often spare a large fine when a tenement falls. "A tenement falls or alienates. A consequence of tenure of knight service was that of fines due the lord for every alienation, whenever the tenant had occasion to make over his land to another." - Blackstone's Commentaries.

P. 34, 1. 3. Cf. Will Wimble with Burchell in the Vicar of Wakefield.

P. 34, 1. 15. Eton. The most famous of the great English schools, situated on the Thames, near Windsor. See Gray's Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College.

P. 35, 11. 8, 9. May-fly. For fishing.

P. 35, 1. 15. tulip-root. A passion for tulips, or tulipomania, as it has been called, spread through Holland in the seventeenth century, and, to some extent affected England as well. Historically, it was important enough to find a place in accounts of popular crazes; as e.g. in the recent work on The Psychology of Suggestion, by Boris Sedis. Cf. The Black Tulip of Dumas.

net.

P. 35, 1. 19.
P. 36, 1. 27.

setting dog.
quail-pipe.

A setter.

A pipe for alluring quail into the

P. 37, 11. 15-20. Cf. Spectator, No. 114, p. 58 ff.

P. 37, 11. 30, 31. my twenty-first speculation. In the twentyfirst Spectator, Addison had discussed the three learned professions of divinity, law, and medicine, as "each of them overburdened with practitioners, and filled with multitudes of ingenious gentlemen that starve one another."

P. 39, 1. 1. jetting. Jutting.

P. 39, 1. 26.

House.

coffee house. Jenny Mann's Tiltyard Coffee

P. 40, 1. 12. white-pot. A dish made of cream, sugar, rice, cinnamon, etc.

P. 41, ll. 30, 31. knight of the shire. A knight chosen by the freeholders of a county to represent them in the House of Commons.

P. 42, 11. 4-6. The same sentiment was afterward expressed by Addison in his Cato:

"When vice prevails, and impious men bear sway,

The post of honour is the private station."

P. 42, 1. 10. "Writers from their fear of contradicting the obsolete and absurd doctrines of a set of simple fellows, called, in derision, sages or philosophers, have endeavoured, as much as possible, to confound the ideas of greatness and goodness; whereas no two things can possibly be more distinct from each other: for greatness consists in bringing all manner of mischief on mankind, and goodness in removing it from them." Jonathan Wild, — FIELDING.

P. 42, 11. 23, 24. battle of Worcester. Fought between the Roundheads and the Royalists, Sept. 3, 1651. Cf. note to p. 113, 1. 5.

P. 44, 1. 24. Mr. Locke. An English contemplative philosopher, 1632-1704. He wrote An Essay concerning Human Understanding, to which reference is here made.

P. 46, 1. 15. Lucretius. A philosophical poet who flourished about 25 B.C. A good authority according to the critical notions of Addison's age, because ancient, Roman, and classical. Cf. p. 9, 1. 17 ff., and note.

P. 48, ll. 18, 19. suffer nobody to sleep in it besides himself. The Spectator often alluded to careless behaviour at church:

"There are several reasons which make us think that the natives of the country had formerly among them some sort of worship; for they set apart every seventh day as sacred; but upon my going into one of these holy houses on that day, I could not observe any circumstances of devotion in their behaviour. There was indeed a man in black, who was mounted above the rest, and seemed to utter something with a great deal of vehemence; but as for those underneath him, instead of paying their worship to the deity of the place, they are most of them bowing and curtsying to one another, and a considerable number of them fast asleep."— Letter from an Indian King in London, Spectator, No. 50.

P. 49, 1. 27. the clerk's place. The chief duty of the clerk was to lead the responses.

P. 50, 1. 9.

tithe-stealers. Those who hold back their tithes

or dues to the church.

P. 51, 11. 18-20. carve her name. Cf. Orlando in As You Like It. Revise description of Sir Roger in No. 2.

P. 52, 1. 30. assizes. Sessions held at stated intervals by one or more judges in the county towns of England, for the trial of civil and criminal cases.

P. 56, 1. 11. tansy. A favourite dish of the seventeenth century, made of eggs, cream, rose water, sugar, and the juice of herbs, and baked with butter in a shallow pewter dish.

P. 56. 1. 27. Martial. A noted epigrammatist of Spanish birth who flourished in Rome about 100 A.D.

P. 59, 1. 1. dipped. Mortgaged.

P. 61, 1. 18.

Horace, Ode iii.:

great vulgar.

The phrase is from Cowley's

66

Hence, ye profane, I hate ye all,

Both the great vulgar and the small.”

For Cowley and Sprat, "the elegant author," see Johnson's Lives of the Poets, Vol. I.

P. 66, 11. 3, 4. cost him about fifteen hours' riding. Cf. Wordsworth's Hart-leap Well.

P. 67, 1. 6. σкιоμаxía. What is the modern name for this exercise?

P. 68, 1. 7. Bastile. The most famous old prison of Paris; destroyed at the outbreak of the French Revolution, 1789.

P. 69, 1. 23. stop-hounds. "We infer from Blaine's Rural Sports that when one of these hounds found the scent he gave notice of his good fortune by deliberately squatting, to impart more effect to his deep tones, and to get wind for a fresh start.”

WILLS.

P. 72, 1. 15-17. 'Many of our country gentlemen in their busy hours apply themselves wholly to the chase. . . . Though exercise of this kind, when indulged with moderation, may have a good influence both on the mind and body, the country affords many other amusements of a more noble kind.” — Spectator, No. 583.

P. 73, 1. 7. Paschal. Blaise Paschal, 1623-1662, a French philosopher and mathematician, author of Thoughts on Philosophy and Religion and Provincial Letters.

P. 75, 1. 10. witchcraft. "The belief in witchcraft still holds its ground among the English rustics, but the legalized persecution of witches was dying out about the time that Addison wrote. Yet even in 1716, five years after this paper was written, a Mrs. Hicks and her daughter, a child of nine, were hanged at Huntingdon for selling their souls to the devil, and raising a storm by pulling off their stockings and making a lather of soap! One of the worst

stains on the memory of the Long Parliament, and on the fair fame of Puritanism generally, is the cruelty with which supposed witches were hunted out and put to death in the day of their power." - THOMAS ARNOLD. Moll White had her counterpart in nearly every English village at the time. "The true source from whence witchcraft springs is Poverty, Age, and Ignorance: it is impossible for a woman to pass for a witch, unless she is very poor, very old, and lives in a Neighbourhood where the People are void of common Sense." Goody Two Shoes, Chapter vi.

P. 80, 1. 9. Note here and elsewhere, and 121, a strong appreciation of nature.

especially in Nos. 120 See whether it springs

from physical and æsthetical stimulus, or from a feeling of spiritual companionship with all created things, by reading Burns, Keats, and Wordsworth.

P. 81, 1. 15.

P. 87, 1. 24.

salute. Kiss. Cf. Vicar of Wakefield, Chap. v. rural politeness. Cf. Vicar of Wakefield, Chap. xxxii; Tatler, No. 86, and many other amusing papers on country behaviour.

western circuit. One of the eight judicial

P. 89, 11. 19, 20. divisions of England and Wales.

P. 89, 11. 23, 24. a letter from him.

Spectator, No. 129.

P. 95, 1. 16. Bayle.

This was given in the

Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) was one of the most independent and influential leaders of the sceptical philosophy in the eighteenth century.

P. 96, 1. 2. Dampier. William Dampier (1652-1715), an English navigator and buccaneer. His interesting Voyage round the World was published in 1697. On one of his later expeditions he had, as master of one of his vessels, Alexander Selkirk, who was marooned at Juan Fernandez and was presently to be immortalized as Robinson Crusoe.

P. 98, 1. 2. More. Henry More (1614-1687), an English metaphysical and theological writer.

P. 98, 1. 2. Cardan. Jerome Cardan, or Cardano (1501-1576), an Italian scientist who wrote more than a hundred treatises on mathematics, rhetoric, music, medicine, and other subjects.

P. 99, 1. 1. Boyle. Robert Boyle (1627-1691), the most celebrated natural philosopher of his time.

P. 99, 1. 22. Royal Society. The Royal Society of London an association founded for the promotion of scientific knowledge - was incorporated by a charter of Charles II. in 1662. Cf. note to p. 23, l. 15.

P. 102, 1. 3. that. Spectator, Nos. 78 and 80.

P. 102, 1. 4. yeoman.

For use of who, which, and that, see

A man possessing a small estate in

land, but not ranking as one of the gentry.

P. 102, 1. 5. just within the game-act. "The 3d of