12 M d Meetings for the Week. {CHEMICAL NEWS Jan. 1, 1915 n3 - I, deduced on the assumption that the pro- | about within the molecule. This second type of change n2+2 perty is additive. In the present experiments the molecular = 01507 gave 1132 cc. N2 at N.T.P; N 9'44; 01560 gave 8.06 cc. N2 at N.T.P.; N 65; 0'1117 gave 12.70 cc. N2 at N.T.P.; N = 13'97; The solutions of the above compounds were examined In the following table are collected the molecular 7.1° 342 117 p-Toluenesulphonyl- 0.9404 448 135 cinchonicine The results show some interesting effects. Like sec.- Adopting the electronic theory of molecular structure may be deducible on lines similar to those used by NOTICES OF BOOKS. The Raw Materials for the Enamel Industry and their THE enamel industry has been developed entirely within Technical Methods of Chemical Analysis. Edited by Food Industries. By HERMANN T. VULTÉ, Ph.D., F.C.S., THIS book will be useful for students of home economics THE CHEMICAL NEWS AND JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE Edited by Established Sir Wm. Crookes, O.M., Pres.R.S.] (WITH WHICH IS INCORPORated the "chemical gazette"). Vol. 111.-No. 2876. [ CONTENTS. Friday, January 8, 1915. Registered as [PRICE_44. A young Russian, speaking Russian, French, German, and some English, now Chemist in the Laboratories A young Russian Lady (Doctor of Science), trained at the University of Liége, seeks Employment in a CAPPER PASS & SON, LIM. BRISTOL, ingdon Street, CHEMICAL NEWS Office, 16, Newcastle Street, Far- are Buyers of LEAD ASHES, SULPHATE OF LEAD, STRATFORD, LONDON, E. T. TYRER & CO. Ltd, Stirling Chemical Works, TECHNICAL EXPERIMENTS carried out on a MANUFACTURING SCALE. LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR RESEARCH WITH OZONE OZONAIR, Limited, 96, VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, S.W. SULPHUROUS ACID and SULPHITES. Liquid SO, in Syphons, for Lectures, &c. PHOSPHORIC ACID and PHOSPHATES. CARAMELS & COLORINGS for all purposes. Street, London, E.C. A Belgian Refugee Engineer, Manager of a Chemical Works, seeks Employment during the War.-Address, A vacancy occurs for a Pupil or Apprentice in a Gold and Silver Refining business and Assay office. Excellent A. BOAKE, ROBERTS & CO. (LIMITED), JOHN J. GRIFFIN & SONS, LTD.. Stratford, London, E. KINGSWAY, LONDON, W.C. for raising a Battalion of 1000 men, which will be strictly limited to Public School or University Men, and who will serve together as a Unit. Training is now going forward. F. WIGGINS & SONS, 102/8/4, Minories, London, E. MICA MERCHANTS, Manufacturers of Mica Goods for Electrical and ALL purposes. Contractors to His Majesty's Government THE AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHER and PHOTOGRAPHIC NEWS. Edited by F. J. MORTIMER, F.R.P.8. Price TWOPENCE—Every TUESDAY. The Leading Paper for Everyone interested in Photography. Special Articles on PICTORIAL and Enrolment is proceeding at, and application should MODern ScientifIC PHOTOGRAPHY. be made at once to ROYAL NAVAL DIVISION, 6, 7, 8, Old Bond Street, London, W. Phone -REGENT 55'5. GOD SAVE THE KING. Cloth, 316; Paper covers, 216. (Postage, 4d. extra). THE WHEAT PROBLEM: Based on Remarks made in the Presidential Address to the British Association at Bristol in 1898. REVISED WITH AN ANSWER TO VARIOUS CRITICS By SIR WILLIAM CROOKES, F.R.S. WITH PREFACE AND ADDITIONAL CHAPTER, BRINGING THE With Two Chapters on the Future Wheat Supply of the United States, by MR. C. WOOD DAVIS, of Peotone, Kansas, and the HON. JOHN HYDE, Chief Statistician to the Department of Agriculture, Washington. OPINIONS of the PRESS. "In this bulky volume Sir William reproduces the gist of the sensational Bristol Address, and supplements it with carefully prepared answers to his chief critics and confirm. atory chapters on the future wheat supply of the United States."-Morning Post. "The appearance of the papers in this convenient form will be welcome to everyone who appreciates the importance of the problem."-Scotsman. "The student of economic science and sociology will find this volume full of interesting material. .The entire subject is of the profoundest interest, and an excellent purpose has been served by the publication of these papers in a single volume."-The Eagle (Brooklyn, N.Y.). "Sir William Crookes's statistics seem to make good his alarmist statement."-British Weekly. CHEMICAL NEWS OFFICE, 16, NEWCASTLE ST., FARRINGDON ST,, E.C. The best and brightest Photographic Weekly for the Beginner or Advanced Worker. PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED. Office: 51, LONG ACRE, LONDON, W.C. COVERS FOR BINDING. Cloth, Gilt-lettered Covers for Binding the Half-yearly Volumes of the CHEMICAL NEWS may now be obtained. Price 1/6 each (post free 1/8). Volumes Bound in Cloth Cases, Lettered, and Numbered at 2s. 6d. per Volume. CHEMICAL NEWS OFFICE, 16, NEWCASTLE ST., FARRINGDON ST., E.C. LE RADIUM. PUBLIE TOUT CE QUI CONCERNE LES PROPRIÉTÉS PHYSIQUES et CHIMIQUES DES SUBSTANCES RADIOACTIVES. Abonnement Annuel-France, 20 fr.; Etranger, 22 fr. MASSON et Cie., Editeurs, 120, Boulevard St. Germain Paris, MARTINDALE'S Apparatus and Reagents SPECIALITIES:- MARTINDALE'S BURETTE STAND CHEMICAL NEWS, THE Number Relations amongst the Elements. CHEMICAL NEWS. VOL. CXI., No. 2876. NUMBER RELATIONS AMONGST THE ELEMENTS. By F. H. LORING. 13 able doubt on the probability of these two elements having a real existence. Referring again to the same table, it is further to be observed that the number of stable elements in the vertical columns containing the branches and including the branch. members themselves is equal to the number of preceding non-branch members (reckoned in the same manner) by a regular difference of 2. Here, however, a very curious condition in respect to tellurium has to be postulated, which satisfies certain other requirements, most notably the one demanding 32 elements or members in the set (6th division) terminated by tellurium. = This regularity calls for 19 elements in Group VII. of the right-hand half of the table, as if tellurium were Ter....Tery (in which case Ter 7'5 and Te17 127'5). The following arrangement will make this clear:I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. 6+5+5 5+5 L. .... In studying atomic weight relations, or the classification Referring to "Studies in Valency," p. 23, a periodic arrangement of all the elements is shown, which lends itself to certain uniform sub-divisions or arrangements of members which are fairly regular when interpreted in a certain manner, as will be seen from the following specification. There appears to be a constant ratio between the number of elements comprising certain branches and the preceding number of non-branch places into which elements fit, not counting those of the chemically inactive class and nitrogen. This reckoning is from branches of like type. The ratios may be expressed by placing the numbers representing the respective branch elements as denominators thus:-21/3-14/2 = 14/2=VII.* While this argument, as it stands, is opposed to the view that elements will ultimately be discovered which will take up places preceding ruthenium and osmium, that is to say, one before each, the observation in the main is true, since there is no reason to suppose that these relations are exact or precise to within, say, one unit or one element. There are, however, other relations which throw consider From H to Ce (inclusive) 52 (a). From Pr to Lu (inclusive) = 13 (b). 52/13 = IV.. which is the Group No. of b, just as VII. is the Group 2 = 18 2 = 12 3 +3 +3 +3 +3 + 2 2 = 19 In this case the non-branch elements, nitrogen, potassium, and one supposed element immediately following bismuth (Mendeleeff), are reckoned as occupying their respective chemical places in the table. An alternative apportionment of the numbers is given below, in which the hypothetical element following bismuth is assigned to Group VII., somewhat after the manner of tellurium (see table), the constant to be added being in this case 3 instead of 2, whilst nitrogen and potassium remain in their nonchemical places as shown in the table, the disposition of the numbers being : From the above it might be supposed that some balanced proportion exists between the right- and left-hand branchbut excluding the three chemically inactive radio gases. members, when taking into account the radio-elements, Indeed, this appears to be the case since VII. L VII. R IV. L IV. R 7 is to 17 as 13 is to 32 The proportion, though not exact, includes the " 17 little telluriums" (of course a fanciful conception, but not unlike the well-known idea of ten heliums forming argon), and implies that the radio-elements collectively form a one-branch system from lead, lead itself being a more or less composite element. There are exactly 32 distinctive radio-elements, omitting the chemically inactive radiogases, and four probably indistinguishable end products undiscovered member preceding actinium (see CHEMICAL which would be the equivalent of lead, and counting in one NEWS, cix., 241). Dr. H. G. J. Moseley (Phil. Mag., xxvii., 703), in recent work on the X-ray spectra of the elements, shows clearly the lacunæ for undiscovered elements, one preceding ruthenium and one preceding osmium, and confirms the inference that may be drawn from this study, that practically all the elements are known with these possible exceptions, and one in the rare-earth group between neodymium and samarium; there are also thulium I. and thulium II. which may be taken as established, or at least the X-ray spectra require also an additional element to thulium to render the progressive steps of the series of lines regular. Dr. Moseley has not as yet published an extension of his series of lines beyond gold, but there is every reason to believe that, between aluminium and gold, NOTE.-The term "atom numbers" should not be confused with the serial numbers assigned to the elements by A. van den Broek. all the elements are known except, at the most, four elements as above indicated. Rutherford and Andrade's (Phil. Mag., xxvii., 854) experimental analysis of matter by excited radiation gives lines which assign lead to its proper and expected place in the extension of the series as indicated by X-ray analysis, and therefore no new elements are to be expected between gold and lead.* Upon careful consideration of these supposed elements, falling as indicated next to ruthenium, osmium, and samarium, it will be seen, however, upon referring to "Studies in Valency," p. 17, that the lacunæ for these three elements in question are of the same character in the valency plot shown, indicating possibly that these may be natural breaks in an otherwise continuous chain, since, by closing the table up at these points, the irregularity becomes in itself regular. The number relations herein given support this contention. The table under further consideration, with respect to the right-hand half of non-radio-active elements, lends itself to a complete arrangement of associate atoms (see CHEMICAL NEWs, cx., 25) in suchwise as to bring into The composite nature of the atom may be revealed by some characteristic radiation-such, for example, as the X-ray spectra of the elements as experimentally developed by Moseley. As a first approximation in theory, the two characteristic lines observed might arise from the presence of two types of atoms differing in atomic weight; but theoretical considerations do not necessarily point directly to such a view. These, however, are matters which the experimenters themselves can doubtless discuss to better purpose. For a general account of the interference and reflection of X-rays by crystals and the analysis of matter thereby, see "X-Rays," by Kaye (Longmans, Green, and Co., 1914), particularly Chapter XII., but the original papers should be studied. For a list of references leading up to the developments by Moseley, see "Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry," by Messrs. Friend, Little, Turner, and Briscoe (C. Griffin and Co., Ltd., 1914), vol. i. p. 50. See also Tutton, CHEMICAL NEWS, 1913, cvii., 277, 289, 301; but see particularly Moseley, Phil. Mag., December, 1913, p. 1024, and April, 1914, p. 703. harmony the values by the elliptical method, those of the quaternian series when available (there being a limited number of these), and those by the summation method, also limited in number. Moreover, the values are not at variance with those obtained by experiment when the more accurately determined values are compared with the theoretical ones, as the accompanying table will show. In this table, however, the atomic weights enclosed by the circumscribed line are for one reason or another uncertain, notwithstanding the coincidences. The other atomic weights for the most part are probably correct; those obtained by taking mean values (m.v.) of the associate atoms as shown being the preferred ones, and these are supported by experiment. It must be remembered that the various methods employed represent tools which are capable of some adjustment, and finality is not possible in every case. The setting aside of the inactive gases in these numberstudies should not be taken as an indication that they are not true elements, but rather that they are chemically inactive, and consequently count as nought when balancing or otherwise arranging the chemically active members. They appear to fit into the X-ray spectrum series, and take up a normal zero place in practically all periodic tables, and from various considerations the universal opinion is that they are true elements (see Soddy, Science Progress, 1914, viii., 654). Since these relations are largely based upon the idea of branch systems of elements, the peculiarity of these branches should be kept in mind, otherwise some of the statements would seem contrary to accepted opinion; whereas the method of treatment is, I believe, quite as comprehensive in its systematic expression of fact as any other method, but this is a matter for others of wider experience to judge. |