2 3 per Cent. THE FUNDS. Fri, Sat. Mon. Toes. Wed Thur. 82 82 82 82 82 823 Just published, No. I. of THE USEFUL FAMILY LIBRARY, The best Scots fetch 4s. to 4s. 2d. per stone, and good other qualities are 3s. 6d. to 4s. Mutton, for the finest Downs, sells at 45. 27. to to is. Ed. per stone; Veal, for prime young THE which contains the RIGHTS of MAN, Calves is 5s. to 5s. 4d. per stone; and Dairy-complete; with highly-finished Likenesses of fed Porkers are 4s. 8d. to 4s. 10d. per stone. Paine and Layayette. It is got up to correBeasts, 1,790; Calves, 170; Sheep, 15,220; spond, in every respect, with the Family Pigs, 120. Library. Small 8vo. price 5s. THURSDAY, DEC. 30.-In this day's market, which exbibited but a moderate supply, the trade was throughout very dull. With Beef in most instances; Veal generally, at a depression of from 2d. to 4d. per stone; with Mutton and Pork at barely Monday's quotations.-Milch Cows, though not very numerous, were dull of sale at declining prices. A useful short-horns, with her small calf, being worth nothing beyond 184.-Prime Beef, from 3s. to 3s. 10d; middling Beef, 2s. 6d. to 2s. 10d; inferior Beef, 2s. 2d. to 2s. 4d.; prime Mutton, Ss. 8d. to 4s. 6d.; middling Mutton, 2s. 8d. to 3s. 2d.; inferior Mutton, 2s. 2d. to 2s. 4d; Veal, 3s. to 4s. 10d.; Pork, 3s. 2d. to 4s. Ed.-per stone of 8lbs., to sink the offal. -Sucking Calves, from 12s. to 36s.; and quarter-old store Pigs, 12s. to 18s. each. Supply, as per Clerk's statement: Beasts, 432; Sheep, 3,430; Calves, 190; Pigs, 110. PROVISONS. "The present crisis requires every one to read so valuable a work as The Rights of Man.'"-Times. John Brooks, 421, Oxford-street. A MIRROR FOR THE BOROUGH- THE THE PEOPLE'S BOOK.-The eighth Number of this Work, published this day (price 2d.), contains the commencement of "An Analysis of the present House of Commons," exhibiting the names, residences, public characters, official emoluments, pensions, sinecures, &c. of the sitting Members; and an historical account of the places for which they sit, the nominal and actual number of voters, the direct and indirect influence of the aristocracy exercised in the returns, &c., &c., &c. The whole forming a complete development of the actual and flagrantly corrupt state of the representation in that which should In every article the trade continues ex- be the People's House of Parliament. By tremely dull. WILLIAM CARPENTER. Published by W. STRANGE, 21, Paternosterrow, and sold by most Booksellers. Just published, price 3s. 6d. bound in cloth, List of Mr. Cobbett's Books. MR. COBBETT'S RURAL RIDES. One thick vol. 12mo. Price 5s. THE WOODLANDS. Price 14s. THE ENGLISH GARDENER. Price 6s. MR. COBBETT'S SERMONS. Price 38. 6d. THE POOR MAN'S FRIEND. Price 8. PAPER AGAINST GOLD. Price 5s. AMERICAN SLAVE TRADE. Price 2s. TULL'S HUSBANDRY. One vol. 8vo. Price 15s. EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. One vol. 12mo. Price 2s. 6d. A TREATISE ON COBBETT'S CORN. One vol. 12mo. Price 5s. 6d. ADVICE TO YOUNG MEN. One vol.12mo. Price 5s. AN ITALIAN GRAMMAR. By JAMES P. COBBETT. 12mo. Price 6s. A SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL LAFAYETTE. Price 1s. THE HISTORY OF THE PROTESTANT "REFORMATION," showing how that event has impoverished and degraded the main body of the people in those countries; in a series of letters, addressed to all sensible and just Englishmen. This is the Title of the Work, which consists of Two Volumes, the first containing the Series of Letters above described, and the second containing a List of Abbeys, Priories, Nunneries, and other Religious and charitable Endowments, that were seized on and granted away by the Reformers to one another, and to their minions. The List is arranged according to the Counties, alphabetically, and each piece of property is fully stated, with its then, as well as its actual value; by whom founded and when; by whom granted away, and to whom.-Of this Work there are two Editions, one in Duodecimo, price 4s. 6d. for the first Volume, and 3s. 6d. for the second; and another in Royal Octavo, on handsome paper, with marginal Notes, and a fuil Index. This latter Edition was printed for Libraries, and there was consequently but a limited number of Copies struck off: the Price ll. 11s. 6d. in Extra Boards. A FRENCH GRAMMAR; or, Plain Instructions for the Learning of French. The notoriously great sale of this Book is no bad criterion of its worth. The reason of its popularity is its plainness, its simplicity. I have made it as plain as I possibly could: I have encountered and overcome the difficulty of giving clear definitions: I have proceeded in such a way as to make the task of learning as little difficult as possible. The price of this book is 5s. in boards. ROMAN HISTORY. Of this Work, which is in French and English, and is intended, not only as a History for Young People to read, but as a Book of Exercises to accompany my French Grammar, I am only the Translator: but I venture to assert that the Freuch is as pure as any now extant. In Two Volumes. Price 13s. in Boards. THE LAW OF TURNPIKES; or, an Analytical Arrangement of, and Illustrative Commentaries on, all the General Acts, relative to Turnpike Roads. By WILLIAM COBBETT, Jun., Student of Lincoln's Inn. Price 38. 6d. boards. COTTAGE ECONOMY. I wrote this Work professedly for the use of the Labouring and Middling Classes of the English Nation; and I knew that the lively and pleasing manner of the writing would cause it to have many readers, and that thus its substance would get handed to those who could not read. I made myself acquainted with the best and simplest mode of making Beer and Bread, and these I made it as plain as, I believe, words could make it. It was necessary, further, to treat of the keeping of Cows, Pigs, Bees, and Poultry, matters which I understood as well as any body could, and in all their details; and I think it impossible for any one to read the Book without learning something of utility in the management of a Family. It includes my Writings also on the Straw Plait. A Duodecimo Volume. Price 2s. 6d. YEAR'S RESIDENCE IN AMERICA. This Work, and the English Grammar, were the produce of Long Island, and they are particularly dear to me on that account. I wrote this book after I had been there a year, during which I kept an exact journal of the weather. I wrote it with a view of giving true information to all those who wished to be informed respecting that interesting country. I have given an account of its Agriculture, of the face of the Country, of the State of Society, the Manners of the People, and the Laws and Customs. The paper is fine on which this Book is printed, the print good, and the price moderate, viz. 58. THE ENGLISH GRAMMAR; a New Edition. Of this Work, from first to last, Sixty Thousand Copies have been sold; and I verily believe that it has done more to produce real education, as far as correct writing and speaking go, than any book that ever was published. I have received from the year 1820, to the present time, continual thanks, by word of mouth and by letter, from young men, and even from old men, for this work, who have said, that, though many of them had been at the University, they never rightly understood Grammar till they studied this work. I have often given the Reviewers a lash for suffering this Work to pass them unreviewed; but I have recently discovered that the newly-published EDINBURGH ENCYCLOPEDIA says of it, that, "for all common purposes, it is the best Treatise we possess, and that it is entitled to super"sede all the popular, and many of the "scientific, productions on the subject of "our language." The price of this book is 3s. in boards. Printed by William Cobbett, Johnson's-court; and published by him, at 1), Bolt-court, Fleet-street. VOL. 71.-No. 2.] LONDON, SATURDAY, JANUARY 8TH, 1831. [Price 1s. 2d. 1. " I said, I will take heed to my ways, that I sin not with my tongue; I will keep my mouth with a bridle. 2. "I was dumb with silence: I held my peace, even from good; and my sorrow was stirred. 3. My heart was hot within me; while I was musing the fire burned.” TO MY READERS, MY FRIENDS, Bolt-Court, Jan. 4, 1831. PSALM XXXix. intended to go into Hampshire, there to cultivate a garden and a few fields to the end of my life, the close of which I hoped to pass amongst that class of society that I have always most loved and cherished, the people employed in the cultivation of the land. I have it rooted in me, that happiness and riches are seldom companions; I have seen too much of the misery and opprobrium attending the living upon the public money not to have long ago resolved never to pocket a single farthing of it; Ir is now twenty-nine years since I and as to what are called honours, they began the publication of this work, have always been with me objects of and, with the exception of the ten weeks contempt. To refuse to fill an office that were required to take me to Long and exercise power, if you be convinced Island, in 1817, and to bring back the that your doing it is for the good of your first REGISTER from LONG ISLAND, a country, is to refuse to do your duty. I REGISTER has been published by me have, therefore, always been ready, and every week for those twenty-nine years; even anxious, to have power of this during one year, when I was in prison, sort; and I am so still; but my TASTE two a week; and, in the whole, one lies the other way; and, if I have a thousand five hundred and forty-eight wish more ardent than all others, it is REGISTERS; equal, even in quantity of this; that I, enjoying my garden and print, to that number of half-crown few fields, may see England as great in pamphlets; and, during the time, though the world, and her industrious, laboritwo years in prison, and nearly three on ous, kind and virtuous people as happy the seas and in exile, I have written and as they were when I was born; and that published other works consisting of 17 I may at last have a few years of calm volumes, besides the carrying on of at the close of this long life of storms farming, gardening, tree-planting, and and of tempests. the rearing of trees for fruit as well as The intentions, expressed above, are timber; and, during the same time, changed only in two particulars; have had born to me a numerous family, namely, that, instead of closing the seven of whom are still alive, four sons Register at the end of THIS YEAR, and three daughters, three of the sons to close it at the end of NEXT YEAR, having also each written and published and, instead of publishing the history books, and ably and learnedly written of my life after the Register is closed, too. Of my books I shall say more here- to publish it in numbers, and, as I after. I shall first speak of my inten- proceed, publish those numbers in the tions for the future. Register itself; so that this work, It was my intention to close the which has produced so much effect in Register at the end of thirty years. I the world, which has recorded and have expressed this intention many treated of so many important events, times. Then I intended to publish, as may close with sending over the world the work of another year, THE HIS- the history of the man- from whom n TORY OF MY LIFE; and then I work has przceeded, in which histor C the young men of our day will learn | N. B. The list ry, of which the following is the means which enable men to make great and wonderful exertions. In the meanwhile, and until I begin publishing the history of my life, I shall publish in the Register, as fast as they are prepared, all the numbers successively the first number, is also published in Numbers, in the book form, price 6d, each Number, No. I. t HISTORY" OF THE BY WILLIAM COBBETT. INTRODUCTION. Sketch of the History of England, from the 1. THAT change in the religion of England, Edward VI., and Elizabeth, and which is which took place in the reigns of Henry VIII., generally called the REFORMATION, has pro of the History of the Reign and Regency REGENCY AND REIGN OF GEO. IV. of George IV. Every month, also, I publish in the Register, the "DEAR LITTLE TWO-PENNY TRASH." I shall publish both in the book form besides; but, I want them both to fly over the world at once, and produce their effect as speedily as possible. Thus will this Register contain all; yea, all that any man can want to know, relative to public affairs for the thirty-one years, be-duced, in process of time, a still greater, and ginning with January 1802, and ending with December, 1832. These two last four volumes (very thick) will contain a retrospect, and a résumé of the whole period; they will contain the History of the Regency and Reign of George IV, all the Monthly Two-penny Trashes for the two years, and the History of the life of the author, besides the usual matter for the Register. a most fatal, change in the nature of the Engone-third part, and indeed more, of the real lish Government. Before that event, full property of the country belonged to the church; that is to say, it was held in trust by the clergy of different denominations, as maintenance of religion, and for the relief of bishops, priests, monks, nuns, &c., for the the poor and the stranger. These trustees were, therefore, in fact, the lords, or owners of something approaching to one-half of the whole of the houses and lands of England. As to the price, it is absolutely neces- institutions this state of things gave the com2. From the very nature of the Catholic sary, in order to prevent me from throw-mon people great advantages, and in various ing away two years of such enormous labour, which even I have not resolved upon until after long consideration. Here are sixty-four columns of print, containing more than a hundred and fifty pages of common print, and here is the stamp to clear the postage. I insert the first Number of the History of George the Fourth in the present Register, and I shall proceed with one Number every week until that work be completed, except the TrashWeek, which will come once a month; and, when George the Fourth is completed, I shall begin with my own life and go on with it in the same manner, until that be completed also. Such a thing, such labour, never was encountered before by any man; and I desire that it should be hereafter said of me, that the most laborious man that ever lived, was WM. COBBETT. ways, especially as it prevented them fro m being borne down by the aristocracy. Wher there is an aristocracy who are heredita mogeniture, the commons, if left without lawgivers, and are sustained by a law of pri some power to protect them against such an aristocracy, must, in the nature of things, be, whatever they may call themselves, the slaves mons, or people, of England found in the of that aristocracy. This protection, the comCatholic church, which not only had an interest always opposed to the encroachments of the aristocracy, but which was, from the very bution of property favourable to the commons. nature of its institutions, the cause of a distriIn the first place it took a tenth part of the whole of the produce of the earth, and out of it relieved the wants of the poor, the aged, the the clergy, that is of the great mass of landwidow, and the orphan: next, the celibacy of owners, necessarily took from them all motive for accumulating wealth, and caused them to distribute it, in some way or other, amongst estates were immense, could possess no private the commons: next, the monastics, whose property, and were, of course, easy landlords, let their lands at low rents, and on leases for lives, so that the renters were, in fact, pretty nearly the proprietors; one and the same fa mily of farmers held the same farm for ages; and hence arose the term YEOMAN, which is re the misery of the people, and so manifestly was open rebellion approaching, that it was, after numerous efforts to avoid it, finally resolved on to make by law an effectual and permanent provision for the poor, and for the repair of the churches. And how did reason aud justice say that this ought to be done? By a tax, certainly, exclusively on the property taken from the church and given to the aristocracy. This is what ought to have been done; and even this would have been but a poor compensation for all that the commons had lost; but instead of this a law was made to tax all the people for the relief of the poor and for the repairing of the churches; and this tax, for England alone, now amounts to the enormous sum of seven millions and a half of pounds sterling in a year. tained in our law-writs, butwhich has now no application. The nobility were compelled to follow, in this respect, the example of the church; and thus the commons were the joint-proprietors, in fact, of the whole country; they acknowledged the owner as lord of the soil; but they held the estates for lives; they had rents or fines to pay, at stated times, but with this reservation, the estates were theirs; they could not, like rack-renters, be turned out at the pleasure of the owner; and, of course, they were independent, free, and bold, just the reverse of the rack-renters of the present day. Another great cause of public happiness, arising out of this distribution of property, was, that those great landlords, the clergy, always, from the very nature of the institutions, resided in the midst of their estates, and, of course, expended their reve. 5. The Stuarts, who came to the throne dues there, returning to those who laboured immediately after the making of this law, bethe fair share of the fruits of their labour; sides being a feeble race of men, had not the and, though the aristocracy had no such posi-protection which Elizabeth bad found in the tive ties with regard to residence, example dread which the people had had of seeing the must have had, in this respect also, great effect crown on the head of a Frenchman. The upon them. Stuarts, neither loved nor respected, had not 3. The Reformation broke up this state of the power to withstand the effects of the old society in England; and it has, at last, pro-grudge against the aristocracy, combined, as duced that state which we now behold; a state it now was, with the most furious fanaticism, of rack-renters, of paupers, and of an aristo- hardly got quietly along through the reign of cracy making the laws and burdening the James I.; and, in that of Charles I., bad to commons, or people, at their pleasure. The undergo all the sufferings of a revolution. Reformation took from the church, that is, in The Republicans, amidst all their fury against fact, from the people at large, of whom the the remains of the Catholic church, did not clergy were the trustees, all their share of the forget its estates; and, in spite of the arguments property of the country. If the makers of this of the Royalists, proceeded very coolly, and, Reformation bad divided this property amongst as all the world must say, very justly, to take the people; if they had sold it and applied the the estates back again for public use. proceeds to the use of the nation at large, as 6. The restoration of the Stuarts, which, was done by the makers of the French Revo-like that of Louis XVIII., was produced lution of 1789, there would have been no real ibjury done to the commons; but this is what the makers of the Reformation did not do; they did precisely the contrary; and this too from a very obvious cause. The French Revolution was made by the people; the English Reformation was made by the aristocracy against the wishes of the people. The French revolutionists divided the property amongst the people; the English aristocracy took the property to themselves! partly by the tyranny of the man at the head of affairs and partly by treachery, restored these immense estates to the aristocracy; but did not restore to the Crown the estate which the Republicans had taken from it; so that, while the aristocracy retained all their enormous increase of wealth and power, the king, like the poor, became a charge ou the public revenue; and thus were king as well as people placed at the mercy of the aristocracy; a state in which they have remained from that day to this. 7. Next came the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688; and here the reader must have his senses at command to enable him to set the delusion of names at defiance. This revolution was made by the aristocracy, and for their sole benefit, and, 4. But this was not all that they did against the people. Having become the lords of the immense estates of the church, they, as was natural, began to put an end to that joint-proprietorship which had before existed, and, the lives dying off, they assumed the absolute possession: the race of yeomen was, little by little, swept away, and the occupants be-like the Reformation, against the wish Camerack-renters, wholly dependent on the will of the aristocracy. From even the parochial clergy the aristocracy had taken a great part of their revenue, while, at the same time, they allowed them to marry; and thus were the poor left without relief, and the churches without revenues to keep them in repair. Yet it was absolutely necessary that provision should be made for these objects; for, in the reign of Elizabeth, so great and so general was become of the people. It was forced upon the nation by an army brought from abroad; it was made by laws passed by those who had not been chosen by the people to make laws; and that the revolution was for the benefit of the aristocracy, what need we of more proof than is contained in the following facts, well known to all the world; that James II., who was a Catholic himself, wished to place Catholics upon a level with Protestants as to all civil |