THE SIR JOHN CASS TECHNICAL INSTITUTE.-The new session of the Sir John Cass Technical Institute will commence on Monday, September 27. The courses of instruction provided are especially directed to the technical training of those engaged in Chemical, Metallurgical, and Electrical industries and in trades associated therewith., Full facilities are provided for those wishing to carry out work associated with the industries in which they are engaged or to undertake special investigation and research. The Chemistry, Metallurgy, and Physics laboratories are open both in the afternoons and evenings for work of this character. The instruction in experimental science also provides systematic courses in Chemistry, Physics, and in Pure and Applied Mathematics for the examinations of London University and in Chemistry and Metallurgy for the examinations of the Institute of Chemistry. Special courses of higher technological instruction form a distinctive feature of the work of the Institute. The curriculum in connection with the Fermentation Industries includes courses of instruction in "Brewing and Mating," "The History, Cultivation, and use of the Hop," and in the "Micro-biology of the Fermentation Industries.” These courses are arranged for those engaged in the practical and scientific control of breweries, maltings, and other fermentation industries, who desire to acquire a knowledge of the technology and principles underlying their daily operations. A connected series of lectures on "Fuel and Power," comprising Liquid, Gaseous, and Solid Fuels and their application, Electrical Supply and Control, the Transmission of Power in Works, Fuel Analysis and Technical Gas Analysis, is also included in the syllabus of the Chemistry department for the forthcoming session. In the department of Physics and Mathematics, special courses of lectures will be given in "Colloids," the methods employed in their Investigation and their Relation to Technical Problems, in "Differentiatial Equations and Vector Analysis," and in the "Theory and Application of Mathematical Statistics." In the Metallurgy department, in addition to courses of instruction in general Metallurgy, special courses of an advanced character are provided on Gold, Silver and Allied Metals, on Iron and Steel, on Metallography and Pyrometry, on the Heat Treatment of Metals and Alloys, on the Mechanical Testing of Metals and Alloys, and in Foundry Practice. These courses are designed to meet the requirements of those who wish to enter metallurgical industries or to qualify as assayers; also for those already engaged in industries associated with metals or mining and for those preparing for metallurgical or for prospecting work in the Colonies or abroad. Full details of the courses are given in the syllabus of the Institute, which can be had on application at the Office or by letter to the Principal. The Principal and Heads of the departments will attend at the Institute to interview students during the week Monday, September 20 to Friday, September 24, from 7 to 9 p.m. BRITISH INDUSTRIES FAIR, 1921.-The White City, where the London section of the 1921 up to the outbreak of war in 1914 focussed the work, energy, and influence of those nations which were to become allies in the cause of humanity. The Franco-British Exhibition occupied a site of over 350 acres, not including the vast railway yards from which sidings were constructed throughout the grounds with services into the various buildings. The buildings and grounds represented a cost of ten million pounds, while the value of the contents amounted to one hundred million sterling. The total attendance during the months of May to October exceeded thirty millions. The sections were under the presi dencies of various Ministers, the Rt. Hon. D Lloyd George being President of the Engineering, Shipping and Manufacturers Section. In connection with the Exhibition was held the International Sports of the Olympic Games at the colossal Stadium inaugurated by King Edward VII. and attended by 150,000 spectators. The Imperial Exhibition, famous for the great Imperial Press Conference, followed in 1909, succeeded by the Japan-British Exhibition in 1910. The coronation of King George V. in 1911 was celebrated at the White City by a special Exhibition, in which the scenery and architecture of all parts of the Empire were reproduced, the native inhabitants occupying their respective sections and giving demonstrations of their handicrafts. The Latin-British Exhibition in the following year included Italy, Spain, Portugal, and the | Latin countries of South America. The last of the series, the Anglo-American Exhibition, was held in 1914 to celebrate the centenary of peace between the English-speaking peoples. It continued until the outbreak of war, when the White City became a vast barrack, accommodating 16,000 of the troops recruited at the first call to arms. It is fitting, now that peace is again at hand, that the useful career of the White City should be continued by the British Industries Fair. The total capacity of all the buildings now available at the White City is thirty-five million cubic feet, giving a floor area exceeding 1,130,000 square feet, which should provide even for the requirements of the British Industries Fair. The Court of Honour and Arts, in which the Fair will be centralised, are admirably constructed for exhibition purposes. The former has a floor area of over one hundred thousand square feet, while the latter is eight hundred feet long and four hundred in width. The White City lies in the centre of a group of five railway stations, all with direct POPULAR CHEMICAL DICTIONARY. STRONTIUM SULPHATE (Average sp. gr. 3.95,. COMPANY, LTD, are Owners of large deposits, and invite enquiries. British Industries Fair is to be held, was opened THE BRISTOL MINERAL and LAND jointly by King Edward VII. and M. Fallieres, President of the French Republic, on the occasion of the famous Franco-British Exhibition in May, 1908. The series of dual displays which followed Address, Carlton Chambers, Baldwin Street, Bristol, England, Telegraphic address-" Beetroot." Bristol." Telephone No. 38 Bristol. entrances to the exhibition buildings. Its means of transport are further augmented by various 'bus services from all parts of London, and an excel Sept. 17, 1920 BURY, LANCASHIRE. On WEDNESDAY NEXT. BOOKS chiefly on Chemistry and other Scientific Works by well-known authors. Also a large quantity of CHEMICAL APPARATUS, including OERTLING'S BALANCE in Mahogany Case, Jena Glass, &c. CAPES DUNN & Co. are favoured with instructions from the Administratrix of the late William Dixon, Esq., F.C.S., to SELL BY AUCTION, on WEDNESDAY next, SEPTEMBER 22nd, 1920, at 2 O'CLOCK, on the premises, No. 102. SPRING STREET, BURY the Books and Chemical Apparatus May be viewed on Tuesday, September 21st, from 10 to 4 o'clock, when catalogues can be had at the house, or obtained earlier on application to the Auctioneers, at their Offices and Galleries, No. 8, Clarence Street, Albert Square, Manchester. Telephone No. 3095 City. Telegrams: "Galleries, Manchester". lent tram service from the west and south. This SALE of a COLLECTION of VALUABLE makes it possible to reach the Fair from the "West End" of London in twenty minutes or halfan-hour. So numerous are the transport facilities that traffic of over one hundred thousand persons per hour can be handled, exclusive of taxis and private cars. At the same time the comparatively central position of the White City brings it within easy taxi distance of the West End hotels. In fact, from all points of view, situation, construction, transport, and general convenience the new site of the British Industries Fair leaves very little to be desired. NOTICES. EDITORIAL.-All Literary communications and Books, Chemical SUBSCRIPTIONS, £1 12s. per annum, payable in advance, should OFFER wanted for 3 tons Anthranilic Acid, light yellow crystals. High-grade 98%. Prompt delivery. ARNOLD RINK, 11, Bridgewater Street, E.C.1. ASSISTANT CHEMIST wanted for large Engineering Works in the North of England. One used to analysis of Iron, Steel, and Steel Works' materials preferred. Apply stating age, experience and salary required to Box 812, c/o T. G. SCOTT & SON, 63, Ludgate Hill, E.C.4. BACK NUMBERS and VOLUMES can be purchased on application To to the MANAGER. All communications for this Department should be addressed to T. G. SCOTT & SON, 63, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON, E.C.4. LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL. APPLICATIONS are invited for appoint ment as a TEMPORARY LABORATORY ASSISTANT in the Public Health Department, No. 2, Savoy Hill, W.C.2. The inclusive rate of pay attaching to the position will be 85s. a week. The duties will include the care of stores (chemical and apparatus), preparation of samples and standard solutions and the supervision of the cleaning of the Laboratory. Candidates must be natural born British subjects and not less than 25 years of age. Preference will be given to those who have served, or attempted to serve, with H.M. Forces. Applications stating age, experience, war service (if any) etc., should be addressed to the Medical Officer of Health, No. 2, Savoy Hill, W.C.2., so as to reach him not later than Monday, 27th September, 1920. JAMES BIRD, Clerk of the London County Council. THE SOUTH AFRICAN SCHOOL OF MINES & TECHNOLOGY, SENIOR LECTURER IN CHEMISTRY. Special qualifications in Physical Chemistry will be a recommendation. Salary £516 per annum, rising £26 annually to £724. Appointment probationary for first two years. (1st March, 1921. Allowance for travelling expenses £40. Duty commences salary from sailing until arrival. Half Age to be Medical Certificate required before appointment. stated. Applications and testimonials, all in triplicate, to be sent to undersigned by 11th October. Further parliculars may be obtained on application to CHALMERS, GUTHRIE & Co., LIMITED, 9, Idol Lane, London, E.C.3. CITY OF LONDON COLLEGE. WHITE STREET AND ROPEMAKER STREET, MOORFIELDS, E.C,2. MICHAELMAS TERM commences SEPTEMBER 27 CLASSES and Laboratory Work in Chem Special preparation for the Examinations of the Pharmaceutical Society. Courses on Commercial Products: Metals, Oils, Textiles, Cereals, etc. Full particulars gratis on application to DAVID SAVAGE, Secretary. Chemical Manufacturers and others.— For Immediate Sale: Six practically new 60in. water-driven Hydro Extractors, by the eminent makers, Watson, Laidlaw and Co., Ltd., Glasgow; instant delivery.-Apply to JOHN H. RIDDELL, LTD., 40, St. Enoch Square, Glasgow. WANTED competent and reliable young lady for elementary laboratory work. Apply, stating age, experience and wage required to STOATE & SONS, LTD. Temple Flour Mills, Bristol. TYPEWRITERS, Latest Visible Remington 2-Colours, Tabulator, Backspacer as new £25. Another, slightly used £20. Both magnificent machines. Sacrifice. Cash wanted. WALTER WHITE, Arcade, Northampton. WANTED, CHEMIST for Cement Works. Experienced in analysis of cement and raw materials preferable. State age, training, experience and salary required to Box 813, c/o ScoTT & SON, 63, Ludgate Hill, E.C.4. PATENTS, TRADE MARKS. Handbook and advice free-B. T. KING, British and U. S. Regd. Patent Attorney, 146a, Queen Victoria St., London. 35 years reference CHEMICAL NEWS น Published Weekly. Annual Subscription, free by post £1 128. Entered at the New York Post Office as Second Class Mail Matter. Transmissible through the Post-United Kingdom, at Newspaper rate; Canada and Newfoundland at Magazine rate. Copyright Vol. 121.-No. 3154 reserved. Friday, September 24, 1920. COPPER MATTE, TIN ASHES, &c., ores, droSS, or RESIDUES containing TIN, COPPER, LEAD, and ANTIMONY. VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO 9 Victor Blagden & Co VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO "THOMPSON" We are Sellers of : NAPHTHALINE g. OCALIC ACID DISH-ENDED BOILERS. PITCH Ready for IMMEDIATE DESPATCH. 1 80' x 8' 6" x 160 lbs. W.P. 1 30' x 8' 3" x 120 lbs. W.P. JOHN THOMPSON (Wolverhampton) Ltd WOLVERHAMPTON, ENG. PARAFFIN WAX PYRIDINE VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO VBCO WHATMAN Note a few of our later specialities: No. 42-"ASHLESS." Double Acid washed and extremely close of texture. For use with No. 50-Hardened by treatment with Nitric Acid. Very ough, it will resist great pressure, and SOLE MANUFACTURERS: W. & R. BALSTON, LTD., MEDWAY MILL, MAIDSTONE, KENT. FIND OUT ALL ABOUT OUR COMPLETE RANGE FROM OUR REVISED BOOKLET AND FRICE LIST. In case of difficulty in obtaining Free Samples, write the Sole Mill Representatives H. REEVE ANGEL & CO., 9, BRIDEWELL LACE, LONDON, E.C. 4. THE CHEMICAL NEWS. VOL. CXXI., No. 3154. FUEL ECONOMY.* (Concluded from 139.) APPENDIX III. Memorandum upon the Skinningrove Process for the Production of Alcohol from Coke Oven Gas. The following is a brief outline of the process devised by Messrs. Bury and Ollander for the removal of ethylene from debenzolised coke oven gas and its conversion into ethyl alcohol. The average amount of olefines present in a debenzolised gas from a typical Durham coking coal is usually between 20 and 2.5 per cent. They consist chiefly of ethylene with small quantities of propylene and possibly other higher members of the series. The process for their removal from the gas is based upon the well-known fact that ethylene is absorbed by concentrated sulphuric acid forming ethyl hydrogen sulphate, which may be subsequently hydrolysed by the dilution of the acid with water yielding ethyl alcohol and sulphuric acid. The sequence of the reactions concerned may be represented by the following equations :C2H (a) C2H,+H,SO,= => SO SO1+H2O=C2H ̧OH+H2SO.. The problem presented to the investigators was not only the determination of the conditions under which 2 per cent of ethylene in an industrial gas can be rapidly absorbed by concentrated sulphuric acid so as to produce ethyl hydrogen sulphate exclusively, but also how the much smaller quantities of higher olefines contained in the gas can be removed from it prior to the desired absorption of ethylene. Laboratory experiments proved (i.) that, although the absorption of ethylene by concentrated sulphuric acid proceeds far too slowly at ordinary temperatures, yet between 60° and 80° C.; the time of contact required between the acid and coke oven gas, in order to ensure the absorption of 70 per cent of its total ethylene content, need be no more than 2 minutes, and (ii.) that under such conditions the only product formed is ethyl hydrogen sulphate. On the other hand, if the temperature be allowed to exceed So° C. some decomposition occurs and ethyl ether is produced. The successful operation of such an absorption process on a large scale pre-supposes the elimination from the crude gas of tars, ammonia, naphthalene, and benzol hydrocarbons in the order named. At the Skinningrove Works the Otto direct process is employed for this purpose. The next step consists in the successive elimination from the cooled and debenzolised gas of (a) sulphuretted hydrogen, and (b) higher olefines than ethylene, together with most of its water vapour content. For the elimination of the sulphuretted hydrogen it is proposed to make use of the well-known reaction between sulphuretted hydrogen and sulphur dioxide gases : 2H,S+SO, 2H,O+3S. *Read before the British Association (Cardiff Meeting), Section B The advantage of such a procedure is that it would not only dispense with the necessity of employing iron oxide purifiers (except perhaps as a final precaution), but it would also enable the small amount of sulphur dioxide arising from the reduction of the hot strong sulphuric acid during the later ethylene absorption process to be utilised. Propylene and other higher olefines are next removed by scrubbing the gas with an 80 per cent sulphuric acid at the ordinary temperature in a tower on the counter-current principle, which also effects the removal of about 97 per cent of its water vapour content. The resulting cooled and dried gas is then passed through a "heat exchanger" situated so near the ovens that its temperature can be raised to between 60° and 80° C. at the expense of some of the sensible heat in the hot crude gas leaving the ovens. The strong acid (95 per cent) used for the absorption is also pre-heated the same temperature. The scrubbing process for the removal of ethylene is carried out on the counter-current principle, and the time of contact between the pre-heated gas and acid is 2 minutes, which is sufficient to effect absorption of 70 per cent of the total ethylene present. The acid can be used until it has absorbed up to 5 per cent of its weight of ethylene with the formation of a corresponding quantity of ethyl hydrogen sulphate. to The strong acid from the ethylene absorption towers containing the ethyl hydrogen sulphate is next taken to a special form of distilling column where it meets a current of steam which dilutes the acid to about 75 per cent strength and simultaneously hydrolyses the ethyl hydrogen sulphate forming ethyl alcohol and sulphuric acid. The heat produced during the dilution is sufficient to raise the temperature of the diluted acid to between 90° and 100° C., under which conditions the resulting alcohol distils over and is subsequently condensed, finally leaving the plant as a 95 per cent alcohol. The diluted acid is finally pumped to the top of a Gaillard concentration tower where it is concentrated to a 95 per cent strength, which is then used over again for the absorption of ethylene. Any small quantity of sulphurous acid formed by the reducing action of the gases upon acids in the decomposed, and the resulting sulphur dioxide is absorption tower is, during the dilution process, (as aforesaid) utilised for the elimination of sulphuretted hydrogen from the debenzolised gas. From figures given in Messrs. Bury and Ollander's paper (loc. cit.) the composition of the debenzolised gas from a Durham coking coal, before and after the removal of the greater parts of its ethylene content in the manner proposed, is as follows: |