ing the period from May, 1926, to October, 1929, 183,800 pounds, or 91 tons of yeast were furnished defendants charged in the indictments. All told, the defendants, including the corporations, number about 40. Indictments were returned January 23, 1930. Northern judicial district.-Comprising the Chicago district (Cook County) and, in addition, some 15 counties, altogether an area of some 5,000,000 people. One deputy, a chief investigator, an undercover man, and 53 field men comprise the force upon which the Federal Government is forced to rely for enforcement of the liquor laws in this district. A more detailed view of the operations of the Chicago office are contained on page 346 of that portion devoted to the Chicago district. STATE Illinois has no State police or other state-wide unit of law enforcement. It has a State highway police, but the activities of this body are limited to violations of the motor vehicle laws. COUNTY The sheriff. There are 102 sheriffs in Illinois, 1 for each county. In the Illinois constitution the sheriff is popularly elected for a 4-year term and is ineligible to succeed himself. (Art. 10, sec. 8.) He is charged with maintaining peace, with the execution of both civil and criminal process, custody of the jail and its inmates, and sometimes with the collection of taxes. In the performance of these duties the sheriff is generally assisted by deputies or special deputies, according to the need or emergency. Most of the counties have but one deputy sheriff, and a mere handful provide for more than four. Part-time deputies are plentiful in many counties. Illinois, in other words, manifests a reluctance to depart from the scheme which prevailed in the medieval times. An historical monument. It is quite certain that the sheriffs of Illinois will probably never be an adequate police force. Under the method of selection prescribed by the constitution it is extremely unlikely that men of police qualifications will be chosen. Their ineligibility to succeed themselves automatically terminates their official service at the end of four years and destroys any continued usefulness which they might have acquired through actual experience. The opinions of sheriffs of 61 counties indicate that the deputy sheriffs devote not more than one-half of their time to criminal work and that in a number of counties little or no time is so spent. The fault, if any, lies in the nature and constitution of the sheriff's office. Viewed as a modern police agency the office is little more than a monument to an historic past. As an independent police officer, however, the sheriff is absolutely supreme in his county. In Illinois all that a gang like the Bergers and Sheltons have to do in order to be the State in the county is to control the State's attorney and the sheriff. This is exactly what happened in Williamson County a few years ago and could happen in any county of Illinois. The sheriff's office is, indeed, a most desirable political plum. In April, 1930, your investigator finds that from a total of 97 counties, including Cook County, 52 sheriffs in the most populous counties are either inefficient or lax in enforcement, 14 manifest but slight initiative with respect to enforcement activities, while 31 extend full cooperation to Federal authorities and are themselves active, within the limitations and traditions of the office, in liquor-law enforcement. Again, your investigator contends that the above picture demonstrates but one thing-inefficiency, resulting in a breakdown of State enforcement work. From a broader viewpoint it indicates that a large part of the people of Illinois are unsympathetic with the prohibition laws. MUNICIPALITY Each city has a police force and in the larger municipalities a separate detective force. TOWNSHIP The Illinois constitution (art. 6, sec. 21) provides that for every township there shall be at least two or more constables; that they shall be elective officers; term, four years. Here, again, in Illinois we have a characteristic rural police agency-the constable. In a recent survey made by the Chicago Crimes Commission from a total number of 61 returns it was found that the constables of 56 counties were altogether inactive in criminal work. As a police agency the constable has almost ceased to function and remains now chiefly as a reminder of the time when his English predecessors were selected by lot. We now pass from the legal and structural picture of the State to a more intimate view of conditions within its cities and counties. The view is not altogether pleasing. Viewed as a whole it is a most disconcerting picture. SITUATION IN CITIES AND COUNTIES The maps following will be of great aid in a study of conditions in the cities and counties. The first map shows the location of counties, cities, and rivers. The second shows the per cent of foreign-born white in total population, by counties; the third shows the areas where liquor-law enforcement conditions are bad, unsatisfactory, or fairly normal. These are analyzed as follows: Bad.-County or city officers are not functioning, or widespread liquor manufacturing or much bootlegging and transporting. Unsatisfactory-Little or no initiative on the part of the county officials, and citizens lacking interest in disposition of minor liquor violations. Fairly normal.-Areas where violations of the prohibition laws are not greater than violations of other laws in general-where officials generally function and where the people live temperately, and also where the prohibition factor is a negligible one in the community. East St. Louis.-An industrial city of 74,000 people, with adjoining towns providing an urban community of some 100,000 inhabitants, is situated in southwestern Illinois, on the Mississippi, and directly across from St. Louis. East St. Louis is essentially a laboring town, with the greater portion of its people employed in the chemical, aluminum ore, meat packing, other manufacturing plants, and railroad yards. It has one |