b. Numbers from the Nominative; though it has in Pronouns, as He, Him, &c. Thirdly, even the Possessive, which has a distinct form, may also be denoted by the root with a preposition. You will therefore I think find it simpler and more accurate, not to regard an English Noun as having cases of its own, but to refer it to the standard of Latin Cases. Thus, in parsing an English sentence, do not say that a noun is in such and such a case; but mention the circumstances under which it enters the sentence. That is, say whether the object named by it is the Subject of the sentence, or is spoken of as Possessing, or as Acted upon Directly or Indirectly, or as Accompanying, or as Addressed. Then say, what will be the case of the equivalent noun in Latin. With regard to Number, however, the form does tell you are Forms. something. You know that Man and Boy are in the S. number; that they each denote a single object. Therefore always mention the Number of a Noun. C. Verb Again, the form of the Verb Carries tells you something. has Forms. You know from the sense and order that it must be a Verb; and its form tells you that it is 3. S. pres. ind. from Carry. 43. No Article in Latin. 44. English into Latin. ; You will of course notice that you have in English a Part of Speech which does not exist in Latin; viz., the Article. You need not trouble yourself about it at present in translating from English into Latin. In translating from Latin into English, you must judge by the sense whether to use the Definite or the Indefinite Article, or none at all. (Int. 8.) I will now parse and translate the sentence, The. Article Definite. None in Latin. Man. Noun; S.; S. W. to Carries; therefore N. Looking out Man, I find Homo, the form I want, being N. S. Carries. Verb; 3. S. pres. ind.; from Carry. For which I find, Port-o, -are. Therefore 3. S. pres. ind. is Portat. Boy. Noun; S.; name of the object acted on directly by the subject Man; therefore A. I find Puer, G. pueri; therefore2 A. S. is Puerum. 1 Because, since the Imp. ends in are, Porto is conjugated like Amo. 2 Because, since the G. ends in i, Puer, is declined like Dominus. Tr. Homo portat puerum. To proceed. When there are more than these two nouns in a sentence, they are generally connected by Prepositions. For in English Prepositions serve to denote those circumstances, which are denoted in Latin by changes in the form of a noun. For example; The man gave a book to the boy; He struck me with his hand. But is there not one circumstance in which an object may be placed, that can be denoted by a change in the form of its noun ? B. Yes. If an object is spoken of as possessing another, its noun takes s and an apostrophe. A. True. We can say, The king's son ran; denoting that the King possesses the Son. But we can also denote this by a Preposition; as, The son of the king ran. Now take this sentence. The father of the girl inflicted a wound on the king with a sword. B. Father. Noun; S.; S. W. to Inflicted; therefore N. Pater, N. S. Of. Preposition; connecting the object Girl with the subject Father. Girl. Noun; S.; name of the object spoken of as possessing the father; therefore G. Puella, G. -æ; G. S. Puella. Inflicted. Verb; 3. S. perf. ind.; from Inflict. Inflig-o, ĕre, flixi; 3. S. perf. ind. Inflixit. Wound. Noun; S.; name of the object spoken of as acted on directly by the subject; therefore A. Vulnus, G. vulner-is, n.; A. S. Vulnus. 1 You will find at the end of this Chapter a Vocabulary of the few English words used in these Examples. But for the future no Vocabulary of English words will be given. Only those words will be used in the English Examples, which you will already have met with as translations of Latin words. You had better therefore make an English Vocabulary for yourself. Take a small note-book, and place the letters of the alphabet, one at the head of each page, in their proper order. When you meet with a Latin word, as Homo, look it out in the Latin Vocabulary, and you find Man. Set down Man on the page headed by M, thus: Man; Homo, G. homin-is; m. If you meet with an English word in the Examples which you have not down in your Vocabulary, think whether you have a word of the same meaning, and use the Latin of that. 48. Adjective. a. b. On. Preposition; connecting the object King with the subject Father. King. Noun; S.; name of the object spoken of as acted on indirectly by the subject; therefore D. Rex, G. reg-is; D. S. Regi. With. Preposition; connecting the object Sword with the subject Father. Sword. Noun; S.; name of the object spoken of as accompanying the action of the subject, being the Instrument with which the action was performed; therefore Ab. Gladius, G. -i; Ab. S. Gladio. Tr. Pater puellæ inflixit vulnus regi gladio. A. Very well, except in respect of order. But there is no use in dwelling on that, till your ear is familiarised with Latin sentences. We will now introduce an Adjective. This will give you no trouble, for it does not change its form in English. It has neither number, gender, nor case. As an epithet, it generally precedes the noun to which it belongs; that is, the noun which names the object, of which the Adjective denotes the quality. Take this sentence. The sacred bay-tree excludes with huge boughs the glowing strokes of the summer sun. B. Bay-tree. Noun; S.; S. W. to Excludes; therefore N. Laurus, N. S.; of the f. gender. Sacred. Adjective; joined to Bay-tree; therefore N. S. f. Sacer, G. sacr-i; N. S. f. Sacra. Excludes. Verb; 3. S. pres. ind.; from Exclude. Exclud-o, ĕre, clusi; 3. S. pres. ind. Excludit. With. Preposition; connecting the object Boughs with the subject Bay-trce. Boughs. Noun; P.; name of the objects spoken of as accompanying the action of the subject, being the instruments with which the Bay-tree excludes ; therefore Ab. Ramus, G. -i. m.; Ab. P. Ramis. Huge. Adjective; joined to Boughs; therefore Ab. P. m. Ingens, G. ingent-is; Ab. P. m. Ingentibus. Strokes. Noun; P.; name of the objects spoken of as acted on directly by the subject; therefore A. Ict-us, G. -ūs, m.; A. P. Ictus. Glowing. Adjective; joined to Strokes; therefore A. P. m. Fervid-us, G. -i; A. P. m. Fervidos. Sun. Noun; S.; name of the object spoken of as possessing the objects Strokes; therefore G. Sol, G. sol-is, m.; G. S. Solis. Summer. A Noun, but also used as an Adjective; joined to Sun; therefore G. S. m. Estiv-us, G. -i; G. S. m. Æstivi. Tr. Sacra laurus excludit ingentibus ramis fervidos ictus æstivi solis. 4. I will translate the next for you. 49. Two Nouns The father has given his dearest son a very beautiful without a book. Father. Noun; S.; S. W. to Has; therefore N. Pater, N. S. Has. Verb; 3. S. pres. ind.; from Have. Used as an Auxiliary with Participle Given to make up a compound for the Perf. ind. of Give. Agreeing with S. W. Father. Do, dare, Given. Participle; from Give. Used with Aux. Have to make up a compound for the perf. ind. of Give. dedi: 3. S. perf. ind. Dedit. His. You need not translate this word. The Possessive is not used in Latin, when there is no doubt who it is that possesses the object. Son. Here are two nouns, Son and Book, coming after the verb; without a preposition to connect either with the S. W. But there can be no doubt as to the circumstances under which the objects named by them enter the sentence. After a verb like Give, which takes two Cases, one of them must be the A. D. W.; the other the A. I. W. And there can be no doubt which is which. The father does not give his Son to a book, but a book to his Son. This is clear from the sense; though the Preposition To is omitted before Son. And it generally is omitted after such verbs as Give, Deal, &c.: the distinction between the A. D. W. and the A. I. W. being shewn by putting the A. I. W. first: as, I dealt him a blow. Send me a letter. Parse therefore. Son. Noun; S.; name of the object spoken of as acted on indirectly by the Subject; therefore D. Fili-us, G. -i, m.; D. S. Filio. Dearest. Superlative form of adjective Dear; joined to Preposi tion after Give. Son; therefore D. S. m. Car-us G. -i; Sup. Car-issimus ; Book. Noun; S.; name of the object spoken of as acted on directly by the Subject; therefore A. Liber, G. libr-i, m.; A. S. Librum. Very. Adverb; joined to the adjective Beautiful, and denoting that the Quality, denoted by Beautiful, is possessed in a great degree. The two together answer to a Superlative. Beautiful. Adjective; joined to Book; therefore A. S. m. Taken with very, answers to the superlative. Pulcher, G. pulchr-i; Sup. Pulcherrimus; A. S. m. Pulcherrimum. Tr. Pater carissimo filio librum pulcherrimum dedit. English Vocabulary. Bay-tree; laur-us, -i; f. Beautiful; pulcher, pulchr-i. Bough; ram-us, -i; m. Boy; puer, puer-i; m. Carry; port-o, -are. Dear; car-us, -i. Exclude; exclud-o, -ĕre, clusi, clusus. Father; pater, patr-is; m. Girl; puell-a, -æ; f. Give; do, dare, dedi, datus. Glowing; fervid-us, -i. Huge; ingens, ingent-is. Inflict; inflig-o, -ĕre, flixi, flictus. King; rex, reg-is; m. Man; homo, homin-is; m. Sacred; sacer, sacr-i. Son; fili-us, -i; m. Strokes; ict-us, -ūs; m. Summer, adj.; æstiv-us, -i. Sun; sol, sol-is; m. Sword; gladi-us, -i ; m. Wound; vulnus, vulner-is; n. |