Tenses: as, I have loved, I had heard, &c. But it is really a Passive form. 'I have loved a man' meant originally, "I have (or possess) a man who possesses the quality of being lovedby me.' If translated literally into Latin, it would be, Habeo amatum hominem. This periphrasis is not used in Latin, except with a few such Participles as Cognitum, Perspectum, Comprehensum, &c. Thus it is good Latin to say, Rem cognitam habeo, I have ascertained the matter. 11. Verbs. There are certain verbs, in Latin, called Deponents, which Deponent are Passive in form but Active in signification: as Mir-or, admire; Fat-eor, confess; Lab-or, slip; Bland-ior, flatter. As they have no Infinitive Active, you must decide on the Conjugation by the termination of the Infinitive Passive; as Mirāri, Fat-ēri, Lab-i, Bland-īri. They pass through all the Passive forms, and generally have beside the two Active Participles; as Mir-ans, Mir-aturus. 12. It remains to conjugate a few verbs in Latin, which cannot Irregular be included in any of the Four Conjugations. 1. Possum; an abridged form of Potis sum, I am able. 2. Volo; I am willing, I wish. 3. Nolo; for non volo; I do not wish. Verbs. 4. Malo; for magis volo; I rather wish, I prefer. b. The Perfects are Potui, Volui, Nolui, Malui, Tuli, Ivi. They pass through their numbers and persons quite regularly, as Potu-i, potu-isti, potu-it, &c. Also the tenses formed from them are formed quite regularly; as Potu-i, Potu-eram, ero, erim, issem, isse; Volu-eram, &c. Fero also is abridged in the Passive, as Feror, ferris, fertur. Imper. Ferre, fertor. Subj. Imp. Ferrer, ferrēris, &c. Edo, edĕre, eat, may be conjugated regularly; but the following abridged forms are also used. Certain verbs are Defective; that is, do not pass through the usual forms. For instance, Aio, say, has only the fol lowing: Pres. Aio, ais, ait, Imp. Aiebam, &c. Perf. Ait. aiunt. C. d. Some have only the Perfect, &c. tenses, with a Present signification: as Cœpi, I begin; Memini, I remember; Odi, I hate. Hence Coperam is not, I had begun, but I began ; Memineram, I remembered; Oderam, I hated. So Meminisse, to remember; Odisse, to hate. Memini passes through the Imperative Mood: as, Memento, mementote, remember. There is a verb Fio, become, which has no perfect or participle. Its tenses are-Ind. Fio, Fiebam, Fiam, like Audio, &c. Imper. Fi, fite: Subj. Fiam, like Audiam; Fiěrem, like Regerem: Inf. Fiĕri. On the other hand, the verb Facio, make, has no Passive form, except the Part. Factus. So the two verbs fit into one another. Fio is called the Pres. Pass. of Facio; I become or am made: Factus sum, the Perf. for Fio; I became, or was made. Several are Defective in Person, having only the Third, but pass regularly through the moods and tenses; as :— Present. Oportet me, it behoves me, Miseret me, it moves me to pity, Licet mihi, it is allowed to me, Piget me, it vexes me, Imp. Perf. oport-ebat, uit, &c. lic-ebat, uit, &c. pig-ebat, uit, &c. These verbs are called Impersonal, because they are defective in person, and because even in the Third they do not agree like an ordinary verb with a Subject-word. Their construction will be explained hereafter. Indeclina CHAPTER VI. ADVERB, PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION, INTERJECTION. THE Parts of Speech, which have hitherto been considered, ble Words. pass, as we have seen, through different forms to express different meanings; and are therefore called Declinable'. The four remaining Parts of Speech, which will be considered in this Chapter, do not, with one slight exception, pass through any such forms; and are therefore said to be Indeclinable. They are the Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection. 2. Adverb. 3. Adverbs of Man ner. a. b. An Adverb is a word, which, joined to a Verb or Adjective, denotes the Quality of the Quality denoted by the Verb or Adjective. See Int. 9. Quality may be regarded in Four ways: viz. in respect of Manner, Place, Time, and Quantity. Adverbs denoting Quality in respect of Manner, or, as they are briefly called, Adverbs of Manner, are for the most part formed from Adjectives. When formed from Adjectives of the First Class, they generally end in e: as, Juste (from Justus), in a just manner, justly; Pulchre (from Pulcher), in a beautiful manner, beautifully. Sometimes they end in o: as Subito, suddenly; Falso, falsely (from Subitus and Falsus). Occasionally in other ways, as Firmiter, firmly. When formed from Adjectives of the Second Class, they generally end in ter: as Fortiter, bravely; Audacter, boldly (from Fortis and Audax). Sometimes they take no termination; but use the neuter of the adjective: as Dulce, sweetly; Recens, recently. 1 To decline a word is to make it pass through its forms. To decline a Noun is to make it pass through its numbers and cases: an Adjective, through its numbers, cases, and genders: a Verb, through its persons, numbers, tenses, and moods. But declining a Verb is generally called conjugating. When formed from Participles, they generally end in ime. as Casim, cuttingly; Sensim, perceptibly. As an Adverb denotes the Quality of a Quality, and Quality is denoted by Adjectives, you might expect Adverbs to be always formed from Adjectives. And so they would be, if there were Adjectives formed to denote every possible quality that an object might possess. But, this not being the case, Adverbs are sometimes formed from Nouns: as Forte, by chance; Catervatim, troop by troop; Viritim, man by man; Cœlitus, from heaven: sometimes by Composition; as Denuo (de novo), Profecto, Deinde, &c. Thus, to take Viritim as an instance, the Romans formed no adjective to denote that an object, as Divisio, distribution, might possess the quality of being man-by-man: but they formed an adverb to denote that an object might possess an active quality, as Distributing, in that manner: as, Cæsar prædam militibus viritim divisit; Cæsar distributed the booty to the soldiers man by man. So, Caius totum oppidum ostiatim compilavit; Caius robbed the whole town house by house. We have neither adjective nor adverb to express this idea; though we sometimes make a sort of adjective of the equivalent phrase: as, They made a house-byhouse visitation. Adverbs denoting Quality in respect of Place are briefly called Adverbs of Place. You may take, as examples, those formed from the Demonstratives, Hic, this, and Ille, that. Hic, here; Hinc, hence; Huc, hither; Hac, this way. Illic, there; Illinc, thence; Illuc, thither; Illac, that way. Adverbs of Time are formed in a variety of ways: as Quando, when; Nunc, now; Hodie, to-day, &c. As Examples of Adverbs of Quantity, take those Numeral Adverbs, of which we gave a list in the Chapter of Adjectives (11. 13); as Bis, twice; Ter, thrice, &c. Ego sum bis felix; I am twice happy. The adjective Felix denotes that I possess the quality, Happiness. The adverb Bis joined to it denotes the quality of the quality Happiness in respect of Quantity. The happiness is double, not single. d. 4. Of Place 5. Of Time. 6. Of Quan tity. 7. Other There are various Adverbs which do not fall readily under any of the above divisions: as Non, not; Haud, not (just Adverts. the reverse); Frustra, in vain ; Immo, nay. Yet they may perhaps be traced up to one of these divisions. For instance, |