out as stores, for sixty hogsheads. Within a few years, pale ale of the first quality is brewed, and justly esteemed, being light, sprightly, and free from that bitterness which distinguishes porter. Coleman's deserves particular notice. The quantity of each particular malt liquor brewed in Philadelphia, cannot be given, as there is no excise, nor duty upon hops or malt, and if there be no other mode of ascertaining the point, it is to be hoped we shall ever remain ignorant on the subject. Great quantities of porter, ale, and beer, are exported to the other States. The hops are almost entirely brought from New England; much of the barley comes from the same quarter, especially Rhode Island.

The distilleries of rum, whiskey, and for rectifying, are numerous: and the improvements in the art are general and great. The preperation of gin has become an important business, and its exportation regular and extensive. We still however, want the knowledge of the peculiar art, of giving it that flavour which justly renders the Holland gin so deservedly esteemed. The discovery of the principle upon which this depends, remains for some enterprizing American.

The taste and merit of the mechanics are exhibited in no respect more clearly, than in the general construction of shipping; which commonly sail well, work easily, and are very strong. Various improvements, it is understood, have been introduced, tending to increase their capacity, without diminishing their strength or power of sailing. In the accommodations too, and arrangements for passengers, when built with that view, they are very convenient. Their external appearance is much improved by the skill of that excellent carver, William Rush, who without the advantage of seeing any good models, or having any instruction from great masters, has arrived to much éminence in his art, and is thought to sur

pass any naval carver in Europe. This is a bold assertion; but the voluntary expression of admiration excited in Europe by his elegant figures, and the opportunities of comparison with the works of Europeans, afforded by commerce, in every part of the world, and even the opinion of British artists, may be adduced in its justification. The striking likeness of Mr. John Adams, late president of the United States, as a head for the frigate bearing his name, and of others, from memory alone, are full proofs of the powers of his mind, and the success of his chisel.

Before the American war, a considerable spirit prevailed for the culture of the silk worm; and a society was established for its encouragement, with a fund for the purchase of the raw material. The common black mulberry, was found to answer well for the food of the insect. A filature was also erected under the direction of the society, on the present site of the University in Ninth street. In one instance, a lady in the vicinity of Philadelphia, raised on her father's farm, as many worms as produced a piece of silk, of more than fifty yards in length; it was manufactured in London, under the care of Dr. Franklin, in 1772.

The following is a short abstract of the marshal's report of the Manufactures in the city and county of Philadelphia.

Looms
Spinning-wheels,
Oil Mills,

273

3,648

3

value of work last

The above is generally deemed under the actual number of the distilleries, mechanics and manufactu

rers.

Press-History-Progress-Present state.

Among the numerous respectable men, and useful mechanics, who early emigrated to the new world, was William Bradford, printer, who in less than six weeks after the city was founded, established a press.

* Abstract of the amount of the annual manufactures, manufacturing establishments, &c. in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, as per the return of the assistants to the marshal of the district, for the year 1810.

Manufactures in Flax, Hemp, Wool, and Cotton,
In Grain, Fruit, &c.

In Leather,

In Lead,

In Iron,

In Tanneries

$4,279,174

15,778,424

Hats
Paper, &c.

1,296,346

Miscellaneous,

Manufacturing Establishments in Cotton, Wool,

9,451,941

$44,194,740

The first specimen of his work, is a sheet almanac,* for the year 1687, in twelve compartments; the year beginning with March, and ending with February, as was usual, before the 18th century. A copy of this first specimen of American typography, is preserved in the public library of Philadelphia. The place of his residence is not certainly known: but in 1689, another work, on the subject of the New England Churches, by G. Keith, is dated in that year, in Philadelphia. Disputes having arisen in the Society of Friends, Bradford took part with the minority, and published the pamphlets of Keith and Thomas Budd, against the governing party, which occasioned the imprisonment of himself and friends, and induced him after his liberation, to settle in New York, to which place he removed in 1690.

Reinier Jansen, evidently a Dutchman by name, but of whose history, no facts are on record; managed Bradford's Press in Pennsylvania in his own name, after the removal of the latter to New York, until the year 1712, when Andrew Bradford, son of William, came from New York, and from that time until 1723, was the only printer in the colony. In 1719, he printed the first newspaper in Pennsylvania, in company with John Copson; it was entitled the "AMERICAN WEEKLY MERCURY," and printed on a half sheet of paper. He also printed the Almanacs of Jacob Taylor, Titan Leed, John Jerman, and William Birket for several years.-In 1723, a se

*The title of this work, is "An Almanac for the year of the Christian account, 1687; particularly respecting the meridian and latitude of Burlington, but may indifferently suit all places adjacent. By Daniel Leeds, Student in Agriculture. Printed and sold by William Bradford, near Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania pro. Anno. 1687."-Thomas's History of Printing. p. 1-8.

†The particulars are detailed in the History of Printing, in America, by Isaiah Thomas: a work which will amply repay the reader for the perusal.

cond printing office was opened by Samuel Keimer, of whom several curious anecdotes are given by Dr. Franklin,* and I. Thomas.-He printed the second newspaper in Pennsylvania, commencing December 24, 1728, and entitled the "Universal Instructor in all Arts and Sciences, and Pennsylvania Gazette." It was a folio sheet. After the return of Franklin from England (in 1727,) he united for a short time with Hugh Meridith, and continued Keimer's per, on a whole or a half sheet, as occasion required. In 1747-8, it was published by Franklin and D. Hall, on a whole sheet, crown folio, and afterwards enlarged. The successors of Hall, continue this paper weekly under the title of the "Pennsylvania Gazette."

ра

William Bradford, grandson of the first William, commenced printing a weekly paper in 1742, which was continued by him and his successors until about the year 1797. Various others succeeded,† some of which were given up, and some continue. A German newspaper was printed weekly in Philadelphia, so early as 1743, by Joseph Crellius, under the direction of the late Rev. Dr. Smith, provost of the college of Philadelphia, who had also the management of the German press, an appointment he received from a benevolent society in London, instituted for "promoting religi