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from abroad in any language."" (Fox Bourne, English Newspapers, I, 66.)

Thus conducted for the first forty issues, the Daily Courant then fell into the hands of Samuel Buckley, who later printed the Spectator. He enlarged it by an additional page, including domestic news and In 1735 the Courant was advertisements as well as foreign news. merged with the Daily Gazetteer.

36 1 Post-boy: Writing in 1706, John Dunton says that "Boyer's 'Post-Boy' (published every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday,) might properly be called 'The Spanish and English Intelligence' . . . Mr. Boyer is the greatest master of the French Tongue (witness his 'French Grammar' and 'French Dictionary ') and the most impartial Historian (witness his Annals of Queen Anne') of any we have in England." Abel Roper started the Postboy in 1695; according to Dunton he was Boyer's publisher in 1706. Boyer, who succeeded one Thomas in the editorship, had charge of the paper from 1705 to 1709. The only copy that we have examined, the issue “From Saturday, May 3, to Tuesday, May 6, 1715," is of two columns, in folio, contains eight pages of news, the English and the French text in parallel columns, and is “Printed The British Museum has an for John Morphew near Stationers-Hall." incomplete file, Nos. 9-2422, with many omissions, 1695-1710, including as printers Roper, E. Wilkinson and R. Clavel, J. Salusbury, and R. Baldwin.

36 11 The Mall: a walk on the north side of St. James's Park. Swift writes to Stella (27 Dec., 1712): "I met Addison and Pastoral Philips on the Mall to-day and took a turn with them."

36 28 Prince Menzikoff, and the Dutchess of Mirandola : Alexander Danilovitch Mentschikoff (circ. 1672-circ. 1730), general and minister under Peter the Great. After the death of Peter, Mentschikoff virtually controlled the policy of Catharine I (1725-1727); early in the reign of Peter II, he was deposed and sent to Siberia. With others of the Russian court, Mentschikoff accompanied Peter the Great to England in 1698.

37 19-20 The present Negotiations of peace: The Peace of Utrecht (1713) was preceded by indecisive negotiations extending through portions of the years 1708, 1709, and 1710.

38 Motto: Terence, Andria, Prologue, l. 17: "While they pretend to know more than others, they know nothing in reality."

387 Tom Folio: As early as 1725 Tom Folio was identified with Thomas Hearne, who knew RawThomas Rawlinson (1681-1725).

linson well, wrote in his diary on Sept. 4, 1725:

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Some gave out, and

published it too in printed papers, that Mr. Rawlinson understood the editions and title-pages of books only, without any other skill in them, and thereupon they stiled him TOM FOLIO. But these were only buffoons, and persons of very shallow learning." This identification does not in any way fit Rawlinson, who was a rich collector and a patron of antiquaries, not a bookselling agent; but it is contemporary.

38 20 Aldus: Aldus Manutius (circ. 1450-1515), the famous Venetian printer, founder of the Aldine press, which was kept up by his son Paulus (1512-1574) and his grandson Aldus (1547-1597), neither of whom equalled the first Aldus. See Renouard, Annales de l'Impri

merie des Alde, 2 vols., Paris, 1804.

38 20 Elzevir: a family of celebrated Dutch printers. They began to print about 1583; Louis Elzevir was working as late as 1712. Their best work was done between 1625 and 1650; it took the form of editions of the classics in 12mo and smaller, and of French works on history and politics in 24mo ("Petites Républiques"). See Bérard, Essai bibliographique sur les éditions des Elzévirs, Paris, 1822; E. M. Goldsmid, A Complete Catalogue of all the Publications of the Elzevir Presses, etc., Edinburgh, 1885-1888.

38 22 Harry Stephens: (Fr. Henri Estienne; Lat. Stephanus), born at Paris in 1470; began to print about 1503; died 1520.

38 25-26 Cries up the goodness of the Paper, etc.: Addison himself, it is to be observed, was thoroughly appreciative of beautiful and correct editions: in Spect. 370 he speaks of Holland and Venice as worthy of imitation in that there "Elzevir and Aldus are more frequently mentioned than any Pensioner of the one or Doge of the other." And a little later he adds: “The new edition which is given us of Cæsar's Commentaries [a beautiful edition by Dr. Samuel Clarke, published in 1712 by Tonson in folio] is a Work that does Honour to the English Press. It is no wonder that an Edition should be very correct, which has passed through the Hands of one of the most accurate, learned, and judicious Writers this Age has produced. The Beauty of the Paper, of the Character, and of the several Cuts with which this noble Work is Illustrated, makes it the finest Book that I have ever seen; and is a true Instance of the English Genius."

397 Flashy lacking substance, trashy, insipid. Cf. Milton, Lycidas, 1. 122; Bacon, Of Studies.

39 17 A late paper: Tatler 154.

39 23 Æneas: Eneid, vi, 893 ff.

39 29 Daniel Heinsius's Edition: P. Virgilii | Maronis | Opera | nunc | emendatiora. | Lugd. Batavor. | Ex officina Elzeviriana. Ao. 1636.

Dibdin (Greek and Latin Classics, II, 547–548) speaks of a and a "false edition, and discriminates between them.

"true"

40 4-5 Reclaim against such a Punctuation: Nichols has "declaim,” which is almost certainly wrong: the 1710-1711 edition of the Tatler has reclaim (in italics); Tickell has the same. Furthermore, in his mock annotations in Spect. 470 Addison uses the word reclaim. Evidently the word was in use by scholars.

40 6 One Simile of Virgil writ in his own hand: cf. Earle's character of "An Antiquary" from the Microcosmographie, 1628: He would give all the Bookes in his Study (which are rarities all) for one of the old Romane binding, or sixe lines of Tully in his owne hand." (Arber's ed., p. 29.)

40 19 Pastor-fido: a pastoral drama by Giovanni Battista Guarini (1537-1612), first acted in 1583, first printed in 1590.

41 13-14 Six lines of Boileau: Boileau, Euvres, ed. Gidel, I, 92, Satire iv (Les folies humaines), 11. 5-10.

42 Motto: Catullus, De Suffeno, xxii, 14-20: "Suffenus has no more wit than a mere clown, when he attempts to write verses; and yet he is never happier than when he is scribbling; so much does he admire himself and his compositions. And, indeed, this is the foible of every one of us; for there is no man living who is not a Suffenus in one thing or other."

42 6-7 A late paper of yours: No. 155.

42 9 Gazette: The London Gazette, begun Nov. 14, 1665, as the Oxford Gazette and changing with No. 24 (Feb. 5, 1666) to its present title, was "published by Authority"; it has continued to the present time. The nature of its authority appears from a letter written by Steele, who became Gazetteer in 1707, to Joshua Dawson, Secretary to the Lords Justices of Ireland: Having for some time since been appointed by the Secretaries of State to write the Gazette I have authority to use their names in desiring such intelligence as may be usefull or necessary to be inserted in that Paper." (Aitken's Steele, I, 155.)

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So far as this passage is concerned, however, we shall probably understand Addison's meaning if we consider the Gazette as a journal devoted chiefly to foreign news. Addison says in Spect. 105: "If you mention either of the Kings of Spain or Poland, he talks very notably; but if you go out of the Gazette you drop him." Smith (Spectator, I, 318) quotes Clodpate in Shadwell's Epsom Wells, who says (act i, scene 1): “Oh, I love Gazettes extreamly . . . they are such pretty penn'd Things; and I do love to hear of Wisnowisky, Potosky, General Wrangle, and Count Tot, and all those brave fellows."

42 18 Waller: In his Account of the Greatest English Poets (1694) Addison had written:

But now, my muse, a softer strain rehearse,

Turn every line with art, and smooth thy verse;
The courtly Waller next commands thy lays :
Muse, turn thy verse with art to Waller's praise.
While tender airs and lovely dames inspire
Soft melting thoughts, and propagate desire;
So long shall Waller's strains our passion move.

Addison mentions Waller in Spect. 8.

431 Gothick: Until a little after the middle of the eighteenth century, when it began to be vindicated by Warton and Hurd, the word Gothic, as applied to art and to literature, was a term of reproach, meaning "barbarous," "inelegant." Examples of its use, chronologically arranged, are given in the Oxford Dictionary. On the work of Warton, Hurd, and other admirers of medievalism, see the histories of romanticism by Phelps (chap. vi) and Beers (chap. vii); on the Gothic revival in architecture, see Eastlake's Gothic Revival, London, 1872, and C. H. Moore's Development and Character of Gothic Architecture, New York, 1899.

43 27 Sting in the tail of an Epigram so... your Criticks call it: The Oxford Dictionary quotes Topsell's Serpents (1653): "Some learned Writers . . . have compared a Scorpion to an Epigram . . . because as the sting of the Scorpion lyeth in the tayl, so the force and vertue of an Epigram is in the conclusion." The Century Dictionary quotes also these lines, which we have not been able to identify : The qualities rare in a bee that we meet

In an epigram never should fail;

The body should always be little and sweet,
And a sting should be left in its tail.

44 1 Roscommon's translation: Wentworth Dillon (1633?-1685), fourth Earl of Roscommon, published in 1680 a translation into English blank verse of Horace's Art of Poetry.

45 30 Cupid... like a Porcupine: cf. Spect. 377, where Addison says, "I think Mr. Cowley has with greater justness of thought compared a beautiful woman to a porcupine, that sends an arrow from every part."

46 Motto: Virgil, Æneid, i, 208: "Through various hazards and events we move."

The device represented by the paper, a satire of society by means of the fictitious adventures of a piece of money, is not uncommon. Cf. John

Taylor, A Shilling, or the Trauiles of Twelvepence, 1622; Richard Bathurst, “Adventures of a Halfpenny,” 1753 (Adventurer, No. 43) ; Charles Johnstone, Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea, 1760–65; H. Scott, The Adventures of a Rupee, 1782. The hint of this paper may have come from Swift, who wrote to Stella on November 30, 1710: “You are mistaken in all your conjectures about the Tatlers. I have given him one or two hints, and you have heard me talk about the Shilling.”

48 13 A Serjeant made use of me: On the methods of recruiting at this time, see Farquhar's Recruiting-Officer, 1706, especially act ii, scene 3. The point is that to take money from a sergeant bound a man to enlistment. Thus, in the scene referred to, Sergeant Kite gives broad-pieces to two unwilling recruits and then informs them that they are enlisted; they deny it, whereupon a dispute occurs. Meanwhile Captain Plume has entered and asks what is the matter.

"Kite. They disobey command; they deny their being listed.

'Apple [tree, one of the unwilling recruits]. Nay, sergeant, we don't downright deny it neither; that we dare not do, for fear of being shot; but we humbly conceive in a civil way, and begging your worship's pardon, that we may go home.

"Plume. That's easily known. Have either of you received any of the queen's money?"

48 22 Bent me: an ancient popular custom.

See Brand-Hazlitt,

Popular Antiquities of Great Britain, II, 50–51; cf. Hudibras, i, 1, 488:

Like Commendation Ninepence crook't,
With to and from my love it lookt;

and see Dr. Grey's note on the passage. Cf. Gay's Pastorals, v, 129. 49 2 Squirred: threw with a jerk. Cf. Spect. 77.

49 12-13 Pair of Breeches: Strype (1720) says of the Commonwealth coins that they all "had upon one side the cross of England, in a single Escotcheon; and on the other side the English Cross in one Escotcheon, and the Irish harp in another; not impaled, but joined together in two several Escotcheons." The effect was rather like the letter W, with a straight line drawn across the top. See Humphreys, The Coinage of the British Empire, London, 1854, Fig. 17 in Plate X, opp. p. 108.

49 28 Clipped my Brims, etc.: Evelyn speaks, July 15, 1694, of “many executed at London for clipping money, now don to that intolerable extent, that there was hardly any money that was worth above halfe the nominal value." Cf. Dec. 23, 1695; January 12, 1696.

50 1-2 In the midst of this general calamity, etc.: "The general coinage had fallen into a bad state, and much old hammered money

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