one continual sin-offering, exhibiting, not in symbol, but in reality, the death of sin, and powerfully impelling his followers to the same example. To give one illustrious example of this, I would direct the reader's attention to his conduct, as described John vi. 16, when he rejected the kingdom which the worldly-minded Jews offered him. In order that he might subdue every temptation and preserve his innocence, he at once made a sacrifice of ambition, of pride, of covetousness, of sensuality-of all those sins, in short, which a man might be supposed to enjoy by the acquisition of a kingdom, when that acquisition could not be made without relinquishing the work assigned him by God. p. 374.

"God sent his son into the world to die as a victim, in order to represent the death to which we ought to devote every sin-When we put sin to death, in imitation of the death of our Saviour, as the Jews put their sin to death in imitation of the death of the victims which they slew, then the end of Christ's death as a victim is fully accomplished in us.' pp. 378, 80.

The confidence of the Author in the sufficiency of his hypothesis, is very great, and the complacency with which he refers to the precision of his statements and the harmony of his adjustments, is observable in almost every page: he delights in describing them as simple, easy, and perfect. But could he ever expect that we should abandon the higher view of the sacrifice of Christ, against which he is so determined in his opposition, for a system so crude and so remote from the doctrine of the New Testament as this?-a system, too, which is self-contradictory in relation to the very purpose which the Author professes to have had in view in constructing it! Mr. Nicol undertakes to demonstrate the reality of Christ's sacrifice, and his proof, when produced, goes to prove that Christ's death could be no sacrifice at all! Instead of establishing his assumption, that the victim of the sin-offering adumbrated our Lord, which is essential to the completion of his own design, he makes out a case of corresponding resemblance between the Jewish offerer and our Lord. And even this analogy entirely fails; for, unless the mind of our Lord was actually tainted with the sins of ambition, covetousness, and sensuality,-unless there were in his mind the consciousness and guilt of these sins, he could not be symbolized by the offerer of a sinoffering. It was proper, in the sin-offering, that the offerer ⚫ should kill the victim, because he was polluted, as the symbol of his putting sin to death, that he might be cleansed.' What correspondence to Christ can any reasonable being see in all this? And yet, the Author's hypothesis is to be considered as pressing with overwhelming force' against the commonly received notions of the sacrifice of the Redeemer!

No" is that part of his hypothesis which respects the death of Christ either more intelligible or more consistent; since, instead of exhibiting itas a real sacrifice, it represents it merely as a symbol.

Art. III. Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa, in the Years 1822, 1823, and 1824, by Major Denham, Captain Clapperton, and the late Doctor Oudney. With an Appendix. By Major Dixon Denham, and Captain Hugh Clapperton, R.N. the Surveyors of the Expedition. 4to. pp. 604. Price 41. 14s. 6d. London. 1826.

W

7E have, at length, something in compensation for the expenditure of valuable life that has been lavished on African discovery; and, at the comparatively trivial cost of three out of six gallant adventurers, an authentic series of important facts has been ascertained in a way very different from the unavoidably vague specifications of previous narratives. We may now venture to speak of geographical position. A line of distinct localities, from Tripoli, on the shore of the Mediterranean, to the 10th parallel of north latitude, has been verified by scientific process, and a lateral route, lying generally between the 12th and 13th parallels, has been explored, under the same advantages, from the 6th to the 17th degree of east longitude. The capitals of Bornou, Mandara, and of the Felatah tribes, have been successively visited, and the two leading powers of Central Africa have expressed their wish to establish a regular intercourse with Great Britain.

This favourable change has entirely arisen out of the friendly disposition of the Bashaw of Tripoli, over whom our consul, Mr. Warrington, has obtained an influence which, powerful as it is, the following anecdote will prove to have been secured by no unworthy means.

Since the reduction of the refractory Arabs to submission, no chief had received such repeated marks of kindness and attention from the Bashaw, as Shiekh Belgassam ben Khalifa, head of the powerful tribe of El Gibel. At the particular request of the former, Shiekh Khalifa had quitted his tents and flocks, resided in the city, and was high in his prince's confidence-fatal pre-eminence in Barbary states!—and had been presented, but a few months before, with one of the most beautiful gardens in the Minshea. Returning from the castle after an evening of music and dancing in the Bashaw's private apartments, Belgassam kissed the hand that had signed his death-warrant, and took his leave. At his own door a pistol-shot wounded him in the arm, and on entering the Skiffa, or passage, a second entered his body. The old Shiekh, after his slave had

fastened the door, staggered to his carpet, and then, in the arms of his wife, proclaimed his assassin to be his own nephew, Shiekh Mahmoud Belgassam Wildé Sowdoweah. The work being, however, but half done, others rushed in, and seven stabs put an end to his sufferings, notwithstanding the screams of his wife, who received two wounds herself, in endeavouring to save her husband. The poor old man was almost instantly buried, and the three persons who had un dertaken the murder, fled to the British consulate for protection. Early the next morning, however, the consul despatched his dragoman to give the Bashaw notice, that the murderers of Khalifa would find no protection under the flag of England." The Bashaw said, "he was shocked at the murder, and regretted the assassins having taken refuge in the consulate, as it was a sanctuary he could not violate, particularly as he understood they meant to resist and were well armed." Our consul replied, "that the Bashaw was at liberty to send any force he pleased, and use any means he thought best, to drag them from beneath a banner that never was disgraced by giving protection to assassins." The minister also came and expressed the Bashaw's delicacy; and it was evident he did not expect such would be the conduct of the consul; he was, however, peremptory, and the Bashaw dared not seem to favour such an act of villainy. It was sunset before he decided on taking them away, when about sixteen of the chosen people of the castle entered the consulate, and the wretches, although provided with arms, which they had loaded, tremblingly resigned themselves, and were, in less than an hour, hanging over the walls of the castle.'

6

In consequence of Mr. Warrington's report, that the road from Tripoli to Bornou was as open as that from London to Edinburgh,' it was determined by the English Government to make an attempt at discovery in that quarter; and, various arrangements having been made, the party started for Mourzuk, in March, 1822. There were many circumstances of difficulty and embarrassment connected with the first movements; but, at length, after repeated delays, the British mission, under the guard of a strong detachment of Arabs, commanded by Boo-Khaloom, was, in November, fairly on the road to Bornou. The detention at Mourzuk does not appear to have added much to the information previously supplied by Capt. Lyon; and an excursion into the country of the Tuaricks by Dr. Oudney and Capt. Clapperton, is rather cursorily detailed. These predatory tribes seem to possess much of the gallantry and hospitality of the Bedouin Arabs, and it should seem that a further progress through their country would have been attended with few difficulties. Before, however, we proceed with our countrymen on their journey toward the interior, we shall go back for the purpose of citing the particulars of an interesting interview between Major Denham and a native

female, the sister of a wealthy merchant at Zeghren, a town to the northward of Mourzuk. The friendly trader had prevailed on the Major to occupy an apartment in his house.

Almost the first person that presented herself, was my friend the merchant's sister, I had almost said the fair Omhal Henna. She had a wooden bowl of haleeb (fresh milk) in her hand, the greatest rarity she could offer, and holding out the milk with some confusion towards me with both her hands, the hood which should have concealed her beautiful features had fallen back; as my taking the milk from her would have prevented the amicable salutation we both seemed prepared for, and which consisted of four or five pressures of the hand, with as many haish harlecks, and tiebs, and ham dulillahs, she placed the bowl upon the ground, while the ceremonies of greeting, which take a much longer time in an African village than in an English drawing-room, were, by mutual consent, most cordially performed. I really could not help looking at her with astonishment, and I heartily wish that I had the power of conveying an idea of her portrait. It was the Jemma (Friday), the Sabbath, and she was covered, for I cannot call it dressed, with only a blue linen barracan, which passed under one arm, and was fastened on the top of the opposite shoulder with a silver pin, the remaining part thrown round the body behind, and brought over her head as a sort of hood, which, as I remarked, had fallen off, and my having taken her hand when she set down the milk, had prevented its being replaced. This accident displayed her jet-black hair in numberless plaits all around her expressive face and neck, and her large sparkling eyes and little mouth, filled with the whitest teeth imaginable. She had various figures burnt on her chin with gunpowder; her complexion was a deep brown; and round her neck were eight or ten necklaces of coral and different coloured beads. So interesting a person I had not seen in the country; and on my remaining some moments with my eyes fixed on her, she recommenced her salutation, “how is your health," &c. and smiling, asked, with great naiveté, "whether I had not learnt, during the last two months, a little more Arabic." I assured her I had. Looking round to see if any body heard her— and having brought the hood over her face-she said: "I first heard of your coming last night, and desired the slave to mention it to my brother. I have always looked for your coming, and at night, because at night I have sometimes seen you. You were the first man whose hand I ever touched—but they all said it did not signify with you, an Insara (a Christian). God turn your heart!—but my brother says, you will never become Moslem: won't you, to please Abdi Zeleel's sister? My mother says, God would have never allowed you to come, but for your conversion." By this time, again the hood had fallen back, and I again had taken her hand, when the unexpected appearance of Abdi Zeleel, accompanied by the governor of the town, who came to visit me, was a most unwelcome interruption. Omhal Henna quickly escaped; she had, however, overstepped the line, and I saw her no more.'

On the return from the interior, Major Denham had another interview with this attractive damsel; and as his narrative will complete the description of a favourable specimen of moderu female manners in North Africa, we shall add it to the above.

• Omul Henna, by whom I was so much smitten on my first visit to this place, was now, after a disappointment by the death of her betrothed, with whom she had read the fatah just before my last visit, only a wife of three days old. The best dish, however, out of twenty which the town furnished, came from her; it was brought separately, inclosed in a new basket of date-leaves, which I was desired to keep'; and her old slave who brought it inquired, "Whether I did not mean to go to her father's house, and (salaam) salute her mother?" I replied," Certainly" and just after dark, the same slave came to accompany me. We found the old lady sitting over a handful of fire, with eyes still more sore, and person still more neglected, than when I last saw her. She, however, hugged me most cordially, for there was nobody present but ourselves; the fire was blown up, and a bright flame produced, over which we sat down, while she kept saying, or rather singing," Ash harlek? Ash ya barick-che fennick."-" How are you? How do you find yourself? How is it with you?" in the patois of the country; first saying something in Ertana, which I did not understand, to the old slave; and I was just regretting that I should go away without seeing Omul Henna, while a sort of smile rested on the pallid features of my hostess, when in rushed the subject of our conversation. I scarcely knew her at first, by the dim light of the palm-wood fire; she however threw off her mantle, and kissing my shoulder (an Arab mode of salutation), shook my hand, while large tears rolled down her fine features. She said," she was determined to see me, although her father had refused." The mother, it seems, had determined on gratifying her.

:

Omul Henna was now seventeen; she was handsomer than any thing I had seen in Fezzan, and had on all her wedding ornaments; indeed I should have been a great deal agitated at her apparent great regard, had she not almost instantly exclaimed, "Well! you must make haste; give me what you have brought me ! You know I am a woman now, and you must give me something a great deal richer than you did before besides, I am Sidi Gunana's son's wife, who is a great man; and when he asks me what the Christian gave me, let me be able to shew him something very handsome." "What," said I, "does Sidi Gunana know then of your coming?" "To be sure," said Omul Henna, "and sent me: his father is a Maraboot, and told him, you English were people with great hearts and plenty of money; so I might come." "Well then," said I, " if that is the case, you can be in no hurry." She did not think so; and my little present was no sooner given, than she hurried away, saying she would return directly, but not keeping her word. Well done, simplicity! thought I: well done, unsophisticated nature! No town-bred coquette could have played her part better.'

We question the lady's coquetry. The kindness throughout