'Buyer. First, noble sir, what country do you come from? Diogenes. From all countries. Buyer. What do you mean? Diogenes. You see in me a citizen of the world. So Diogenes Laertius, in his chapter on Diogenes the Cynic, tells us, that the philosopher, when asked what countryman he was, replied, 'A Cosmopolite' (κοσμοπολίτης). P. 118, 1. 6. The statues of the English kings were from the first the ornament of the Royal Exchange. A spectator of the Fire of London, in 1666, wrote: As London was the glory of England, so was the Royal Exchange one of the greatest glories and ornaments of London. There were the · statues of the kings and queens of England set up, as in the most conspicuous and honourable place, as well receiving lustre from the place where they stood, as giving lustre to it.' In the Great Fire, the Royal Exchange, statues and all, became a prey to the flames. Another spectator describes how the fire, descending the stairs, compassed the walks, giving forth flaming vollies, and filling the court with sheets of fire; by and by the kings fell all down upon their faces, and the greatest part of the building after them.' (See Brayley's London and Middlesex.) The Exchange was speedily rebuilt, and the statues reappeared, almost in their old places. Above the entablature in the inner court were twenty-four niches, nineteen of which are occupied by statues of the English sovereigns, from Edward I down to George III, Edward II, Richard II, Henry IV, and Richard III being excluded.' (Lewis' Topogr. Dict. of England, 1831.) But now, alas! the English kings look down no longer from their pedestals: Sir William Tite dethroned them, when he rebuilt the Royal Exchange in 1844. 1. 23. 'Acted' is used in the sense of 'actuated.' This use of the verb to act' appears to have become antiquated about this time; no later instance than one from the works of South is given in Latham's Dictionary. P. 119, 1. 31. Polyb. Historiarum lib. iv. Cicero, De Republica. P. 120, l. 17. C. Suetonius Tranquillus, a contemporary of Trajan, wrote the lives of the twelve Cæsars,' that is, of the first twelve of the Roman emperors, including Julius Cæsar. P. 121, 1. 29. Compare with the passage in the text the noble words of Milton in his Areopagitica: 'Behold now this vast city, a city of refuge, the mansion-house of liberty, encompassed and surrounded with His protection; the shop of war hath not there more anvils and hammers working to fashion out the plates and instruments of armed justice in defence of beleaguered truth, than there be pens and heads there, sitting by their studious lamps, musing, searching, revolving new notions and ideas, wherewith to present, as with their homage and their fealty, the approaching reformation; others as fast reading, trying all things, assenting to the force of reason and convincement.' P. 122, 1. 8. When Addison wrote, the Morea belonged to the Republic of Venice, and the condition of that part of Greece was better than his words imply. Mr. Finlay, in his Greece under Foreign Domination,' says: The young Greeks of the Morea, who grew to manhood under the protection of the Republic, were neither so ignorant, so servile, nor so timid as their fathers who had lived under the Turkish yoke.' But, in 1714, Turkey declared war against Venice, and easily re-conquered the Morea. IV. RELIGION, MORALS, SUPERSTITION. P. 123, 1. 16. Childermas Day, or the feast of the Holy Innocents, falls on the 28th of December. For a child to begin anything on the day on which so many children were slaughtered seems to have been thought unlucky. Sailors, for a similar reason, dislike going to sea on a Friday. But how could giving way to this superstition be said to involve 'losing a day in every week?? P. 124, l. 17. In the battle of Almanza, fought on the 24th of April, 1707, the English, Dutch, and Portuguese, commanded by Lord Galway and the Marquis Das Minas, were signally defeated by the French and Spaniards, led by Marshal Berwick. This battle ruined the cause of the Austrian pretender to the crown of Spain, and established Philip V on the throne. · P. 127, 1. 26. We should say on plate'; but all the old editions seem to be agreed in reading 'in.' P. 128, 1. 2. Galoon is a kind of narrow shoe-ribbon, or lace, from the French galon. P. 131, 1. 2. The passage is in the Phædo. I reckon,' says Socrates, ⚫ that no one who heard me now, not even if he were one of my old enemies the comic poets, could accuse me of idle talking about matters in which I have no concern.' (Prof. Jowett's Translation.) 1. 8. The Clouds. 1. 29. Pasquino was the name of a witty Roman tailor who lived some time in the 16th century. His humorous or satirical sallies were called 'Pasquinate,' which thus became a general name for any witty lampoon. Near his house stood a mutilated ancient statue, not far from the Piazza Navona; the practice grew up of attaching anonymous lampoons to this statue by night; and, in memory of the tailor, the statue itself came to be called Pasquino. (Penny Cyclopædia.) 1. 34. The father of Sixtus V was a gardener, and one of his aunts was a laundress; but this sister, Donna Camilla, does not seem ever to have been engaged in that humble occupation, having been early married to a Calabrian farmer, after whose death she came and kept house for her brother, first when he was Cardinal, and afterwards while he was Pope. P. 132, 1. 2. This story is found in the Life of Sixtus V by Gregorio Leti, published in 1669, a work, says Baron Hübner, full of silly tales, of contradictory statements, and of palpable falsehoods.' This eminent diplomatist, in his ‘Life and Times of Sixtus V,' a work of great interest and ability, adds that the caricatured and bad portrait which [Leti] drew of Sixtus V has unfortunately survived the memory both of himself and of his book.' That Sixtus V governed with terrible severity is an undoubted fact, and few would undertake to defend the justice of all the punishments which he inflicted; yet ideas of public good and even-handed justice seem to have been at the bottom of all his administrative acts, even the harshest. The foundation of the story repeated by Addison may probably be found in the account of a terrible execution recorded by Baron Hübner (i. 277, Jerningham's Translation). An ecclesiastic, who had been for many years a newsmonger and pamphleteer, was executed on the bridge of St. Angelo. Before he expired on the gibbet, he had his hands and his tongue cut off. A list of his crimes was written up on a board, stating that he had during many years spread about false news, calumniated people of all ranks, insulted the worship of saints by exhibiting obscene statuettes, and corresponded with heretical princes.' Mr. Morley, in his note on the passage, assumes the truth of Leti's story, and quotes from him additional particulars; probably he had not seen Baron Hübner's work. ་ P. 132, 1. 2. This is the famous, or rather infamous, Pietro Aretino (1492– 1557), a native of Arezzo in Tuscany, who employed himself a great part of his life in writing satires and ribald poetry of all sorts. 1. 32. For as is used in the sense of 'inasmuch as.' · 1. 36. Sir Roger L'Estrange, an ardent Royalist, wrote a pamphlet entitled 'No Blind Guides,' in 1660, in reply to Milton's Ready Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth.' His Fables are translated from Æsop, with a life prefixed. P. 134, 1. 31. Among these scurrilous publications may be reckoned the Female Tatler, conducted by T. Baker, and the Weekly Review, conducted by Defoe. Swift's organ, the Examiner, was not particularly scrupulous. As the century wore on, the evil did not diminish; witness the violence of the Terra Filius, the pertinacious scurrility of the Craftsman, and the intolerable licence of Wilkes's North Briton. 1. 39. Cic., De Republica, iv. 10: 'Nostræ contra duodecim fabulæ, cum perpaucas res capite sanxissent, in his hanc quoque sanciendam putaverunt, si quis occentavisset sive carmen condidisset, quod infamiam faceret flagitiumve alteri.' P. 135, 1. 34. Valentinian and Valens were emperors, the one of the West, the other of the East, in the second half of the fourth century after Christ. 1. 38. From Bayle's Dissertation upon Defamatory Libels. (Morley.) P. 136, l. 14. That is, anticipates, is beforehand with. So the word is used in the Collect, beginning- Prevent us, O Lord, in all our doings.' P. 137, 1. 19. Cicero, De Amic. ch. vi.: Nam et secundas res splendidiores facit amicitia, et adversas, partiens communicansque, leviores.' 1. 23. See Bacon's Essay Of Friendship.' 1. 31. The term apocryphal (which, though its etymological meaning is merely 'hidden,' 'kept secret,' had come to be used in malam partem before the age of Athanasius), is not properly applicable to the book of Wisdom, nor to any of the books which, though not contained in the Hebrew canon, are included in the Septuagint version of the Old Testament. See Smith's Bible Dictionary. P. 140, l. 12. Seneca, Dial. x. De Brevitate Vitæ, § 1. P. 143, 1. 20. There is evidently something omitted in this sentence, through oversight either on the part of Addison or of the printers. To make sense of it, we must read, The skills,' or 'The industries of the florist, the planter,' &c. 1. 31. Robert Boyle (1627-1691) was a celebrated natural philosopher of the seventeenth century. The saying, according to Prof. Morley, is that of an old alchemist concerning antimony, quoted by Boyle in his Usefulness of Natural Philosophy. P. 144, 1. 31. Locke's Essay on the Human Understanding, Book. ii. ch. 14. P. 145, 1. 21. There is no such passage in the Koran, where it is simply said that Mahomet made a night journey to Jerusalem, and thence to Paradise, passing through the seven heavens on his way. But the passage, nearly as quoted by Addison, is in the Turkish Tales (published by Tonson in 1708), and forms the introduction to the History of Chec Chahabeddin, the learned doctor who figures in the story presently related about the Sultan and the tub. P. 147, l. 4. ‘Landskip' is less divergent from the old Anglo-Saxon form of the word, 'landscipe,' than the 'landscape' of our modern orthography. P. 149, 1. 38. These lines are considered in treatises on Conic Sections; they are called asymptotes. P. 152, 1. 12. It seemed unnecessary to quote in extenso the long passage from Horace which follows in the original editions of the Spectator; it will be found in the third satire on the first Book, Il. 3-19. 1. 14. This well-known passage is in the first book of Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel; the satire was aimed at the Duke of Buckingham. P. 153, 1. 2. George Saville, Marquis of Halifax (1630-1695), wrote several clever political pamphlets, e.g. The Character of a Trimmer, besides the tract mentioned in the text. P. 163, 1. 19. Gallies' in all the old editions. But if gallies' be the proper plural of 'galley,' we should write chimnies' and 'donkies' instead of chimneys and donkeys. 1. 34. The violence with which the Swiss Radicals, and the free-thinking partisans of 'Kultur' in Germany, are now (1875), and have been for some time past, persecuting the Roman Catholic Church in their respective countries, supplies a curious illustration of the passage in the text. P. 164, 1. 8. This passage may remind the reader of some lines in Pope's Dunciad (Book iv.), where the fanatical opponents of fanaticism are introduced as assisting to extend the empire of Dulness : "“Be that my task!” exclaimed a gloomy clerk, Sworn foe to mystery, yet divinely dark; Prompt to impose, and fond to dogmatize.' P. 166, 1. 7. The English Deists were at this time represented by John Toland, author of Christianity not Mysterious, Dr. Tindal, who figures in Pope's Dunciad, Thomas Chubb, and Anthony Collins, author of a Discoursé on Free-Thinking. Lord Bolingbroke was not known to belong to them till a later period. P. 167, l. 18. The Golden Verses' of Pythagoras (the authorship of which cannot be ascribed to the philosopher, but is of uncertain origin and date) extend to seventy-one Greek hexameter lines. They consist of moral, social, and religious maxims, and commence with the line, inculcating rever ence to the gods as man's first duty, which forms the motto of No. 112. They may be found in the Florilegium of Stobæus, and have been edited by Orelli (Opuscula Græca), and other moderns. 1. 22. Phædo, ch. lxvi.: "Throwing off the covering, he (Socrates) said, and it was the last word he uttered, "O Crito, we owe a cock to Asclepius; pay it then, and do not neglect it 1. 27. Immediately therefore he [Cyrus] took victims, and offered them in sacrifice to the ancestral Zeus, and to the Sun, and to the other gods, upon the mountain peaks, as the Persians sacrifice.' (Xen. Cyri Discipl. viii. 7.) But Xenophon himself is a remarkable instance of a man of robust intelligence and great force of character, deliberately, and even earnestly, conforming to the religion of his country and making the best of it, though its many weak and corrupt places must have been well known to him. It is impossible to read through the Anabasis without perceiving that Xenophon believed that that wonderful march was made from first to last under divine direction, obtained and merited by prayer and sacrifice; and that its successful issue was due to the constant, and in some cases miraculous, interposition of an over-ruling Providence. P. 169, 1. 4. The story is told of the Spartans and their Helots. 1. 10. Of Congreve's comedy of Love for Love (1665) Dr. Johnson remarks, that it is of nearer alliance to life, and exhibits more real manners, than either the Old Bachelor or the Double Dealer.' P. 170, 1. 26. Addison probably quotes from the English translation of the interesting work of the Jesuit missionary Father Le Compte, which appeared in London in 1697. The translation is entitled 'The Present State of China.' The Jesuit writes (Part ii. Letter 1): 'If it should happen that a son should be so insolent as to mock his parents, or arrive to that height of |