and then burnt on a bonfire. But the Government received timely information, and caused the effigies to be seized at the house where they were being prepared; so that the project was nipped in the bud.

1. 28. So called because written by one Sir Richard Baker, who published it in 1641, under the title of A Chronicle of the Kings of England from the time of the Romans' Government unto the Death of King James.

P. 55, 1. 7. A passage in Plato's Alcibiades, respecting the estates assigned to Queens of Persia to keep them in dress and jewels.

P. 57, l. 15. This gallant admiral, returning with his fleet to England in 1707, perished by shipwreck on the Scilly Isles.

1. 16. Dr. Busby was head-master of Westminster School for fifty-five years, from 1640 to 1695.

1. 29. Described in Murray's London as an 'alabaster statue of Elizabeth Russell, of the Bedford family-foolishly shown for many years as the lady who died by the prick of a needle.'

1. 36. Edward I, returning victorious from Scotland in 1296, 'took away with him the coronation-stone from the Abbey of Scone, and placed it in Westminster Abbey, where it forms the seat of the chair of Edward the Confessor, used at the coronation of the sovereign.' (Lewis' Topogr. Dict. of Scotland.) The figure of one of our English kings without a head'

is that of Henry V; Reformation.

it was of silver, and was stolen at the time of the

P. 59, 1. 5. The Committee, or The Faithful Irishman, was a comedy written by Sir Robert Howard soon after the Restoration; it was, as may be supposed, monarchical and anti-puritanic in a high degree.

1. 8. The Distressed Mother was a translation or adaptation, by Ambrose Philips, of Racine's tragedy of Andromaque.

1. 13. A class of dissolute young men, like the Ebrius et petulans' of Juvenal's third Satire, who roamed about the streets of London by night, beating quiet men, and annoying pretty women. 'Several dynasties of these tyrants,' says Lord Macaulay, had, since the Restoration, domineered over the streets.' After the Hectors, Scowrers, and others, arose the Nicker, the Hawcubite, and the yet more dreaded name of Mohawk.' (Hist. of England, ch. iii.) Other names for the fast men of their day are given in Shadwell's comedy of the Scowrers, where Tope, an emptyheaded pretender to the character of a real Scowrer, says: This is nothing;

why I knew the Hectors, and before them the Muns, and the Tityre Tus; they were brave fellows indeed.'

P. 60, 1. 7. In which William III was defeated by Marshal Luxemburg,

in 1692.

P. 61, 1. 29. To 'smoke' is to detect or find out; in this place, with a into ridicule.

view of turning P. 63, 1. 8.

The French fleet, commanded by Admiral Tourville, was

defeated by the British fleet under Admiral Russell off Cape La Hogue in 1692.

P. 63, 1. 23. The want of new churches in the growing suburbs of London had long been felt; an address from Convocation on the subject was presented to the Queen in 1711, and this led to resolutions of the House of Commons, readily passed by the High Church and Tory majority, for building fifty new churches within the bills of mortality.

1. 32. That is, member for the county.

P. 69, 1. 2. This celebrated comedy appeared in 1693.

1. 10. In Nos. 499 and 511: omitted from this selection.

1. 38. So Shakespeare, in Henry IV, speaks of a 'sea-coal fire.' Londoners naturally so spoke, because all the coal which they burnt was brought up by sea from Newcastle.

P. 70, 1. 24. The comedy of The Marriage-hater Matched, written by Tom Durfey, appeared in 1692.

1. 28. 'Ruelle' is the passage between a bed and the wall, and the phrase 'homme de ruelle 'originated in the practice of great ladies in France, about this time, receiving the visits of their acquaintances in bed. Hor. Epod. 2. 69.

P. 71, 1. 25. P. 75, 1. 36. After the nomination of a Cardinal, the Pope first 'shuts his mouth' in a private consistory. While his mouth is shut, the cardinal elect can take no part in the proceedings of any of the pontifical congregations. Fifteen days later, the Pope holds another private consistory, and 'opens his mouth,' i. e. removes the disqualification previously imposed. The phrase was probably suggested by the verse of Ecclesiasticus (xv. 5), In the midst of the congregation shall she [Wisdom] open his mouth.'

1. 38. Diogenes Laertius relates that a silence of five years' duration was imposed by Pythagoras on his disciples, and that during this initiation they were only allowed to listen; after this trial they were admitted to the presence of their master for the first time.

II.

EDITORIAL PAPERS.

P. 78, 1. 15. Bacon's Advancement of Learning, Book II, Introd. § 14. P. 83, 1. 2. Gilbert Burnet, afterwards Bishop of Salisbury, travelled in Switzerland and Italy about the year 1685, and published a narrative of his travels in 1687. He saw the inscription mentioned in the text at Lyons; it was on a lady named Suria Anthis. Burnet (Travels, p. 3) conjectures that her husband wrote the inscription, and that the words mean that Suria, having become a Christian, had neglected the worship of the gods of Olympus.

1. 13. Compare the characters of Dr. Cantwell and Maw-worm in Cibber's play of The Hypocrite, as altered by Bickerstaffe.

1. 33. A circular space in Hyde Park, near the east end of the Serpentine. See Garth's Epil. to Cato, and Pope, M. E. ii. 251. 'Certain traces of the Ring, formed in the reign of Charles I, and long celebrated, may be recognised by the large trees somewhat circularly arranged in the centre of the Park.' (Murray's London.)

P. 85, l. 15. By nodding-places' are meant passages where some error or inconsistency has crept into the text, through weariness or oversight on the part of the author. Horace, in his Art of Poetry, wrote:

'Indignor, quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus ;'

and Pope, in his Essay on Criticism, has :—

P. 86, 1. 7.

Those oft are stratagems which errors seem,
Nor is it Homer nods, but we that dream.'

Galen was a famous Greek medical writer and physician, in the second century after Christ.

who flourished P. 89, 1. 1. Lucius Annæus Seneca, the tutor and educator of Nero, and at last the victim of the cruelty and cupidity of his pupil, was the author of various celebrated treatises on moral and philosophical subjects.

Epictetus was a philosopher of the Stoic school, who flourished towards the close of the first century. His philosophy is made known to us by the Dissertations of Arrian, by an Enchiridion or Manual, and by a great number of sentences preserved in the writings of the Emperor Aurelius, Gellius, and others.

P. 89, 1. 36. Addison, quoting probably from memory, does not give the lines quite exactly. They are in Waller's poem 'On the Earl of Roscommon's translation of Horace de Arte Poetica,' and stand thus :—

'Poets lose half the praise they should have got,

P. 90, l. 3.

Could it be known what they discreetly blot.'
i. e. expurgated.

6

P. 92, 1. 38. Quæ genus' and 'As in præsenti' are the opening words of two sections of Lilly's Latin Grammar, which, in Addison's time, was used in all English grammar-schools.

P. 93, l. 16. For an account of these signatory letters see Introd. ad fin. P. 94, 1. 24. Dr. William Alabaster, a native of Suffolk, educated at Cam bridge, and afterwards incorporated at Oxford, accompanied the ill-fated Essex on his expedition to Cadiz in 1597. He was famous for his profound acquaintance with 'what is termed cabalistic learning, which consists in the combination of particular words, letters, and numbers, by which it is pretended you can see clearly into the sense of Scripture.' (New General Biogr. Dict., ed. by Hugh Rose.)

P. 95, 1. 22. He means the general body of the wits' of that age, whom Hobbes' philosophy had disposed to free-thinking, and contact with French and Italian court-manners to licentiousness. The gayer portion of them became dramatists (Congreve, Farquhar, Wycherley, &c.), and too often,

'propagated vice'; while those of graver temper (Toland, Tindal, Chubb, Bolingbroke, &c.) distinguished themselves, under the general name of Deists, by attacks on Christianity.

P. 96, 1. 19. See note to p. 54. A long and interesting note on this matter is in Mr. Wills' Sir Roger de Coverley. It seems that the Pope's procession was an annual affair got up by the city of London on the 17th of November, the anniversary of Queen Elizabeth's accession. It had been discontinued in 1683, but was revived five years later on the acquittal of the seven bishops.

1. 26. The Royal Society, 'incorporated with a view to the promotion of physical science in 1662, arose out of some scientific meetings held at Oxford in the rooms of Dr. Wilkins, then Warden of Wadham College.' (Arnold's Manual of English Literature, p. 258.)

1. 32. Addison borrowed this simile from Swift, who, at the beginning of his Tale of a Tub, explains the strange title at length; his work was thrown out to the wits as sailors throw a tub to a whale, to divert them from their threatened onslaught on the crazy old ship of the state.

P. 98, 1. 5. Some difficulty had arisen in adjusting the terms of peace, to overcome which Lord Bolingbroke himself, about the time that this was written, visited Paris.

1. 14. Richard Baxter, a Presbyterian divine and very voluminous writer, one of the ejected ministers in 1662, died in 1691.

1. 28. This Stamp Act is not mentioned in the ordinary histories of the time. Stamp Duties were first imposed in Holland, in 1624. Swift, in a letter to Mrs. Dingley, dated August 7, 1712, wrote: 'Now every single half-sheet pays a halfpenny to the Queen; the Observator is fallen; the Medleys are jumbled together with the Flying Post; the Examiner is deadly sick; the Spectator keeps up, and doubles its price.'

P. 103, 1. 10. Nahum Tate, versifier of the Psalms, to whom Pope awarded the relative praise, when speaking of some obscure poetasters, that 'nine such poets make a Tate,' was at this time poet-laureate, having succeeded Shadwell in 1692.

The reference is to the preceding paper, No. 541, written

P. 106, 1. 21. by John Hughes. P. 107, 1. 14. Herodotus (i. 84) relates that a son of Croesus, who had been dumb from his birth, being with his father after the taking of Sardis by the Persians, and seeing a soldier raise his sword to kill him, cried out, ‘Man, do not kill Croesus!' It is added that this dumb son for the rest of his life spoke as well as other people.

P. 108, 1. 3. The Mall is the name which has been given since the time of Charles II to the roadways, planted with trees, that border the north side of St. James' Park.

1. 19. The Englishman is mentioned by Dr. Drake as one of the periodical publications written about this time by Steele and Addison. It was, in point of fact, a continuation of the Guardian, substituted for order that he might discuss politics with greater freedom.

by Steele, in

NOTES.

485

1. 20. The Examiner was a paper conducted by Swift in the interest of the Tory ministry; it commenced to appear in November, 1711.

1. 28. Addison's memory here played him false; the words of Horace are 'sic impar sibi.'

P. 109, 1. 32. This was written about six weeks before the death of Queen Anne, at a time when the critical state of her health, the ambiguous conduct of the ministry, and the malcontent temper of the House of Commons, were filling the minds of all friends of the Hanoverian succession with gloomy apprehensions. Swift, writing to Lord Peterborough in the previous month (letter quoted in Lord Mahon's History of England), said,—' I never led a life so thoroughly uneasy as I do at present. Our situation is so bad that our enemies could not, without abundance of invention and ability, have placed us so ill if we had left it entirely to their management. The Queen is pretty well at present; but the least disorder she has puts us in alarm, and when it is over we act as if she were immortal.'

III.

POLITICAL PAPERS.

P. 112, 1. 21. The Act of Uniformity (1662) re-established the Church of England; that of Toleration (1689) gave liberty of worship to the Dis

senters.

1. 22. The Act of Settlement (1701), passed after the death of the Duke of Gloucester, the last surviving child of the Princess Anne, settled the crown on the Princess Sophia, grand-daughter of James I, and the issue of her body, being Protestants.

P. 113, 1. 31. See the Introductory Remarks to this section, p. 111.

P. 35. The Rehearsal was a celebrated comedy written by the Duke of Buckingham, aided by Sprat and Samuel Butler, the author of Hudibras, in the reign of Charles II. In the last act, Bayes, by whom Dryden is meant, brings on the stage the sun, moon, and planets, executing the old dance called the Hay, so as to eclipse themselves alternately both to one another and to the spectators.

P. 114, 1. 10. Hom. Od. x. 19.

1. 12. Exchequer tallies.

P. 115, 1. 15. By the great Mogul' is meant the Emperor of Hindostan, whose capital was at Delhi. The reigning Mogul at the time when Addison wrote was Bahadur Shah, eldest son of the great Aurung-Zebe.

P. 116, 1. 7. In a work by Lucian, called Bíov Пpãois (the 'Sale of Lives'), we have the following dialogue: